Komunikasi Data

Pengantar – kuliah ke 2

• OSI model arsitektur

¾ Lapisan dan struktur model
¾ Fungsi setiap lapisan

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 ISO Reference Model

• ISO has taken a model to overcome difficulties to test and modify

softwares; since the software for a communication subsystem, were often
based on a single, complex, unstructured program, (written in assembly
language) with many interacting components
The communication subsystem here consists of a complex piece of
hardware and software
• ISO Reference Model has taken a layered approach, where the complete
communication subsystem is broken down into a number of layers, each of
which performs a well-defined function
• Conceptually, each layers can be considered as performing generic
functions:
¾ Network-dependent functions
¾ Application-oriented functions

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 ISO Reference Model

• Three different operational environments:

¾ Network environment: concern with the protocols and standards
relating to the different types of underlying data communication
networks
¾ OSI environment; include the network environment and adds additional
application-oriented protocols and standards to allow end systems
(computers) to communicate with one another in an open way
¾ Real systems environment; build on the OSI environment and
concerned with a manufacturer’s proprietary software and services;
have been developed to perform a particular distributed information
processing task

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 ISO Reference Model
Diagram environment:

Computer A Computer B

AP AP

Application-oriented Application-oriented
functions functions

Network-dependent Network-dependent
functions functions

Data network

Network environment

OSI environment

Real systems environment

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 ISO Reference Model

• Network-dependent and application-oriented (network-independent)

components of the OSI model are implemented as a number of layers
• Each layer performs a well-defined function in the context of the overall
communication subsystems; and has a well-defined interface with the
layers immediately above and below
• The function of each layer is specified formally as a protocol that defines
the set of rules and conventions used by the layer to communicate
(exchanging messages, both user data and additional control information),
with a corresponding (similar) peer layer in another (remote) system
• The implementation of a particular protocol layer is independent of all
other layers

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 ISO Reference Model
The logical structure of ISO Reference Model:
Computer A Computer B

AP AP

Application layer AL (7)

Presentation layer PL (6)
Session layer SL (5)
Transport layer TL (4)
Network layer NL (3)
Link layer LL (2)
Physical layer PL (1)

Data network

Network environment

OSI environment

Real systems environment

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 ISO Reference Model

• The network-dependent layers (three lowest layers) are concerned with the
protocols associated with the data communication network being used to
link the two communicating computers
• The application-oriented layers (three upper layers) are concerned with the
protocols that allow two end-user application processes to interact with
each other, normally through a range of services offered by the local
operating system
• The intermediate transport layer (4) masks the upper application-oriented
layers from the detailed operation of the lower network-dependent layers; it
develops the services provided by providing the application-oriented layers
with a network-independent message interchange service

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Function of each layer of the OSI model:

End-user application process

Distributed information services

File transfer, access and management, document and

Application layer
message interchange, job transfer and manipulation

Syntax-independent message
interchange services

Transfer syntax negotiation,

Presentation layer
data representation transformations

Dialog and synchronization

Session layer
control for application entities

Network-independent message
interchange services

End-to-end message transfer (connection management,

Transport layer
error control, fragmentation, flow control)

Network routing, addressing, call set-up, and clearing Network layer

Data link control (framing, data transparency, error control) Link layer

Mechanical and electrical network interface definitions Physical layer

Physical connection to
network termination equipment

Data communication network

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 ISO Reference Model

• Each layer provides a defined set of services to the layer immediately

above; also uses the services provided by the layer immediately below it to
transport the message units associated with the protocol to the remote peer
layer
example: transport layer provides a network-independent message transport
service to the session layer above it and uses the service provided by
network layer below it to transfer a set of message units associated with the
transport protocol to a peer transport layer in another system

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 ISO Reference Model

• Network-dependent layers
¾ Physical layer
¾ Link layer
¾ Network layer
• Application-oriented layers
¾ Transport layer
¾ Session layer
¾ Presentation layer
¾ Application layer

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 ISO Reference Model

Physical layer
• Concern with the physical and electrical interfaces between the user
equipment and the network terminating equipment
• Provide the link layer with a means of transmitting a serial bit stream
between two equipments
• Examples: wires, connectors, voltages, data rates

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 ISO Reference Model

Link layer
• Develop a physical connection provided by the particular network to
provide network layer with a reliable information transfer facility
• Responsible for functions such as error detection and retransmission
messages (if there is a transmission error)
• Examples: physical addressing, network topology, error notification, flow
control
• Two types of services:
¾ Connectionless, treats each information frame as a self-contained entity
that is transferred using a best-try approach. If errors are detected in a
frame, then the frame is simply discarded
¾ Connection oriented, try to provide an error-free information transfer
facility
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 ISO Reference Model

Network layer
• Responsible for establishing and clearing a network wide connection
between two transport layer protocol entities
• It includes functionality as network routing (addressing) and, flow control
across the computer-to-network interface
• In internetworking, it provides various harmonizing functions between the
inter-connected networks

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 ISO Reference Model

Transport layer
• Interface between the higher application-oriented layers and the underlying
network-dependent protocol layers
• Provide the session layer (one layer above) with a message transfer facility
that is independent of the underlying network type; therefore transport layer
hides the detailed operation of the underlying network from the session
layer
• It offers a number of classes of service to compensate for the varying
quality of service (QOS) provided by the network layers associated with the
different types of network
• Five classes of services ranging from class 0 (provides only basic functions
needed for connection establishment and data transfer) to class 4 (provides
full error control and flow control procedures
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 ISO Reference Model

Session layer
• Interhost communication: establishes, manages and terminates sessions
between applications
• Allows two application layer protocol entities to organize and synchronize
their dialog and manage their data exchange
• Responsible for setting up (& clearing) a communication (dialog) channel
between two communicating application layer protocol entities
(presentation layer protocol entities in practice) for the duration of the
complete network transaction
• A number of optional services provided:
¾ Interaction management; data exchange associated with a dialog may
be duplex or half-duplex (where each protocol here provides facilities
for controlling the exchange of data/dialog units in a synchronized
way)

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 ISO Reference Model

Session layer
• A number of optional services provided:
¾ Synchronization; for lengthy network transactions, the user (through
the services provided by the session layer) may choose periodically to
establish synchronization points associated with the transfer.
If a fault develops during a transaction, the dialog may be restarted at
an earlier synchronization point
¾ Exception reporting; non-recoverable exceptions arising during a
transaction can be signaled to the application layer by the session layer

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 ISO Reference Model

Presentation layer
• Concerned with the representation (syntax) of data during transfer between
two communicating application processes
• Data security; encrypted/enciphered (using a key) data sent is (hopefully)
known only by the intended recipient presentation layer, and later the key is
used to decrypts (deciphers) the received data before passing it onto the
intended recipient

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 ISO Reference Model

Application layer
• Provides the user interface (an application program/process) a range of
network wide distributed information services
examples: file transfer access and management, general document and
message interchange services (e-mail)
• The layer provides other services as:
¾ Identification of the intended communication partner by name or by
address
¾ Determination of the current availability of an intended communication
partner
¾ Establishment of authority to communicate
¾ Agreement on privacy (encryption) mechanism
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 ISO Reference Model

Application layer
• The layer provides other services as:
¾ Authentication of an intended communication partner
¾ Selection of the dialog discipline, including the initiation and release
procedures
¾ Agreement on responsibility for error recovery
¾ Identification of constraints on data syntax (character sets, data
structures, etc.)

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Data Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation

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ISO vs TCP/IP Reference Model

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 TCP/IP Reference Model

The importance of TCP/IP

Although the OSI model is universally recognized, the historical and
technical open standard of the Internet is TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
The TCP/IP model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data
communication possible between any computers, anywhere in the
world
Four layers in TCP/IP model:
Application; Transport; Internet; Network

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 TCP/IP Reference Model

Application layer
• The designer felt that the higher level protocols should include the
session and presentation layer details
• They created this layer that handles high-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding and dialog control
• The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer,
and assumes this data is properly packaged for the next layer

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 TCP/IP Reference Model

Transport layer
• It deals with the quality of service issues of reliability, flow control
and error correction
• One of its protocols, the transmission control protocol (TCP), is a
connection-oriented protocol that provides excellent and flexible
ways to create reliable, well-flowing, low-error network
communications
• It dialogues between source and destination while packaging
application layer information into units called segments

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 TCP/IP Reference Model

Internet layer
• It governs by the Internet protocol (IP)
• Send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have
them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks
they took to get there
• Best path determination and packet switching
• Example: when we mail a letter, we do not know how it gets there
(various possible routes), but we do care that it arrives

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 TCP/IP Reference Model

Physical layer
• It also called the host-to-network layer
• Concerned with all issues that an IP packet requires to actually make
a physical link
• This includes a LAN and WAN technology details, and all the
details in the OSI physical and data link layers

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TCP/IP Reference Model

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 Comparing TCP/IP with OSI

• TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its
application layer
• TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one
layer
• TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers
• TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the internet
developed, so the TCP/IP model gains credibility just because of its
protocols.

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