Peace Process

Germanys Surrender
By

1918 German Generals realized they lost the war 11-11-1918 they accepted and armistice and ended hostilities

Terms of Armistice
Germany must accept all peace plans Germany must promise not to renew the fighting All German troops must leave Belgium and France Wilson (and Allies will deal with political leaders not military leaders

Death Toll of War

Nation Total Number Number of of servicemen deaths. engaged in the war. Number of soldiers wounded. Number of men taken prisoner or reported missing.

Austria Britain (inc Empire) France Germany Italy Russia Turkey United States

7,800,000 8,904,467 8,410,000 5,615,000 2,850,000 4,355,000

1,200,000 908,371 1,357,800 650,000 325,000 126,000

3,620,000 2,090,212 4,266,000 4,216,058 947,000 4,950,000 400,000 234,300

2,200,000 191,652 537,000 1,152,800 600,000 2,500,000 250,000 4,500

11,000,000 1,773,700 12,000,000 1,700,000

Wilson travels to Paris

1st U.S. President to travel to Europe Very popular in Paris Negotiations lasted 6 months (Jan to June)

Wilsons 14 Points
Peace aimed at correcting the problems that lead to war Emphasis on diplomacy (discussion between nations), trade, freedom of the sea, reduction of arms, self-government, recognition of Communist Russia, safety of Belgium, creation of eastern European countries based on ethnicity including Poland, and an International Peace Keeping Organization

Big Three
Woodrow Wilson -idealist, visionary of peace worldwide. David Lloyd George (Prime Minister of GB) - Moderate, wanted to punish Germany. George Clemenceau (Premiere of Fr) - The Tiger wanted to severely punish Germany.

Treaty of Versailles
Formal peace, post-war plan agreed to by the allied nations After the war, many nations were newly formed or had their borders changed LEAGUE OF NATIONS - created as an association of nations

future conflicts could be resolved by

diplomacy (discussion) The league was voluntary and lacked strength

A Victors Peace

Territorial:
colonies

Lost land to France and New Countries - lost all

Disarmament:

Forbidden to ally with Austria Demilitarized zones, Limited army (100,000 soldiers) No tanks, submarines, with only 6 capital ships (warships), airforce or military training schools

Reparations:
Germany must $300 billion for war Paid until 1931 when Germany was broke

War Guilt Clause

Germany must accept full responsibility for war

Treaty Debate
Congress must ratify all treaties Henry Cabot Lodge (Rep. form MA) opposed the League of Nations Republicans won the majority in the mid-term elections in 1918 and were preparing for the 1920 presidential election

Wilson did not invite any Republicans to the Conference Wilson campaigned nationally for the treaty, traveling the country He suffered a stroke The American people decided the issue in the election of 1920

End of the War

Republican Conservative Warren G. Harding won the presidential election The U.S. did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles U.S. signed a separate Peace Treaty with Germany, Austria, and Hungary in August of 1921