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UNIT I PART A 1. What is need for using shrouds in axial flow turbines? 2. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine stage. 3. Draw the pressure and velocity variation of a single stage impulse turbine. 4. Draw the pressure and velocity variation of a single stage reaction turbine. . What is multistaging and why it is re!uired in turbines? ". Define blade loading #$% and flow coefficient #&%. '. Write the relation between $ and & . (. )xplain blade and stage efficiency. *. What is velocity compounding of multistage impulse turbine? 1+. What is pressure compounding of multistage impulse turbine? 11. Draw h,s diagram for a flow through a turbine stage. 12. What is blade to gas speed ratio and its significance? 13. Define enthalpy loss coefficient- stagnation pressure loss coefficient in stator blades. 14. What are blade cooling and its need? 1 . What do you understand by enthalpy and pressure losses for moving blades? 1". Define total to total stage efficiency of an axial flow turbine. 1'. What are limiting factors in gas turbine design? 1(. When a stage does is said to be free vortex stage? 1*. .tate when total to total efficiency is appropriate to use. 2+. Define degree of reaction. Part-B 1. Draw the velocity triangles of a single stage machine and show that tan/2 0 tan/3 1 tan22 0 tan23.

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2. Derive an expression for wor3 output also reduces it for tangential component at exit is 4ero. 3. Derive the relation for maximum utili4ation factor for a single impulse stage. 4. .how that wor3 done after third stage in turbines is practically not of use. . Derive the relation for degree of reaction in terms of pressure- velocity- enthalpy and flow geometry. ". )xplain briefly about 4ero degree of reaction- +5 degree of reaction- 1++5 degree of reaction and negative degree of reaction. '. Discuss about losses and efficiencies of turbine. (. )xplain briefly about blade cooling method.
*. 6 multi stage gas turbine is to be designed with impulse stages and is to be

operating with an inlet pressure and temperature of " bar and *++ 7 and outlet pressure of 1 bar. 8he isentropic efficiency of the turbine is ( 5. 6ll the stages are to have a no44le outlet angle of '
+

and e!ual outlet and inlet blade angles.

9ean speed of blade is 2 + m:s and e!ual inlet and outlet gas velocities. )stimate maximum number of stages re!uired. 6ssume ; p 1 1.1 7<:7g,7- = 1 1.333 and optimum blade speed ratio. 1+. 6 gas turbine having single stage rotates at 1+-+++ rpm. 6t entry to the no44le the total head temperature and pressure of the gas is '++ + ; and 4. bar respectively and at outlet from the no44le the static pressure is 2." bar. 6t the turbine outlet annulus the static pressure is 1. bars. 9ach number at outlet is limited to +. and gas leaves in an axial direction. 8he outlet no44le angle is '+ + to the axial direction and the no44le friction loss may be assumed to be 3 5 of the isentropic temperature drop from total head at entry to static condition at outlet no44le pressure. ;alculate #i% 8he gas angle at the entry and outlet from the wheel showing them on velocity diagram for mean blade section.#ii%>utput power developed by the turbine shaft. 6ssume the mean blades diameter as "4 cm - gas
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mass flow rate as 22. 7g:s - turbine mechanical efficiency is ** 5 - ;p 11.14' 7<:7g,7 and =1 1.33. 11. ?n a single stage impulse turbine the no44le discharges the fluid on to the blades at an angle of "
+ to

the axial direction and the fluid leaves the blades with an

absolute velocity 3++ m:s at an angle of 3+ + to the axial direction. ?f the blades have e!ual inlet and outlet angles and there is no axial thrust- estimate the blade angle- power produced per 3g : s of the fluid and the blade efficiency. 12. @as at ' bar and 3+++ ; expands to 3 bars in an impulse turbine stage. 8he no44le angle is '++ with reference to exit direction. 8he rotor blades have e!ual inlet and outlet angle and the stage operate with the optimum blade speed ratio. 6ssuming the isentropic efficiency of the no44le is +.* and that the velocity at entry to the stage is negligible. Deduce the blade angle used and the mass flow re!uired for this stage to produce ' 7W. 8a3e ;p 1 1.1 7<:7g,7
13. 6 single stage axial flow turbine has a mean radius of 3+ cm and a blade height at

the stator inlet of "cm. 8he hot gases enter the turbine stage at 1*++ 3 pa and 12++ 3 the absolute velocity leaving the stator #;2% is "++ m:s and inclined at an angle " A to the axial direction. 8he relative angles at the inlet and outlet of the rotor blade are 2 A and "+A respectively. 8he stage efficiency is +.((. ;alculate #i%

23 #ii% rotor rotational speed in rpm #iii% stage pressure ratio #iv% & - $ and degree
of reaction. #v% m #vi% Bower delivered by the turbine. 8a3e =11.33- C1 2*+ <:3g and #;a:D% is constant through the stage. 14. Discuss how pitch and chord for an axial turbine stage will be selected.
#%. 6 mean diameter design of a turbine stage having e!ual inlet and outlet velocities

leads to the following data mass flow rate 1 2+3g:s- inlet temp 8 o1 1 1+++7- inlet pressure Bo1 1 4 bar- axial velocity #;onstant through stage% ;a 1 2"+ m:s- blade speed D13"+ m:s- no44le efflux angle 21" A stage exit swirl 311+A. Determine the rotor blade gas angles- degree of reaction- temperature drop co,efficient
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#2;pE8os:DF% and power output. 6ssuming a no44le loss co,efficient G H 1 +.+ . ;alculate the no44le throat area re!uired. ?gnoring the effect of friction on the critical conditions. 1". 6ir enters a two stage axial flow turbine at a total temp of 14++ 7 and total pressure of 223+ 3 Ba. 8he actual wor3 developed by each stage is 1( 7<:3g and each stage has an adiabatic efficiency of ('5 calculate. #a% 8he total pressure at the exit from each stage. #b% 8he overall adiabatic efficiency.

1'. 6n axial flow turbine has following dataI 8urbine stage inlet temperature 1 13++ 7- turbine no44le outlet temperature 1 *4+ 7- turbine stage outlet temperature 1 (2+ 7- blade speed 1 31(m:s- axial, velocity11(4 m:s #constant%. 8urbine inlet velocity #absolute% is e!ual to turbine outlet velocity #absolute%. ;alculate following #i% D>C- #ii% Jlade loading coefficient- #iii% Klow coefficient- #v% Wor3 done. 6ssume suitable data if re!uired. 1(. 6 single stage gas turbine operates at its design condition with an axial absolute flow at entry and exit from the stage. 8he absolute flow angle at no44le exit is '+A. 6t stage entry the total pressure and temperature are 311 3Ba and ( +A; respectively. 8he exhaust static pressure is 1++ 3Ba- the total to static efficiency is +.(' and the mean blade speed is ++m:s. assuming constant axial velocity through the stage. Determine #i% specific wor3 done #ii% 9ach Ho. leaving no44le#iii% axial velocity- #iv%total to total efficiency- #v% stage reaction. 1*. 8he gas turbine stage develops 3.3" 9W for a mass flow rate of 2'.2 3g:s. 8he stagnation pressure and temperature entry of stage are ''2 3Ba and 1+++7. 8he
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axial velocity is constant throughout the stage. 8he gases entering and leaving the stage without any absolute swirl. 6t no44le exit the static pressure is 4(2 3Ba and the flow direction is at 1(A to the plane of wheel. Determine the axial velocity and degree of reaction for the stage given that the entropy increase in the no44les is 12.* <:3g,3. 6ssume that the specific heat at constant pressure of the gas is 1.14( 7<:3g,3 and C1+.2(' 7<:3g,3. Determine also the total to total efficiency of the stage given that the increase in entropy of gas across the rotor is 2.' <:3g,3.

UNIT-II PART-A 1. What are the applications of integral ram,roc3et propulsion system? 2. ;ompare between subsonic and supersonic combustion chambers. 3. 9ention the problems associated with sub critical mode of operation of ramLet. 4. Distinguish between ramLet and scramLet. . What are the advantages and disadvantages of integral ram,roc3et? ". ?s it possible to use subsonic combustion chamber for hypersonic flight? <ustify. '. 9ention advantages and disadvantages of ramLet engine. (. Mow is a ramLet different from turboLet? *. What are the possible applications of ramLet? 1+. What is need for supersonic combustion?
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11. Write down the function of isolator in scramLet engine. 12. Mow do you classify hypersonic ramLets based on combustion process? 13. Kor a ramLet engine = 1 1.4- what 9ach number for which maximum value of 8.K; occurs? PART-B 1. )xplain the reason for a ramLet propulsion system as a suit system for missile propulsion. Why is it that it is not suitable for aircraft propulsion? 2. .3etch a typical ramLet and explain its operating principle. .3etch densityvelocity- pressure- temperature- and 9ach number variation along the length of the ramLet engine duct. 3. With neat s3etches explain critical- sub critical- and super critical operation of ramLet engine. 4. ;ompare the design features of ramLet combustor and a turbo Let combustor. . 6n ideal ramLet engine is being designed for a 9ach number 3.2 aircraft at an altitude of 33-+++ ft. 8he fuel has a heating value of 43 9<:7g and the burner exit total temperature is 1((* 7. 6 thrust of 42 7H is needed. What is re!uired airflow? What is the resulting no44le exit diameter? What is the resulting 8.K;? ". 6 supersonic combustion ramLet flies at a mach number of ( where the ambient air temperature '+' 7. Meat is added in the combustor up to maximum permissible limit. Kind out the performance parameters of the engine. '. Kor a ramLet the flight 9ach number is 2. at a constant combustion chamber temperature of 1*4 7. 8he heat reaction NC of the fuel is 43 9<:7g and the inlet area is +.+*2* m2. Determine the gross thrust- fuel to air ratio- specific impulse8.K; and overall efficiency of the ideal engine when it is operated at sea level. (. 6 ramLet is to propel an aircraft at 9ach number 1. at high altitude where ambient pressure is 11." 7Ba and ambient temperature is 2+ 7. 8he maximum temperature in the engine is 2 ++ 7. 8he heating value of fuel used is 4 9<:7g.
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6ssume =11.4 and ;p11.+ 7<:7g,7. ?f all components are frictionless- determine 1. 8.K; 2. 8hermal efficiency 3.Bropulsive efficiency 4.>verall efficiency. *. With the help of 8,. diagram explain the wor3ing of a ramLet engine. .how on the diagram the possible losses. 1+. Discuss the merits and demerits of a scramLet. 11. 6 ramLet travels at 912.( at an altitude where the temperature is 2 " 7 and the pressure is +.4 atm. 6ir flows through the engine at 4+ 3g:s with a burner exit temperature of 2+++ 7. 8he fuel has a heating value of 4" ++ 7<:7g. )stimate the fuel, air ratio- thrust and 8.K;- assuming =11.4. 12. 6 ramLet has a constant diameter combustion chamber followed by the no44le whose throat diameter is +.*4 times the chamber diameter. 6ir enters the combustion chamber with total temperature 114 + 7 and 91+.3. Mow high may the temperature rise in the combustion chamber with out necessarily changing the chamber inlet conditions? Kor simplicity neglect frictional losses in the chamber and no44le. 6ssume that the wor3ing fluid has specific heat ratio =11.333. 13. 6n ideal ramLet is to fly at 2+-+++ ft at a yet to be determined 9ach number. 8he burner exit total temperature is to be 1''' 7 and the engine will use " .'' 7g:s of air. 8he heating value fuel is 43 9<:7g. 6t what 9ach number will the 8.K; to be optimi4ed? What is the optimum 8.K;? What is the thrust and dimensionless thrust at this condition? 14. Write short notes on #i% ;ombined eLector ramLet #ii% .eparate eLector ramLet.

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UNIT-III PART-A 1. Differentiate between air breathing and roc3et engines. 2. Mow do you classify roc3ets?
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3. What is effective Let velocity? 4. Define specific impulse- average specific impulse. . Define specific propellant consumption. What is its significance? ". Derive relationship between ;W and ;K. '. Define impulse to weight ratio. (. What do you mean by characteristic velocity and characteristic length? *. Write the assumptions in vertical flight in roc3ets. 1+. What are adapted no44les? 11. Why some time actual mass flow rate is high than actual mass flow rate? 12. Define divergence factor for conical no44le. 13. What are 8O; and its importance? 14. What are the materials used throat sin3? 1 . Derive relationship for power of Let in terms of specific impulse for roc3et propulsion. Part B 1. 8he inlet conditions for roc3et no44le are given by total temperature 1 2(++ 7. 8otal pressure 43 bar and the inlet velocity can be neglected when compared to no44le outlet velocity. 8he no44le throat diameter is .2 cm. )stimate the mass flow rate through the no44le. 6ssuming optimum expansion at sea level- determine no44le exit velocity- exit mach no. and the thrust developed by the roc3et unit. 8a3e ratio of specific heat as 1.3 .

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2.

6 roc3et motor using Pi!uid M2 and Pi!uid >2 as the fuel and oxidi4er has combustion chamber temperature and pressure as 2'++7 and 2 atm respectively. 8he roc3et motor has throat area of +.+'mF. 8he exit area is designed for a standard pressure of altitude of 1' 3m #B e 1 (( 2 H:mF%- = may be ta3en as 1.2". 9olecular weight of combustion products to be *. . @iven C1(314 <:3g,3 mole. Determine #i% Oelocity at the exit #ii%?sp- #iii% 8hrust developed #iv% 9e #v% 6e #vi% mp

3.
4.

Determine the value of thrust co,efficient for a gas with =11.2 at pressure ratios 2.+ Q .+. Kor a solid propellant roc3et with a given data calculate #i% mass flow rate- #ii% exit velocity- #iii% ;haracteristic velocity and #iv% ?sp. ?nitial mass 1 ++ 3g. Kinal mass 1 + 3g burn time 4 s- 6verage thrust *+ 7H. ;hamber pressure " 9Ba. 8hroat diameter +mm and no44le exit diameter 2 + mm.

6 roc3et operates at sea level with a chamber pressure of 1 + atm and chamber temperature of 24++A7. 8he propellant consumption rate is 1. 3g:s. assuming the wor3ing fluid to have the properties of air- calculate the ideal thrust and ideal specific impulse.

".

8he following data are related to a roc3et thrust chamber. 8he chamber pressure and temperature are Bo 1 12 9Ba and 8o12* + 7. 8he molecular weight of the hot gas in the no44le is 13.4R average specific heat ratio is 1.2. 8he ambient pressure is *'. 3Ba. 8he throat diameter of no44le 11 + mm. Determine #i%mass flow rate#ii%exhaust velocity- #iii%roc3et thrust- #iv% characteristic velocity.

).

6n ideal roc3et operates at combustion chamber pressure of 3x1+S" H:mF and expands to an ambient pressure of 3x1+, H:mF. 8he specific heat ratio of the wor3ing substances 1.2 and the gas constant is 2(' <:3g,3. ?f temperature of

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wor3ing substance at the inlet of the no44le is 2'++7- determine the velocity at the throat- ideal exhaust velocity and no44le expansion ratio.
(.

6 roc3et operates at sea level #B1+.1+13 9Ba% with a chamber pressure B o12.+"( 9Ba- a chamber temperature 8o 1 22227 and a propellant consumption rate of mp 1 1 3g:s. ?f = 1 1.3 and C134 .' <:3g,3. ;alculate the ideal thrust and ideal specific impulse. Unit IV Part A 1. 9ention main components of solid propellant roc3ets. 2. Mow do you classify .BCs? 3. What is burning rate? 4. Write influence parameters of burning rate. . Mow do you improve burning rate? ". Write an empirical relation for burning rate. '. What is importance of combustion index TnU? (. Define regressive- neutral and progressive burning rate. *. Define temp. .ensitivity of burning rate and pressure. 1+. Define configuration- sliver and restricted surface. 11. What do you understand by web thic3ness- web fraction and volumetric loading? 12. What are the uses of additives? 13. What is the function of ignitor? 14. @ive the reasons for misfire. 1 . What are hypergolic propellants? 1". What is the function of an inLector? 1'. Mow combustion instabilities occur in PBCs? 1(. Define fro4en e!uilibrium. 1*. What is shifting e!uilibrium?

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2+. What are the advantages of PBCs over .BCs? 21. What are cryogenic propellants? 22. .tate limitations of hybrid roc3ets. 23. When do you prefer turbo pump fed system over other systems? Part B 1. Discuss about )rosive burning and also explain about factors effecting erosive burning. 2. Discuss briefly about performance parameters of .BCs. 3. )xplain elaborately about characteristics of grain. 4. Write short note onI i. ii. iii. iv. v. grain. ". What is need for multi level thrust grain? '. Write classification of solid propellants and explain their relative merits and demerits. (. @ive some uses of additives. *. 9ention some oxidi4ers- fuel and binders of solid propellant with their advantages and draw bac3s. 1+. Discuss briefly about ignitors used in solid propellants. 11. Write short note on #i% #ii%
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)nd burning or cigarette burning grain. )xternal burning rod ?nternal burning rod Dog bone type Wagon wheel type

. )xplain about star burning grain- rod and tube burning grain and 9ulti perforated

?nhibitors or restrictors. @as generators.

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12. Write down the combustion mechanism of solid propellants. 13. Write properties- characteristics and performance for li!uid propellants. 14. What are the common problems associated with li!uid propellants and what are the desired properties of li!uid propellants. 1 . Discuss about oxidi4ers and fuels of li!uid propellant roc3s. 6lso state what is monopropellant and bipropellant? 1". Write short note on #i% #ii% @as pressure feed system 8urbo pump feed system

1'. )xplain about inLector used in PBCs with their relative merits and demerits. 1(. Write down the methods used for cooling of PBCs. Unit V Part A 1. What is chemical e!uilibrium? 2. Hame the types of tests performed before launching a roc3et. 3. What is no44le less propulsion system? 4. Why electrical roc3ets are called essentially power limited? . What is the basic concept in using advance propulsion techni!ue? ". What do you mean by resisto,Let? '. What is the possible application of a solar sail? (. What is maLor disadvantage of nuclear roc3ets? *. 9ention the advantages of using advanced propulsion techni!ue. Part B

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1. With a neat s3etch explain the operation of nuclear roc3et system. What are the advantages and limitation of such system? 2. What are the limitations of an electrical roc3ets propulsion system? What are the various types of electrical propulsion system? )xplain one system with a neat s3etch. 3. What is water testing of li!uid roc3et inLectors? Mow is it done? What is its application? 4. Discuss the following advanced propulsion techni!ues with suitable s3etches. #i% ?on propulsion roc3et. . )xplain the wor3ing of a hybrid roc3et with s3etch. ". Why are static tests conducted? Pist out parameters measured during static tests and outline the principles of measurement. '. With suitable s3etches discuss the need and methods for cooling of roc3ets engine thrust chamber.

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