Chapter 1

Matrices
1.1 Consider the matrices:
A =
_

_
1 1 0 1
2 1 1 0
1 1 3 1
_

_
, B =
_

_
3 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
_

_
, C =
_

_
1
1
2
_

_
, D =
_
3 1 4 1
_
E =
_
2
_
, F =
_

_
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_

_
, G =
_

_
1 4
2 5
3 6
_

_
, H =
_

_
0 0 0
1 0 0
2 4 0
_

_
e I =
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
.
Indicate which of these matrices are:
(a) Square matrices.
(b) Lower triangular matrices.
(c) Diagonal matrices.
(d) Scalar matrices.
1.3 Consider the real matrices
A =

3 1 0
1 1 1

, B =

1 0 4
1 2 1

e C =

0 0 1
2 2 1

.
1
Compute:
(a) (A+B) +C;
(b) A+ (C +B);
(c) (2B + 2A) + 2C;
(d) AB.
1.4 Let A, B M
33
(R).
A =
_

_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_

_
and B =
_

_
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
_

_
,
Find X M
33
(R), such that X +A = 2(X B).
1.5 Let
A =

1 2 1

M
13
(R) and B =

0
1
3

M
31
(R).
Compute if possible, AB and BA.
1.7 Let
A =

1 2

, B =

2 1
0 2

, C =

1 1
0 1
2 0

and D =

1 1 1
1 1 0

.
Compute, if possible, each one of the following products:
(a) AB.
(b) BA.
(c) CD.
(d) DC.
1.8 Consider the matrices
A =

4 2
2 1

, B =

1 1
2 2

, C =

0 3
3 0

M
22
(R).
Verify that:
(a) AB = BA.
(b) AB = 0 with A = 0 and B = 0.
(c) BA = CA and A = 0 but B = C.
2
1.9 Let D, D

M
nn
(K) be diagonal matrices. Prove that DD

is a diagonal matrix with

(DD

)
ii
= d
ii
d

ii
, i = 1, . . . , n and conclude that DD

= D

D.
1.10 Prove the following statements:
(a) If A M
mn
(K) has the i row null than, for any matrix B M
np
(K), the
matrix AB has the i row null.
(b) If B M
np
(K) has the k column null than, for any matrix A M
mn
(K), the
matrix AB has the k column null.
(c) If A M
mn
(K) has the row i equal to the row j , with i = j, than, for any
matrix B M
np
(K), the matrix AB has the row i equal to the row j.
(d) If B M
np
(K) has the column k equal to the column l, with k = l, than, for
any matrix A M
mn
(K), the matrix AB has the column k equal to the column
l.
1.15 Let D M
nn
(K) be a diagonal matrix. Find D
k
for k N
0
.
1.19 Let A M
nn
(K). Use the exercice 1.10, to prove that:
(a) If A has a null column than A is not invertible.
(b) If A has the column i equal to the column j, with i = j, than A is not invertible.
1.26 Let A M
33
(R) be an invertible matrix with A
1
=

1 1 2
0 1 3
4 2 1

.
(a) Find a matrix B such that AB =

1 2
0 1
4 1

M
32
(R). Justify that B is the only
matrix that veries the equality.
(b) Find a matrix C such that AC = A+2I
3
. Justify that C is the only matrix that
veries the equality.
1.34 Determine whether the matrix
A =

0 0
0 0

, B =

1 2
2 3
0 0

, C =

1 2 3
2 0 4
3 4 5

,
D =

1 2 3
2 0 4
3 4 1

, E =

0 2 3
2 0 4
3 4 0

e F =

0 0 0
0 0 0

(a) is symmetric.
(b) is skew-symmetric.
3
1.42 Determine whether the matrix is an elementary matrix and if so indicate its type.
(a)

1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 1

.
(b)

2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

.
(c)

0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0

.
(d)

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0

.
(e) I
n
.
1.43 Let A M
35
(K). In each part indicate an elementary matrix E that perform the
stated row operation by multipling A on the left by E.
(a) Interchange rows 1 and 3.
(b) Multiply the row 1 by 6.
(c) Add, to the row 3, the product of the row 2 by
1
5
.
1.44 By inspection indicate the product of:
(a)

0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1

a b c d
e f g h
i j k l

.
(b)

5 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1

a b c d
e f g h
i j k l

.
(c)

a b c d
e f g h
i j k l

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 3
0 0 0 1

.
(d)

2 0
0 1

a b c
d e f

1 0 0
0 1 5
0 0 1

.
1.46 Find the inverse of each of following elementary matrices:
(a)

1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 1

(b)

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0

(c)

1 0 0
0 1 0
3 0 1

4
1.48 Determine whether the matrix is in the row-echelon form.
(a) I
n
.
(b)

0 0 0
5 1 4
0 1 3
0 0 2

.
(c)

0 5 0 0

.
(d)

0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1

.
1.49 Indicate a row-echelon form matrix that is row-equivalent to each of the following
matrices:
(a)

1 2 1
2 1 0
1 0 1

.
(b)

2 4 2 6 0
4 8 4 7 5
2 4 2 1 5

.
(c)

2 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 2

.
1.51 Determine whether the matrix is in the reduced row-echelon form.
(a)

0 0 0 1 5

.
(b)

0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

.
(c)

0 1 2 5 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

.
(d)

0 1 2 5

.
(e)

1
0
0

.
1.52 Indicate the reduced row-echelon form for each of the following matrices:
(a)

1 2 1
2 1 0
1 0 1

.
(b)

2 4 2 6 0
4 8 4 7 5
2 4 2 1 5

.
(c)

2 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 2

.
5
1.57 Consider the matrices
A
1
=

0 1 0 1 1
2 3 0 2 1
2 1 0 1 1

, A
2
=

2 1 0
1 1 2
3 1 1
1 1 0

,
A
3
=

1 4 2
2 3 1
1 1 1

e A
4
=

2 1 1
0 0 1
1 1 2

.
Find the rank of A
i
, with i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
1.58 Find the rank of the following matrices for each , R.
A

1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 2

, B

1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1

,
C
,
=

0 0
0 2
3 0 1

e D
,
=

0 1
1 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1

.
1.59 Compute the rank of the following matrices and justify that they arent row-equivalent.

1 2
4 8

0 1
1 2

1.62
(a) Compute the set of values R, such that the matrix

1 2 0
1 4 2
2 4 5 +

M
33
(R)
is invertible.
(b) Compute the set of values and the set of values , with , R, such that the
matrix

1 2 1
1 + 3 2
2 4

M
33
(R)
is invertible.
1.65 Let A =

1 1
2 0

M
22
(R).
(a) Show that A is invertibleand compute A
1
.
(b) Write A
1
and A as a product of elementary matrices.
6
1.66 Consider the matrices
A =

3 1 0
1 2 1
2 1 1

M
33
(R), B =

1 1 0
2 1 2
0 1 1

M
33
(R),
C =

1 1 + i
i 1

M
22
(C) e D =

1 1 1 2
2 2 1 1
1 1 0 1
2 0 2 2

M
44
(R).
Determine whether the matrix is invertible; if so nd the inverse.
7
8
Chapter 2
Systems of Linear Equations
2.2 Let
A =

1 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
0 0 6 4

M
34
(R) B =

1
4
6

M
31
(R)
and (S) the system of linear equations AX = B. Without solving the system show
that:
(a) (1, 1, 1, 3) is a solution of (S).
(b) (1, 0, 1, 0) is not a solution of (S).
2.3 Justify that there exists a system of linear equations, (S) : AX = B, with
A =

1 0 1
2 4 3
1 0 2
3 4 2

M
43
(R)
such that (1, 2, 3) is a solution of (S). Indicate the equations of a system in these
conditions.
9
2.7 With the information that you have in the next table nd, if possible, if each of the
systems of linear equations AX = B is consistent (with exactly one solution or with
innitely many solutions) or inconsistent. For the systems that are consistent compute
the number of free variables.
Matrix A r(A) r([A | B])
(a) 33 3 3
(b) 33 2 3
(c) 33 1 1
(d) 57 3 3
(e) 57 2 3
(f) 62 2 2
(g) 44 0 0
2.8 Find a consistent system of linear equations with 3 unknowns which has the following
number of free variables:
(a) 1.
(b) 2.
Can be 3 the number of free variables?
2.11 Consider the following system of linear equations with variables x, y and real constants.
_
_
_
x y = 1
3x 3y = k
Find the set C of real values k for which the system is
(a) inconsistent.
(b) consistent with exactly one solution.
(c) consistent with innitely many solutions.
2.15 Show that the matrix
A =

3 2 1
2 0 2
1 1 1

M
33
(R)
is invertible. Use A
1
to compute the solution of the linear system with unknowns
x, y, z, and real constants,
_

_
3x + 2y z =
2x 2z =
x +y +z =
, with , , R.
10
2.35 For each R and for each R, consider the system of linear equation with
unknowns x, y, z, and real constants,
_

_
x +y z = 1
x y +z = 1
x y + ( + 1)z = 2
.
(a) Find for what values of and the system is inconsistent, consistent with one
or innitely many solutions. Considering the values for which the system is con-
sistent, indicate the number of free variables.
(b) Find the set of solutions when = 0 and = 1.
2.37 For each R and for each R, consider the system of linear equation with
unknowns x, y, z, and real constants,
(S
,
)
_

_
x +y +z = 1
( 1)y =
x +y +z =
2
.
(a) Find for what values of and the system is inconsistent, consistent with one or
innitely many solutions. Considering the values for which the system is consistent
indicate the number of free variables.
(b) i. Justify that S
2,2
has only one solution.
ii. Justify that the coecient matrix of S
2,2
is invertible.
iii. Compute the solution of S
2,2
, using the inverse of the coecient matrix of
the system.
11
12
Chapter 3
Determinants
3.1 Compute the determinant of the following matrices:
(a) A =

1 1
1 2

M
22
(R).
(b) B =

1 2
2 1

M
22
(R).
(c) C =

1 i
i 1

M
22
(C).
3.2 Let A =

0 a a
2
a
1
0 a
a
2
a
1
0

M
33
(R), with a = 0. Compute the determinant of A
using the Sarrus Rule.
3.3 Let A =

1 0 3
1 2 4
3 1 2

M
33
(R). Compute:
(a) a
11
.
(b) a
32
.
(c) a
23
.
3.4 Compute using two dierent ways the determinant of each of the following matrices:
(a) A =

1 1 0
2 1 1
1 1 1

M
33
(R).
(b) B =

1 0 i
0 0 2
i 2 1

M
33
(C).
(c) C =

1 0 1 0
2 0 2 1
1 1 1 1
3 3 6 6

M
44
(R).
13
3.6 For each R, consider
A

3 3 2
0 2 2
0 3 3

.
Indicate the set of values of for which det A

= 0.
3.10 Let A =

a b c
d e f
g h i

M
33
(R) such that det A = .
Indicate using , the value of each of the following determinants:
(a)

d e f
g h i
a b c

.
(b)

3a 3b 3c
d e f
4g 4h 4i

.
(c)

a + g b + h c + i
d e f
g h i

.
(d)

3a 3b 3c
d e f
g 4d h 4e i 4f

.
(e)

b e h
a d g
c f i

.
3.15 For each k R, consider the matrix
B
k
=

1 0 1 0
2 1 1 k
0 k k k
1 1 1 2

M
44
(R).
Indicate the set of values of k for which we have det B
k
= 2.
3.19 For each t R, let
A
t
=

1 t 1
2 4 2
3 7 t + 3

M
33
(R).
Indicate the set of values of t for which A
t
is invertible.
3.20 Let A, B, C M
nn
(R) such that det A = 2, det B = 5 and det C = 4. Compute
det (AB

C), det (3B) and det

_
B
2
C
_
.
3.21 Show that, for all A, B M
nn
(K), we have:
(a) det (AB) = det (BA).
(b) If AB is an invertible matrix then A and B are invertible matrices.
14
3.22 Let A =

1 2

M
12
(R) e B =

0
1

M
21
(R).
(a) Show that det (AB) = det (BA).
(b) What can you say when you observe this exercise and the exercise 3.21 (a)?
3.23 Let A M
nn
(K) an idempotent matrix (that is, A
2
= A). Show that det A {0, 1}.
3.25 Consider the following matrices:
A =

1 1 1 1
0 2 4 4
1 3 1 1
0 0 2 0

M
44
(R) e B =

2 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 2

M
33
(R).
(a) Compute det A and det B.
(b) Indicate if one of the matrices above are invertible. For each one of the invertible
matrices indicate the determinant of its inverse.
(c) Indicate if the following systems have one solution or many innitely solutions.
i. AX = 0.
ii. BX = 0.
3.26 Let
A =

4 3 3
1 0 1
4 4 3

M
33
(R)
Verify that adj A = A.
3.28 Show that each of the following matrices are invertible and compute its inverse using
its adjoint matrix.
(a) A =

3 1 2
1 2 1
2 2 2

M
33
(R).
(b) V

cos sen
sen cos

, com R.
(c) A =

z w
w z

M
22
(C), com z = 0 or w = 0.
3.32 Let
A =

1 2 3
0 2 1
1 1 1

M
33
(R), B =

14
7
6

M
31
(R)
and let (S) be the linear system AX = B.
(a) Compute det A and justify that the system (S) is a Cramer system.
(b) Using the Cramer Rule, compute the solution of the system (S).
15
3.33 For each k R, consider the matrix
A
k
=

1 k 1
0 k k
k k k

M
33
(R).
(a) Using determinants, indicate the values of k for which the matrix A
k
is invertible.
(b) For k = 1 justify that the linear system
AX =

1
0
0

is a Cramer system and compute its solution.

16
Chapter 4
Vector spaces
4.3 Consider E = R
2
and dene addition and scalar multiplication as follows:
(a
1
, a
2
) + (b
1
, b
2
) = (a
1
+b
1
, a
2
+b
2
)
(a
1
, a
2
) = (a
1
, 0),
for all (a
1
, a
2
), (b
1
, b
2
) R
2
and R. Prove that (R
2
, +, ) is not a real vector space.
4.6 For each of the following vector spaces indicate the element 0
E
:
(a) E = R
4
.
(b) E = M
23
(R).
(c) E = R
3
[x].
4.8 Let E be a vector space over K. Let , K and u, v E. Justify that:
(a) If u = v and = 0
K
then u = v.
(b) If u = u and u = 0
E
then = .
4.13 Determine which of the following sets are subspaces of the corresponding vector space
.
(a) F
1
=
_
(a, b) R
2
: a 0
_
in R
2
.
(b) F
2
= {(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0)} in R
3
.
(c) F
3
=
_
(a, b, c) R
3
: 2a = b c = 0
_
in R
3
.
(d) F
4
=
_
(a, b, c) R
3
: 2a = b
_
in R
3
.
17
4.15 Show that each of the following set of matrices are a vector space of M
nn
(K):
(a) With all diagonal elements equal to zero.
(b) Upper triangular.
(c) Diagonal.
(d) Scalar.
(e) Symmetric.
(f) Semi-symmetric.
4.16 Justify that each of the following set of matrices are not a vector space of M
nn
(K)
(a) With, at least one diagonal element dierent from zero.
(b) Invertible.
(c) Not invertible.
4.20 Show that each of the following sets are subspaces of the corresponding vector space.
(a) F =
_
(a, b, c, d) R
4
: a 2b = 0 b +c = 0
_
in R
4
.
(b) G =
_

a b
c d

M
22
(R) : a 2b = 0 b +c = 0
_
in M
22
(R).
(c) H =
_
ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d R
3
[x] : a 2b = 0 b +c = 0
_
in R
3
[x].
4.22 Let G =
_

a a + b
b 0

: a, b R
_
. By indicating a spanning set of G, show that G is
a subspace of M
22
(R).
4.23 Show that each of the following sets are subspaces of the corresponding vector space,
presenting a span sequence for each of them.
(a)
_
(a, b, c) R
3
: a c = 0
_
em R
3
.
(b)
_

a b
c d

M
22
(R) : a +d = 0
_
em M
22
(R).
(c)
_
ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d R
3
[x] : a 2c +d = 0
_
em R
3
[x].
4.31 Let E be a vector space over K and let u
1
, u
2
, u
3
E. Justify the statements:
(a) S = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) is linearly independent if, and only if,
S

= (u
1
, u
1
+u
2
, u
1
+u
2
+u
3
)
is linearly independent.
(b) S = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) is linearly independent if, and only if,
S

= (u
1
u
2
, u
2
u
3
, u
1
+u
3
)
is linearly independent.
18
(c) The sequence
S

= (u
1
u
2
, u
2
u
3
, u
1
u
3
)
is linearly independent.
4.33 Consider the subspace of R
3
F =

(2, 3, 3)
_
. Determine two distinct bases for F.
4.35 Let G =
_

a a + b
b 0

: a, b R
_
the subspace of M
22
(R) (see exercise 4.22). Find
a basis of G.
4.41 Consider the subspace of R
3
,
F =
_
(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3), (0, 1, 1)
_
.
(a) Verify that
_
(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3), (0, 1, 1)
_
is not a basis for F.
(b) Find a subsequence of the previous sequence that is a basis for F.
4.44 Consider in M
22
(R), the bases
B =
_

1 0
0 0

1 1
0 0

1 1
1 0

1 1
1 1

_
e
B

=
_

1 0
0 0

0 1
0 0

0 0
1 0

0 0
0 1

_
.
(a) Find the coordinate sequence of the vector

4 3
2 1

relative to bases B and B

.
(b) Find the coordinate sequence of an arbitrary vector

a b
c d

M
22
(R) relative to bases B e B

.
4.48 Consider the following subspaces of R
4
F =
_
(a, b, c, d) R
4
: a c = 0 a b +d = 0
_
e
G =
_
(1, 1, 0, 1), (2, 1, 2, 1)
_
.
Find a basis for F G.
4.52 Consider the subspaces of R
4
,
F =
_
(a, b, c, d) R
4
: a b = 0 a = b +d
_
,
G =
_
(a, b, c, d) R
4
: b c = 0 d = 0
_
and
H =
_
(1, 0, 0, 3), (2, 0, 0, 1)
_
.
Find a basis for
19
(a) F.
(b) G.
(c) F +G.
(d) F +H.
4.56 Consider the subspaces of R
2
,
F =
_
(x, y) R
2
: y = 0
_
,
G =
_
(x, y) R
2
: x = 0
_
and
H =
_
(x, y) R
2
: x = y
_
.
Justify that
F G = R
2
= F H.
4.62 Consider the subspaces of M
22
(R),
F =
_

a b
0 0

: a, b R
_
and G =
_

0 0
c d

: c, d R
_
.
(a) Show that M
22
(R) = F G.
(b) Considering A =

4 5
0 6

determine the projection of A onto F, along G, and the

projection of A onto G, along F.
4.65 Consider the sequences of vectors of R
3
,
S
k
=
_
(1, 0, 2), (1, 2, 3), (1, 4, k)
_
.
Find the set of values of k for which S
k
is a basis for R
3
.
4.69 Consider the subspace of R
4
,
F =
_
(1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2, 1)
_
.
(a) Find a basis for F.
(b) Verify that (1, 2, 3, 2) F.
(c) Find a basis for R
4
for which the basis indicated in (a) is a subset.
4.71 Consider the sequences of vectors of M
31
(R),
S
1
=
_
_

1
1
1

1
1
0

_
_
and S
2
=
_
_

1
1
1

1
1
0

2
0
1

_
_
.
Determine if S
i
, i = 1, 2, is a linearly dependent sequence of vectors, in that case nd a
vector of the sequence that is a linear combination of the others vectors of the sequence.
20
4.74 Indicate the dimension and a basis for each of the following subspaces:
(a) F =

2x
3
+ 2x
2
2x, x
3
+ 2x
2
x 1, x
3
+x + 5,
x
3
+ 3, 2x
3
+ 2x
2
x + 2
_
of R
3
[x].
(b) G =
_

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 0

2 3
1 1

4 1
3 2

_
of M
22
(R).
4.155 Consider the subspace of R
4
[x],
F =
_
a
0
+a
1
x +a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
+a
4
x
4
R
4
[x] :
2a
0
+ 2a
1
+a
4
= 0 a
0
+a
1
+ 5a
4
= 0} .
(a) Find a basis for F.
(b) Find a basis for R
4
[x] for which the basis indicated in (a) is a subsequence.
(c) If exists indicate a subspace G of R
4
[x] such that
dim(F +G) = 4 e dim(F G) = 1.
4.156 For each R, consider the set:
F

=
_
(x, y, z) R
3
: x = y y = z
_
.
(a) Show that, for all R, F

is a subspace of R
3
.
(b) Determine for each , a basis for F

.
(c) Let G =

(1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2)

_
.
i. Determine for each , dim(G+F

).
ii. Determine for each , a basis for G+F

.
21
22
Chapter 5
Linear Transformations
5.2 Determine whether the following functions, f : R
3
R
2
, are a linear transformation.
(a) f(x, y, z) = (y, 0).
(b) f(x, y, z) = (x 1, y).
(c) f(x, y, z) = (xy, 0).
(d) f(x, y, z) = (x, |z|).
5.4 Let g : M
mn
(K) M
nm
(K) be a function such that, for all A M
mn
(K),
g(A) = A

.
Justify that g is a linear transformation.
5.6 Justify that if f : R
3
M
22
(R) is a linear transformation then:
(a) f(0, 0, 0) =

0 0
0 0

.
(b) f(2, 4, 2) = 2f(1, 2, 1).
(c) f(3, 1, 2) = f(2, 0, 1) +f(1, 1, 1).
5.7 Determine whether the following functions are a linear transformations.
(a) f : R
3
R
2
such that
f(a, b, c) = (2a, b + 1),
for all (a, b, c) R
3
.
(b) g : R
2
[x] M
22
(R) such that
g(ax
2
+bx +c) =

c b
a + b 2

,
for all ax
2
+bx +c R
2
[x].
23
5.10 Find the kernel, a basis for the kernel an a basis for the range (Image space) for each
of the following linear transformations.
(a) f : R
3
R
2
such that
f(x, y, z) = (y, z),
for all (x, y, z) R
3
.
(b) g : M
22
(R) R
3
such that
g
_

a b
c d

_
= (2a, c +d, 0),
for all

a b
c d

M
22
(R).
(c) h : R
3
R
2
[x] such that
h(a, b, c) = (a +b)x
2
+c,
for all (a, b, c) R
3
.
(d) t : R
3
[x] M
22
(R) such that
t(ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d) =

a c 0
0 b + d

,
for all ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d R
3
[x].
5.14 Determine if each of the following linear transformations are a injection computing
each kernel.
(a) f : R
3
R
3
such that
f(a, b, c) = (2a, b +c, b c),
for all (a, b, c) R
3
.
(b) g : R
2
[x] M
22
(R) such that
g(ax
2
+bx +c) =

2a b + c
0 a + b c

,
for all ax
2
+bx +c R
2
[x].
5.17 Compute the nullity of the following linear transformations:
(a) f : R
5
R
8
with dimImf = 4.
(b) g : R
3
[x] R
3
[x] with dimImg = 1.
(c) h : R
6
R
3
with h an onto mapping.
(d) t : M
33
(R) M
33
(R) with t an onto mapping.
24
5.18 Justify that does not exists any linear transformation f : R
7
R
3
whose kernel has
dimension less or equal to 3.
5.19 Let f : R
5
R
3
be a linear transformation with nullity n(f) and rank r(f). Find all
the possible pairs (n(f), r(f)).
5.22 Using a suitable proposition indicate if each of the following linear transformations are
a bijection.
(a) f : R
3
R
3
such that
f(a, b, c) = (2a, b +c, b c),
for all (a, b, c) R
3
.
(b) g : M
22
(R) R
3
[x] such that
g
_

a b
c d

_
= (a +d)x
3
+ 2ax
2
+ (b c)x + (a +c),
for all

a b
c d

M
22
(R).
5.26 In the following cases indicate if there are a linear transformation in the conditions
given. If that is possible give an example.
(a) f : R
4
R
4
such that
Imf =
_
(1, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 2, 0)
_
e dimKer f = 2.
(b) g : R
4
R
3
such that
Ker g =
_
(0, 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1)
_
e (1, 1, 1) Img.
(c) h : R
3
R
4
such that
Imh =
_
(1, 2, 0, 4), (2, 0, 1, 3)
_
.
5.36 Consider the linear transformation: f : R
3
R
2
such that, for all (x, y, z) R
3
is
f(x, y, z) = (y, z),
and the linear transformation that, for all

a b
c d

M
22
(R) is g : M
22
(R) R
3
such that
g
_

a b
c d

_
= (2a, c +d, 0),
.
25
(a) Compute M(f; B, B

) considering
B =
_
(1, 2, 3), (0, 2, 1), (0, 0, 3)
_
and B

=
_
(0, 2), (1, 0)
_
.
(b) Compute M(g; B

, b. c.
R
3) considering
B

=
_

1 1
0 1

0 2
3 1

0 0
2 1

0 0
1 0

_
.
5.42 Let f : R
3
R
2
be the linear transformation such that, for all (a, b, c) R
3
, is
f(a, b, c) = (a +b, b +c).
Consider the basis for R
3
,
B
1
= b. c.
R
3, B
2
=
_
(0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)
_
and consider the basis for R
2
,
B

1
= b. c.
R
2, B

2
=
_
(1, 1), (1, 0)
_
.
(a) Compute f(1, 2, 3) using the formula of the linear transformation.
(b) Find M(f; B
1
, B

1
) and compute f(1, 2, 3) using this matrix.
(c) Find M(f; B
2
, B

1
) and compute f(1, 2, 3) using this matrix.
(d) Find M(f; B
1
, B

2
) and compute f(1, 2, 3) using this matrix.
(e) Find M(f; B
2
, B

2
) and compute f(1, 2, 3) using this matrix.
5.43 Consider the basis for R
3
B
1
=
_
(1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 0)
_
, B
2
= b. c.
R
3
and
B
3
=
_
(1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)
_
.
Determine the transition matrix from:
(a) B
1
to B
2
.
(b) B
2
to B
1
.
(c) B
1
to B
3
.
5.46 Let f : R
3
R
2
the linear transformation such that
M(f; b. c.
R
3, b. c.
R
2) =

1 1 0
0 1 1

.
Consider the basis
B =
_
(0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)
_
and B

=
_
(1, 1), (1, 0)
_
for R
3
and for R
2
, respectively. Using transition matrices, compute:
26
(a) M(f; B, b. c.
R
2).
(b) M(f; b. c.
R
3, B

).
(c) M(f; B, B

).
5.110 Let E be a real vector space and let B

= (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) a basis for E. Consider the linear
transformation f : R
5
E such that, for all a, b, c, d, e R, is
f(a, b, c, d, e) = (b c +d)u
1
+ (2a +b + 3c 3d)u
2
+ (b +c d)u
3
.
.
(a) Determine M(f; b. c.
R
5, B

).
(b) Determine a basis for the range of f, Imf.
(c) In R
5
, consider the vectors
v
1
= (2, 2, 0, 2, 2), v
2
= (1, 1, 1, 0, 1) and v
3
= (0, 0, 0, 0, 1).
Show that (v
1
, v
2
, v
3
) is a basis for Ker f.
(d) Determine a basis for R
5
that contains v
1
, v
2
and v
3
.
(e) Consider B the basis that you have obtained in (d), determine M(f; B, B

).
27
28
Chapter 6
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
6.1 Let f : R
3
R
3
be the linear transformation such that, for all (a, b, c) R
3
is
f(a, b, c) = (a +b, b, 2c).
Consider the vectors u
1
= (2, 0, 0), u
2
= (0, 0, 7) and u
3
= (0, 0, 0). Indicate if each
of the vectors u
1
, u
2
, u
3
is an eigenvector of f and, if this is true, which is the corre-
sponding eigenvalue.
6.2 Let A =

1 0
1 2

M
22
(R).
(a) Show that

1
1

and

0
2

are eigenvectors for A and indicate the corresponding

eigenvalues.
(b) Show that

and

are eigenvectors for A and indicate the corresponding

eigenvalues.
6.3 Justify that if is an eigenvalue of a matrix A M
nn
(C) then is an eigenvalue of
A.
6.7 Let A M
nn
(K) be a matrix idempotent (that is, A
2
= A).
(a) Show that if is an eigenvalue of A then {0, 1}.
(b) Indicate a matrix which has all eigenvalues in the set {0, 1} but that is not an
idempotent matrix.
6.12 Determine eigenvalues of the matrix
A =

2 i 0
i 2 0
0 0 3

M
33
(C)
and compute its respectively algebraic multiplicity.
29
6.13 Let A =

0 1
1 0

, B =

2 1
5 2

M
22
(K). Show that:
(a) If K = R then A has not eigenvalues.
(b) If K = C then A has two distinct eigenvalues.
(c) The matrices A and B have the same characteristic polynomial.
6.14 Let A =

0 2 0
2 0 0
0 0 3

M
33
(R).
(a) Compute the eigenvalues of A and its algebraic multiplicities.
(b) Compute the determinant of A using its eigenvalues.
6.19 Let A M
nn
(K) be an invertible matrix. Show that:
(a) If is an eigenvalue of A then = 0 and
1
is an eigenvalue of A
1
.
(b) If X M
n1
(K) is an eigenvector of A corresponding to the eigenvalue , then
X is an eigenvector of A
1
corresponding to the eigenvalue
1
.
6.28 Let f : R
3
R
3
be the linear transformation given by the formula
f(a, b, c) = (b c, 2a +b c, 4a + 2b + 4c),
for all (a, b, c) R
3
. Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenspace of f.
6.35 Consider the triangular matrices
A =

2 1
0 2

, B =

5 0
4 1

M
22
(R).
Without computing eigenvalues, justify that A and B are both diagonalizable matrices
and indicate a diagonal matrix D
A
similar to A and a diagonal matrix D
B
similar to
B.
6.36 Let A =

2 5 2
0 3 0
2 1 2

M
33
(R). Without computing eigenspaces de A justify that
A is diagonalizable.
6.37 Consider the matrix
A =

3 2 0
4 3 0
4 2 1

M
33
(R).
(a) Compute the eigenvalues of A and nd their algebraic multiplicities.
(b) Find a basis for each of the eigenspaces of A.
30
(c) Show that A is diagonalizable and indicate an invertible matrix P M
33
(R)
and a diagonal matrix D such that
P
1
AP = D.
6.41 Let f be an endomorphism of R
3
and B = (e
1
, e
2
, e
3
) a basis for R
3
. If
M(f; B, B) =

3 2 0
4 3 0
4 2 1

,
Compute:
(a) The eigenvalues of f.
(b) A basis, B

, for R
3
, whose elements are eigenvectors of f.
(c) M(f; B

, B

) such the basis B

is the basis computed in (b).

Observation: Compare the results obtained in this exercise with the results that you
have obtained in the exercise 6.37.
6.89 Consider the matrices
A =

1 0 1
1 2 1
2 2 3

, B =

0 1 0
0 0 1
1 3 3

M
33
(R).
(a) Compute the eigenvalues and its algebraic multiplicities for each of the previous
matrices.
(b) i. Show that A is diagonalizable.
ii. Find if B is diagonalizable.
(c) Find an invertible matrix P M
33
(R) such that P
1
AP is a diagonal matrix
and the diagonal elements of P
1
AP are in increasing order.
6.93 Let A M
33
(R) such that
A

1
2
3

2
4
6

, A

0
1
2

0
0
0

and A

0
0
1

0
0
2

.
(a) Compute the eigenvalues of A and its geometric multiplicities.
(b) Indicate, if there is a, diagonal matrix similar to A.
(c) Find a matrix A that verify the previous conditions.
6.95 Consider the subspace of R
3
,
F =
_
(x, y, z) R
3
: x + 2y +z = 0
_
.
31
Let f : R
3
R
3
the linear transformation such that (1, 1, 0) is an eigenvector of f
corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 and such that
f(a, b, c) = (0, 0, 0),
for all (a, b, c) F.
(a) Justify that B =
_
(1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 3), (1, 0, 1)
_
is a basis for R
3
that has only
eigenvectors of f.
(b) Show that 0 is an eigenvalue of f and mg(0) = ma(0).
(c) Determine M(f; B, b. c.
R
3).
32