Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 3 Section 2
 Objectives

• Identify the different parts of a eukaryotic cell

• Explain the function of each part of a

eukaryotic cell
 Cool Background info…
• “Protein” Therapy (i.e. gene therapy)
– Use of genetic material to cure disease
– A gene is the recipe for the proteins essential to
life
• For example: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
– Lack dystrophin (muscle protein that maintains
the structure of muscle)
– Researchers are using viruses to deliver dystrophin
to muscle cells
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~prg/protein1.gif
 Eukaryotic Cells

• 2 types:
– Animal cells
– Plant cells

*Many cell parts in common, some differences…

 Cell Wall
• Outermost structure on a plant cell
• Rigid structure that gives support to the cell
• Made of a complex sugar called: cellulose

http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/plantcell.jpg http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/cellulosem.jpg
 Cell Wall
• Fungi (yeasts & mushrooms) have cell walls
• Made of a complex sugar called: chitin
• Prokaryotic cells (bacteria/archaea) have cells
walls too, but they are different)

http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/images/images/fiber.gif
http://home.earthlink.net/~ggda/yeast_cell_final_resample.jpg
 Cell Membrane
• All cells have a cell membrane
• Protective barrier that encloses the cell
• Location of the membrane (depends on cell
wall)
• Contains:
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Phospholipids
 Cell Membrane
• Phospholipid (contain phosphorus) bi-layer
• Lipids: “water fearing” or hydrophobic
– Hydrophilic heads
– Hydrophobic tails

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/lipidbilayer.gif
 Cell Membrane
• Some of the proteins and lipids control the
movement of materials in and out of the cell

• Some proteins form passageways

• Nutrients move into the cell, wastes move out

 Cytoskeleton
• Web of proteins in the cytoplasm
• Acts as both a muscle and a skeleton
• Keeps the cell’s membranes from collapsing
• 3 types of protein: hollow tube, stringy fibers

http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/mcb1.15.cytoskeleton.jpg
 Nucleus
• Large organelle in all eukaryotic cells
• Contains cell’s DNA (how to make a cell’s
proteins)
• Proteins control the chemical reactions of a
cell
• Proteins provide structural support for cells
and tissues
• Proteins are not made in the nucleus
 Nucleus
• Covered by 2 membranes
• Materials cross the double membrane through
pores
• Dark area: nucleolus (ribosome production
beings here)

http://kconline.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/Biology%20117/Cells_files/image004.jpg
 Ribosomes
• Organelles that make proteins

• Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein

• Smallest of all organelles

• More ribosomes in a cell than any other organelle

• Some float freely, others are attached to

membranes or the cytoskeleton
 Ribosomes
• Proteins are made within the ribosomes – “site of
protein synthesis”

• Proteins are made of amino acids

• Amino acids are one of about 20 different organic

molecules that are used to make proteins
• Cells need proteins to live
 Ribsomes

http://s3cg8biology_project.tripod.com/ribosomes.gif

http://www.molecularexpressions.com/cells/ribosomes/images/ribosomesfigure1.jpg
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Where many chemical reactions within the
cell take place

• System of folded membranes in which

proteins, lipids, and other materials are made

• Internal delivery system of the cell (tubes and

passageways)
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Rough ER
– Covered with ribosomes
– Found near the nucleus
– Make many of the cell’s proteins
• Smooth ER
– Make lipids
– Break down toxic materials that could damage the
cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

https://illnessesanimalsplants.wikispaces.com/file/view/smooth_&_rough_ER.jpg
 Mitochondria
• Main power source of the cell (site of cellular
respiration)
• Sugar is broken down to produce energy
• Covered by 2 membranes
• Energy is stored in ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
• Mitochondria are the size of some bacteria
• Have their own DNA, can divide within a cell
 Mitochondria

http://giantshoulders.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/mitochondria.jpg
 Chloroplasts
• Organelles in plant and algae cells which
photosynthesis takes place
• 2 membranes and their own DNA
• contain chlorophyll, a green pigment
• Chlorophyll traps the energy of sunlight to
make sugar
• Sugar produced by photosynthesis then used
by mitochondria to make ATP
 Chloroplasts

http://virtualbiologytutor.co.uk/images/chloroplast.jpg
 Golgi Complex
• Organelle that packages and distributes
proteins
• Looks like smooth ER
• Lipids & proteins from the from the ER are
delivered here
• “bubbles” are pinched off to be transported to
other parts of the cell
 Golgi Complex

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol22000/11Organelles/images/F05-49.JPG
 Cell Compartments
• “bubble” formed from Golgi complex is called
a vesicle

• Vesicles more material in and out of cells

http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCells/vesicle.jpg
 Cellular Digestion
• Lysosomes are responsible for digestion inside
a cell
• Lysosomes are organelles that contain
digestive enzymes
• Destroy old organelles, rid cell of waste, and
protect from invaders
• Found mainly in animal cells
• Bump into vesicles, pour enzymes in, and
digest the particles
http://www.east-
haven.k12.ct.us/dcmoore/Grade%206/Cell%20Websites/angelica_files/lysosome.png
 Vacuoles
• A vacuole is a vesicle

• In plants and fungi:

– Store digestive enzymes
– Aid in digestion
– Large central vacuole stores water & other liquids
– Support the cell

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/mcgo4s0/public_html/t4/plantcell.gif
 Quick Quiz

• Why do scientists sometimes say that some

plant cell vesicles are just large lysosomes?

• What is the difference between the

cytoskeleton and the cytoplasm?