Although International migrations started long back it is currently increasing at a rapid rate due to the developments in the field

of information technology and cheaper transportation costs. The totalmigrant population of the world has increased from 100 million in 1980 to 214 million in 2010.The average growth was about 2.6 percent per year. The transnational cooperation has allowed the free movement of goods services and people. The creations of regional integrations such as ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations), EU (European Union) and NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement has boosted trade and movement of people between countries. The North American Free trade agreement which was signed between USA and Canada and Mexico facilitates the exchange of trained professional between these countries. For Example the TN status (Trade NAFTA Status) allows people of certain profession to work between these countries. Some of the regional integration such as the European Union Free Movement made it possible for the people to move across the countries without passports. The General Agreement of Tariffs and trade which was signed by 128 countries of the world trade organization promotes free trade between countries and lifting national barriers. Thus the economic globalization and regional integrations has promoted the labor mobility of highly skilled professional across countries which have led to increase in the rate of international migration.

One of the major reasons for advanced industrialized countries to attract foreign migrants is its decking fertility rates. Majority of the developed world countries have very low fertility rates. is a shortage of young work force in these countries which has compelled them to rely on foreign workers. If we look at the demographics around the world according to statistics the whole world except Africa will be way below replacement in 20 years time. Already the 10 lowest growth rates in the world are developing countries. For example the population in Japan is expected to decrease from 127 million to 105 million by 2080, the population of Italy is expected to decrease from 57 million to 41 million by 2050. It is estimated that the labor force in the rich developed countries will decline from 800 million to 600 million over the next 40 years. Economic Globalization has led countries to compete to invest in other economies and to increase their share in the world market .This has created huge demand for skilled workers in developed countries. There is a huge demand for highly skilled labors in the fields such as information technology, medical, finance and engineering in these countries. Countries such as Canada U.S.A and Australia are heavily dependent on foreign labor force for highly trained professionals. On the other hand in developing countries which are undergoing rapid growth in industrial and infrastructure sectors are experiencing high demand for unskilled labors. For

example in the Middle Eastern countries there is a huge demand for unskilled labors which are filled by foreign labors from Asian countries. Countries compete to attract these workers by softening their immigration policies and reducing entry barriers.

More than a hundred thousand years ago the first modern humans left Africa and began to colonize the world. Since then human history is also a history of migration. Migration has always been a strong factor in human development .Migration has taken place within very different contexts such as military invasion, plight of refuges, expulsion or enslavement. Migration has also occurred in search of economic opportunities new settlement areas. Currently there are approximately 216 million people are migrants in the world. This is about 3% of the world population. Migration is defined as crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period (International migration at the beginning of the twenty-first century: global trends and issues Stephen Castles) We can distinguish the reasons for migrations as push and pull factors. Push factors are circumstances in the country of origin that force people to emigrate such as poverty war or environmental disasters. Pull factors are conditions in the destination country that attract immigrants such as economic opportunity and political stability.(al Jazeera) One of the positive aspects of migration is that it contributes to the economic development of the sending countries. Migrants send back money to their country of origin in the form of remittances. According to the World Bank in 2012 the officially recorded amount of remittances is estimated to be 406 in 2012.These figures are just the officially recorded figures and the actual amount is estimated to be much higher. For some countries the remittances from foreign workers account for almost half of their GDP. These economic gains are extremely helpful for the developing and poor countries. Countries such as Nepal and Philippines have been able to improve their economy through these remittances. On the contrary although there is a negative effect due to the remittances by foreign workers in the receiving countries they also benefit economically from migrants. There is sufficient supply of labors in the labor market which reduces the inflation level of the receiving countries. Moreover the migrants contribute to the growth and productivity of hosting countries. Climate change and global warming are aspects of Globalization that indirectly affects international migration. As a result of the recent industrialization and extensive use of hydrocarbon fuels the worlds climate is changing to an alarming level. The people who are affected by these disasters are forced to migrate to from their home countries to safer regions. The number of environmental refugees is increasing at a rapid rate. In 1995 the estimated number of environmental refuges was 25 million. It is predicted that this number will be double by 2020. In Bangladesh the water levels are rising and people near costal areas are forced to migrate. The people in countries like Tunisia Morroco and Libiya are migrating to European countries because of the desertification of their agricultural lands.

After the discovery of oil in the GCC the region saw huge growth and development which resulted in the shortage of labor force .There was a high demand for highly skilled workers as well as unskilled labors. The highly skilled workers included engineers, medical practitioners and financial specialists. Currently the Middle Eastern Oil rich states are the largest recipient hosting temporary migrants in the world. In most of the GCC countries more than 50 percent of their populations are foreign migrants. Some countries such as Qatar and UAE has about 80 percent foreign migrants. According to a UN report in 2005 there is an estimated 12.8 million foreign nationals living in the GCC. Majority of the migrants in the region are from South Asian origin such as Indian, Nepal, Bangladesh, Philippines, Indonesia Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The remittances from foreign workers help to decrease poverty and improve health and education in their country of origin. Remittances accounted for 13 percent of the GDP in Philippines 9 percent of the GDP in Bangladesh and 3 percent in India. Although the GCC countries have gained positively from the foreign workforce these countries are experiencing many negative impacts The high percentage of immigrants in these countries has created imbalance in the societies. The unemployment rate in the national community has increased to an alarming rate. Many Countries are tightening the immigration policy and promoting nationalization of the labor force. Saudi started Saudisation compelling employeers to employ Saudi nationals in certain profession. Qatar has also recently introduced similar Qatarization policy in order to deal with the unemployment rates in the country. Another negative aspect is the loss of national identity and culture. Due to the immigration of large number of migrants from other cultures and religion the tradition and cultures of countries are at threat.. In most the GCC countries the migration policies fail to deal with these problems. In order to tackle these negative effects of migration there should be an effective migration policy One of the major negative impacts of international migration for the sending countries is the Brain Drain. It is caused by the highly skilled professionals from less developed countries to industrialized countries. This phenomenon can be devastating to certain countries. For example countries in Africa are suffering from shortages of Doctors and engineers because most of them have migrated to other developed parts of the world. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) brain drain has resulted in a loss of 9 billion in human capital within Africa. The sending countries are now trying to deal with this problem by giving attractive packages to the professionals. Conclusion Economic globalization and reduction in transportation costs increased the international migration rate significantly.. There are many positive and negative effects on both the sending and receiving countries of migrants. In order to deal with the problems attached to migration it is especially important to develop and implement a constructive migration policy. Migration is one of the least understood and most poorly governed aspects of globalization. There are international agreements for trade and movement of goods but for the movement of people there is very limited effective co-operation, When we analyze the demographics and the future trends it is clear that there will be a high demand for highly trained professionals. Countries which develop effective migration policy will be able to attract immigrants. The

challenge for the nations will be to find balance between the its cultural identity and multicultural future. Moreover migration also contributes to the cultural diversity of destination countries.