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Gerald J. Calais
McNeese State University
ABSTRACT
The demands of the Information Age make it imperative that students currently enrolled
in K-12 are equipped to effectively handle expository text materials if they are to become
viable citizens in today’s highly competitive, global economic markets. Accordingly, this
manuscript focuses on research findings that converge on five of the most prevalent
types of expository text structures that one encounters in today’s reading materials. A
matrix is employed that provides a description, signal words, and graphic organizers
associated with each text structure. General Strategies that teachers can use to enhance
students’ abilities to identify text structure are also provided, as are conclusions.
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structure; they also found that both enumeration and sequence text
structure were easier than comparison and contrast text structure.
Finally, they also discovered that awareness of expository text
structure appeared to be developmental because older students’
awareness of expository text structure was significantly greater than
that of younger students. Having discussed research findings about
expository text structure, the next section discusses a matrix that
provides information about five dominant types of expository text
structure.
Table 1
Table 1 Continued
Text Description Associated Graphic Organizer
Structure Signal Words
Comparison/ Specifies similarities Similar to, Compare/contrast matrix,
Contrast (comparison) and/or different from, double bubble map, Venn
differences (contrast) however, in diagram, ladder map,
among objects, common, flowcharts, semantic
events, facts, although, not feature analysis,
concepts, etc. only…but also analogies
Cause and Demonstrates how Consequently, Single cause and single
Effect facts, events, or therefore, effect, single cause and
ideas (effects) because, as a multiple effects, multiple
materialize due to result, since, causes and single effect,
other facts, events, if…then, thus, multiple causes and
or ideas (causes). leads to multiple effects,
Herringbone technique,
Example: A science cycle, a string of slightly
book explains the overlapping circles,
causes and effects of central concept with
a tornado. cause and effect
explanations
Problem and Reveals the This led to, Problem/Solution outline,
Solution evolution of a because, flowchart, IDEAL
problem and the problem is, Problem Solving
solution (s) to the if/then, Framework, task analysis,
problem. consequently, fuzzy cognitive maps,
nevertheless, establishing problematic
Example: A science accordingly situations, discussion
chapter discusses the webs
problem of global
warming and asks
for proposed
solutions, or a social
studies chapter
discusses the
problem of slavery
in the Old South and
asks for proposed
solutions to avoid a
Civil War.
Gerald J. Calais 87
Conclusions
REFERENCES