4/16/2013

BORDANDPILLARMETHOD

APPLICABILITYOFBORD&PILLARMETHOD
A seam thicker than 1.5 m. A seam free from stone or dirt bands. Stone or dirt bands, if present in a seam, can be easily disposed of for strip packing in long wall advancing method of mining. Seams at moderate depth.

4/16/2013

APPLICABILITYOFBORD&PILLARMETHOD
Seams which are not gassy. Seams with strong roof and floor which can stand for long period after development stage is over. Coal of adequate crushing strength.

ClassificationofBordandPillarMiningSystem
Develop the entire area into pillars and then extract the pillars starting from the boundary. Develop the area into panels and extract pillars subsequently panel wise. This is called panel system of mining. Whole followed by broken working in which the mine is opened out by a few headings only and thereafter development and depillaring go on simultaneously.

4/16/2013

DEVELOPMENT
Two sets of galleries, one normally perpendicular to the other, are driven forming pillars between them of size that currently depends on depth and size (width) of the gallery. In the present scene of underground mine development by Bord and Pillar system, mostly square pillars are being formed of size dictated only by depth and width of galleries under the Coal Mine Regulations.

BORD&PILLARLAYOUT

4/16/2013

DEVELOPMENT
A group of such pillars form what is known as a panel and one panel is separated from another panel by having solid coal barrier in between in the form of long rectangular pillars. In the panel system of mining the coal seam is divided into a number of panels separated from one another by solid barrier of coal. Size of panel depends on many factors, two of which are the incubation period for the coal to be extracted and its rate of extraction.

BORD & PILLAR LAYOUT

4/16/2013

BORD&PILLARLAYOUT

MainElementsOfBord AndPillarWorkings SizeofthePanel SizeoftheBarrier SizeofPillars

4/16/2013

SizeofthePanel
Depends on incubation period of the coal seam (generally varies between 6 to 12 months for Indian coalfields). Depends on the rate of extraction (The extraction rate from depillaring districts in Indian coalfield averages about 250300 tons per day per panel). The no. of pillars varies from 12 to 30.

SizeoftheBarrier
The width of the barrier depends on the load which it has to carry and its strength. Greater the depth of working, wider is the barrier and also softer the coal, the more, the width of the barrier. usually the same as is the width of the coal pillars which are enclosed within the panel. In deep mines the width of the barrier may become quite large (up to 45 m) and so during extraction they are thinned down consistent with safety.

4/16/2013

SizeofPillars
The size of the pillars is influenced by : Depth from the surface and percentage extraction in the first workings or development. Strength of the coal: Seams with weak coal require large pillars. The nature of the roof and floor. Geological Considerations: In the vicinity of faults, large pillars are required. Dip and presence of water also influences the decision as to the size of pillars. Time dependant strain

SizeofPillars
In India, the dimensions of pillars and the width and height of galleries are regulated by Regulation 99 of Coal Mines Regulation 1957. It is stipulated that the width of galleries shall not exceed 4.8 m and the height of the galleries shall not exceed 3 m.

4/16/2013

Dimensionofpillarsandgalleriesatdifferentdepths
Depth of the seam from the surface Where the width of galleries does not exceed

3m

3.6m

4.2m

4.8m

The distance between centers of adjacent pillars shall not be less than (in m)

Not exceeding 60 m Between 60-90 m Between 90-150 m Between 150-240 m Between 240-360 m Exceeding 360 m

12 13.5 16.5 22.5 28.5 39

15 16.5 19.5 25.5 34 42

18 19.5 22.5 30.5 39.5 45

19.5 21 25.5 34.5 45 45

Percentageextractionindevelopmentatdifferentdepths

Depth of seam from surface

Where the width of galleries does not exceed

3m Not exceeding 60 m Between 60-90 m Between 90-150 m Between 150-240 m Between 240-360 m Exceeding 360 m 43.7 39.53 33.06 24.8 9.95 14.8

3.6 m 42.2 39.8 33.5 26.2 19.7 16.4

4.2 m 41.2 38.4 33.8 25.6 20.1 17.8

4.8 m 43.17 40.5 34 25.9 20.2 19.0

4/16/2013

AdvantagesofBord andPillarMethod

DisadvantagesofBord andPillarMethod

4/16/2013

Advantagesofpanelsystem
Risk of loss of coal through spontaneous heating is limited. In the event of fire occurring, the panel can be isolated from other parts of the workings. Similarly, explosions can be limited to the panel of occurrence. Crushing of pillars is avoided. Creep and thrust (crush) started in any part of mine are arrested in their course and isolated in their action.

Advantagesofpanelsystem
Whole and broken workings can be done at the same time i.e., in one panel development and in another panel depillaring can be done at the same time. Ventilation is improved. Each panel can be provided with its separate intake and return. Also no. of air stoppings can be reduced.

10

4/16/2013

Advantagesofpanelsystem
Control of subsidence is possible. By working panels of subcritical width, magnitude of subsidence can be reduced. By suitable design using yield pillar techniques percentage extraction can be improved.

Disadvantagesofpanelsystem
Considerable amount of coal is lost in barriers. Generally, in indian practice roughly 20% of coal is lost in the barriers. More number of air crossings are required for ventilation purposes. Each panel must have its own independent coal cutting machine and haulage. Flitting of coal cutting machine from one panel to the other panel is not practicable.

11

4/16/2013

12

4/16/2013

13

4/16/2013

14

4/16/2013

PillarWorking

Depillaring(Extractionofpillars)
PrinciplesofPillarextractiontechniques
Roof exposure at one time should be minimal. In the Indian coalfields, where caving is practiced, 6090 m2 exposure is normally allowed. But in stowing districts the exposure may be increases up to 90100 m2. The size of the panel should be such as depillaring can be completed within the incubation period. The extraction line should be so arranged as to facilitate roof control. In practice diagonal line, or step diagonal line of face is common. In special cases a steep diagonal line of face or even straight line of face has been selected.

15

4/16/2013

Depillaring(Extractionofpillars)
PrinciplesofPillarextractiontechniques
Diagonal or step diagonal line of face provides protection as the working places are supported by solid pillars and also when the roof caves, there is less risk of goaf flushing into the working faces. Diagonal line of extraction helps in the caving of the roof. The single lift extraction is limited to height of 4.8 m or less. If the thickness of the seam is more than 4.8 m, the extraction is done in multilifts in conjunction with stowing. Seams up to 4.8 m thick can be mined by caving in one pass. Whatever the method of extraction, the working area is systematically supported by cogs and props.

Diagonal Line of Extraction

16

4/16/2013

StepDiagonal Line of Extraction

SteepDiagonal Line of Extraction

17

4/16/2013

Straight line of extraction

Splittingofpillars
As laid down in the coal mines regulations 1957, During the extraction of pillars, no splitting or reduction of pillars or heightening of galleries shall be affected for a distance greater than the length of two pillars ahead of the pillar that is being extracted or reduced. Where pillar extraction is about to begin in a district such splitting or reduction of pillars or the heightening of galleries shall be restricted to a maximum of four pillars. The width of the splitgalleries shall not exceed the width prescribed for galleries. This is done to reduce the zone of stress concentration for ensuring stability of the workings.

18

4/16/2013

MethodofSplitting

MethodofSplitting(diagonal)

19

4/16/2013

MethodofSplitting(Stepdiagonal)

MethodofSplitting(Steepdiagonal)

20

4/16/2013

Layoutforextractionofpillarsinthinseam(1.5mto3m)

Layoutforextractionofpillarsincoalseam(3mto4.8m)

21

4/16/2013

SUPPORTSYSTEM(HANDSECT.)

SUPPORTSYSTEM(HANDSECT.)

22

4/16/2013

SUPPORTSYSTEM(LHDSECT.)

SUPPORTSYSTEM(SDLSECT.)

23

4/16/2013

SUPPORTSYSTEM(SDLSECT.)

UNDERGROUNDMECHANISATION CoalCuttingandCoalPloughingmachines Gatheringarmloaders Shuttlecars SDLs LHDs Continuousminers RoadHeaders Conveyors

24

4/16/2013

SEMIMECHANISATIONBYSDLs&LHDs
In order to keep away with arduous labor of loading coal manually, to avoid exposure of persons at face and improve productivity, efforts are made to introduction of intermediate technology and continuous mining systems. As a result, in India SDLs & LHDs have taken foot forward in intermediate technology. The Bord and Pillar method has been predominantly adopted in India for the extraction of coal seams due to shallow depth and good roof conditions.

SEMIMECHANISATIONBYSDLs&LHDs CycleofOperations:

Drilling Blasting Supporting Coal loading (SDLs & LHDs)

25

4/16/2013

OPERATIONOFLHDsandSDLs
Method of working:

The method of development and depillaring with LHDs/SDLs was similar to Conventional development of forming rectangular or square pillars as per Regulation 99 of Coal Mines Regulations, 1957 and subsequent extraction of pillars by splitting and judiciously reducing it.

OPERATIONOFLHDsandSDLs Coal Preparation: Coal preparation for LHD/SDL was done by conventional drilling and blasting. Transportation: The coal carried by LHD/SDL from the face was discharged on to the pony belt conveyor, which was maintained as near to the face as possible, even though LHD/SDL cope with about 100m lead.

26

4/16/2013

LoadHaulDumpers(LHDs)
an electrohydraulic powered underground mining equipment. used to collect the coal, haul upto the discharge point of hopper/chain conveyor/belt conveyor located within 100 m from the coal face and to dump on it. 50 HP (811 Model) Motor and 100 HP (912E Model) Motor Three forward and three reverse speeds. The working pressure of hydraulic system is 2200 PSI and discharge 16 GPM. The hydraulic tank capacity is 210 ltrs. Oil is cooled by a radiator and fan run by hydraulic motor. The power to the machine is fed by a trailing cable 16 m2 handled by a cable reeler, which can accommodate 100 m length.

EIMCOELECON811LHD

Electric motor Buck Capacity

: 50 HP : 1.5 cu.m (coal)

27

4/16/2013

EIMCOELECON912ELHD
LHD mechanization where the gradient is 1 in 6 & flatter

Electric motor Buck Capacity

: 100 HP : 2.7 cu.m

28

4/16/2013

EIMCOELECON625SDL

Electric motor Buck Capacity

: 500 HP : 1.1 cu.m (coal)

29

4/16/2013

SDL mechanization where the gradient is 1 in 4 & flatter

A typical method of depillaring by stooking and slicing

30

4/16/2013

A plan view of typical manner of pillar extraction (splitting and slicing) and placement of roof bolt supports during depillaring by continuous miner and shuttle car combination.

Moderncontinuousminer

31

4/16/2013

Continuousminerandshuttlecar(roofbolterinthetopleft)

Airpatharoundaworkingsection

32

4/16/2013

Overviewofaworkingroomandpillarsection

DRILLING OPERATION IN THE COAL FACE

33

4/16/2013

PermittedExplosives
Explosive to be used in coal seams must be safe for use in methaneair mixtures or coaldust mixtures encountered in underground coal mines. To meet these requirements stipulated official tests are carried out to assess the safety of the explosives under these conditions. Only on passing these tests in an explosive approved as a permitted explosive. types of permitted explosives
P1, P2 and P3 Type Permitted Explosives

PermittedExplosives
P1 Type Permitted Explosives: These explosives can be used for drifting or ripping and simultaneous firing in an undercut / middlecut / overcut and in depillaring faces, in coal seams of first degree of gassiness. P3 Type Permitted Explosives: These are EquivalenttoSheathed Explosives (which have replaced the earlier Group P2 Sheathed Permitted Explosives) used for drifting or ripping and simultaneous firing in an undercut / middlecut / overcut and in depillaring faces, in all coal seams. P5 Type Permitted Explosives: These are special type of explosives with a high degree of intrinsic safety against all types of likely hazards in delay blasting in coal and specially designed for Solid Blasting in conjunction with nonincendive copper short delay detonators.

34

4/16/2013

PermittedExplosives
All Indian coal seams have been classified according to their degree of gassiness.
Degree of Gassiness of Coal seam I Classification of Gassiness Type of Permitted Explosives P1 / P3 / P5

II

III

< 0.1% of gas in the general body of air and rate of emission of such gas is less than 1 cu. m/t of coal production > 0.1% of gas in the general body of air and rate of emission of such gas is greater than but less than 10 cu. m/t of coal production Rate of emission of the gas is greater than 10 cu. m/t pf coal production

P3 / P5

P3 / P5

PermittedExplosives
DGMS (India) Stipulations on Maximum Permissible Charge in a Shot Hole
Types of Explosives Degree of gassiness / Type of Application Degree 1 mines, Cut face, Depillaring Degree I, II & III mines, Cut face, Depillaring Degree I-BOS, Degree II &III-BOS Max Permissible charge per Shot hole (gms) 800 1000 1000 565

P1 P3 P5 P5

35

4/16/2013

Detonators
In conjunction with Permitted explosives, only electric detonators with copper tube are permitted for use in coal blasting. These are of two types (both of N0.6 strength).
1. Instantaneous Copper Electric Detonators (CED): These are

Instantaneous Electric Detonators with a copper shell. P1 and P3 Explosives can only be used in conjunction with CEDs. 2. Copper NonIncendive Short Delay Detonators (CDD): These are copper tube detonators, used for delay firing when solid blasting in coal is done. These are used along with P5 explosives. The nominal delay of 25ms between two successive delay intervals (from 0 to6) is available to the maximum delay period of 150ms.

Principlesofblastingincoal
From the point of view of blasting, underground coal mining operations could be divided into two categories, namely,
Development and Depillaring.

Therearetwotechniquesemployedforblasting indevelopmentgalleries. Blastingonprecutface. Solidblastingofcoal.

36

4/16/2013

Blastingonaprecutface
In many mines coalcutting machines are used to provide an additional free face for blasting. While, this may be under, over, middle or side cut, the most common practice in Indian mines is to have undercut face. For blasting on cut faces the following conditions must be complied with: The length of the shot hole should be at least 15cm (6 inches) less than the depth of the cut. The detonators in a round should be fired simultaneously, preferably in series. The maximum charge in hole should not exceed 800 gms for P1 explosives and 1000 gms for P3 and P5 explosives.

Blastingonaprecutface
Thumbrulesforu/gcoalblastinginCutFaces: 1.No.ofholes 2.Depthofhole 3.Chargeperhole 4.Stemming 5.Explosive Foreach1squaremeterarea=1hole 15cmlessthancutlength 40%ofholelength 60%ofholelength P1type(Solarcoal1)fordegree1mines P3type(Solarcoal3)fordegree2/3mines

37

4/16/2013

Atypicalroundofholeusedinblastinganundercutface

(Numbers shown sequence of firing rounds)

Depth of Hole No. of Holes Charge / HolesTotal yield of Coal Yield per kg 1.5 Meters 300 g 8 14 tones 6.00 tones

Solidblastingofcoal(BOS)
Both in Longwall and development faces coal can be blasted without giving an under cut by a coal cutting machine. The technique of blasting of the solid is simpler, more economical and less hazardous than conventional method of breaking coal with machine cut and blasting. Points remembered while doing Solid Blasting in coal: To create an initial cut, holes need to be drilled in inclined position so as to provide direction and force for coal to move outwardly, to create free face for other holes. (Lever action theory) OnlyP5PermittedExplosives(Solarcoal 5)and'Nonincendive' coppershortdelaydetonatorsshallbeused.

38

4/16/2013

Solidblastingofcoal(BOS)
Points remembered while doing Solid Blasting in coal: Maximum charge per hole is 1000 gms for Degree I mine and 565 gms for Degree II & Degree III. The estimated period of Delay between the first and last shots shall not exceed 150 ms (100 ms for Degree III Mines). The estimated period of delay between any two consecutive delay shots shall not exceed 60ms. The maximum distance between the two adjacent shot holes of different delays shall not be less than 0.6m. Atleast 284 cu.m of air per minute shall be conducted up to every face where solid blasting is being done. Test for inflammable gas should be made within the radius of 20m of the blast. More than 25 shots in one round should not be blasted.

Recommended Pattern for Seam Height 2.6 m Face Size 4.6 x 2.6 Total Holes = 15 Type of Number Depth of Explosive / hole Delay Stemming Holes Holes Number Cut 6 1.7 m (5.6) 3 555 Z 60-65% Holes Other 6 1.6 m (5') 3 555 I 60% Holes 3 1.6 m (5') 3 555 II 60% Total Explosives Expected Pull Expected Coal Powder Factor Detonator per Round (Insitu) T/Kg. Factor 8.32 Kg. 1.27 m (4') 19.74 M. T. 2.37 1.31 Remark 1. 2-4 holes to be increased if encountered with shale /stone band. 2. Full packaging with sand clay cartridges as stemming gives 10% better results.

39

4/16/2013

Solidblastingofcoal(BOS)
In development headings the technique of solid blasting is done by creating initial opening either by (a) Wedge Cut Pattern, or (b) Fan Cut Pattern (a) Wedge Cut Pattern In a 'Wedge Cut', two or more holes are drilled so as to converge at the rear by not less than 0.3m. This arrangement provides a concentration of charge at the back. With this pattern, the advance is limited. For deep pulls burden should be reduced by providing steeply inclined hole at the centre, known as 'Stab Hole' or by giving another shallow wedge cut known as 'Baby Cut'. This relieving hole should be fired prior to the main wedge cut pattern.

WedgeCutPattern

40

4/16/2013

WedgeCutPattern
No. of Holes = 14+1stab hole = 15 (Total), size of gallery = 4.3m x 2.4m
Delay 0 1 2 3 4 5 Number 1 2 2 4 4 2 Charge (Cartridge) 3 3 3 2 2 2 Explosive (gm ) 555 555 x 2 555 x 2 370 x 4 370 x 4 370 x 2 Explosives Charged (gm) 555 1110 1110 1480 1480 740

Total Charge :- 6.5 kg, Av. Pull :- 1.35m to 1.45m Blasting Ratio (PF) :- Av. 2.6 t/kg Detonator Factor :- 1.1 to 1.2 t

FanCutPattern
(b) Fan Cut Pattern In Fan Cut Pattern, the initial opening is created by firing a hole drilled at an acute angle to the face. The inclination generally varies from 30 to 60 degree. The inclination of subsequent hole is gradually reduced. This pattern suitable for medium hard to hard coal seams.

41

4/16/2013

FanCutPattern

42