1 Westminster Hebrew Institute Westminster Theological Seminary Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Documents Release 44 !une "#, $##% General Introduction The Westminster Hebrew Morphology Database (MORPH) is, up to version 5!, a simple "#$%% &ile, 'ontaining appro(imately a hal&)million re'or*s (appro(imately +,M-), ea'h re'or* repre) senting a morpheme o& the Hebrew -ible Westminster Theologi'al #eminary is the owner, main) tainer an* *istributer o& MORPH %ts three e*itors are Pro& "lan .roves, (/(e'utive Dire'tor, Westminster Hebrew %nstitute), Pro& Dale Wheeler (Multnomah -ible $ollege) an* Pro& 0ir1 2owery (Dire'tor, Westminster Hebrew %nstitute) #tephen 0 #alisbury ("ssistant Dire'tor, Westminster Hebrew %nstitute) is the assistant e*itor o& MORPH #ome o& the 'hara'teristi's o& this *atabase are3 MORPH generally &ollows the Hebrew and &ramaic 'e(icon o) the *ld Testament (H"2OT), 2u*wig 0oehler, Walter -aumgartner an* 4ohann 4a1ob #tamm, e*s (5!!+) in matters o& lemmas an* parsing where su'h matters are either unambigu) ous or arbitrary However, where we &eel H"2OT is in (substantive or typographi') error or is in'onsistent we have not hesitate* to *eviate MORPH *oes not use or &ollow #trong6s lemma numbering (H"2OT is the /nglish translation o& the original .erman re&eren'e wor1 Hebr+isches und aram+isches 'e(icon ,um <en Testa- ment .H&'&T/, 2u*wig 0oehler, Walter -aumgartner an* 4ohann 4a1ob #tamm, e*s (, r* /*ition, / 4 -rill, +789)78) MORPH generally &ollows the *i'tum :parse what is written not what is meant; This means we try to parse a morpheme base* upon its e(ternal &orm apart &rom any 'onsultation with the wi*er 'onte(t in whi'h the morpheme stan*s "mbiguity &rus) trates this goal an* o&ten &or'es us to parse 'onte(tually, eg, in the 'ase o& segho- late noun state 0etiv wor*s 'an be parti'ularly *i&&i'ult to parse sin'e they *o not have e(pli'it pointing an* o&ten appear (or at least *i* appear to the massoreti' s'ribes) to be minor spelling mista1es #ometimes the parsing o& a morpheme *epen*s upon te(t)'riti'al or philologi'al ('omparative semiti', et') 'riteria %n most o& these 'ases, MORPH parses a''or*) ing to the massoreti' te(tual tra*ition MORPH attempts to vo'ali<e an* parse 1etiv as well as 2ere %n all matters o& te(tual rea*ing, the 2eningra* $o*e( is our &inal ar) biter3 MORPH is the morphology o& the language atteste* in that manus'ript MORPH *oes not &ollow e('lusively any one authority &or grammar an* parsing "ll the stan*ar* grammars = an'ient an* mo*ern = are 'onsulte*3 .0$, 4o>on?Murao) 1a, van *er Merwe, -auer)2ean*er, -ergstr@sser an* Walt1e)OA$onnor = to mention Bust the most 'ommonly use* sour'es Cor "ramai', -auer)2ean*er, #egert <aram+ische 3rammati1, an* Rosenthal & 3rammar o) 4iblical &ramaic are the most &reDuently 'onsulte* + This *o'ument repla'es all previous *o'umentation, beginning with Release E! #ee the Release5otes &ile &or spe'i&i' 'hanges not 'overe* in this *o'ument Together, these two *o'uments 'ontain a 'omplete *es'ription o& Release EE 6*RPH Release 44 7 Document 8ersion9 74 We now *istribute the *atabase as one &ile This is how we han*le the *ata in)house an* our &eeling is that any attempt to split it into smaller &iles intro*u'es unne'essary ris1 o& ina*vertent *ata loss or 'orruption "s a &urther e&&ort to maintain not only *ata integrity but also to 1eep versions o& the *atabase separate, beginning with version ,5 we now *istribute our releases with an MD5 'he'1sum number whi'h uniDuely i*enti&ies this release &rom all others /ven i& one bit is 'hange*, the 'he'1sum will 'hange an* not mat'h the 'anoni'al release number This *atabase was &irst 'on'eive* an* built *uring the +7F!s "s it has mature*, we have &oun* it ne'essary to a** to an* 'hange the *ata re'or* stru'ture "t that time a &lat "#$%% &ile was the only a''eptable :lowest 'ommon *enominator; &or maintenan'e an* *istribution However, we have 'ontinuously wrestle* with the problem o& au*iting an* maintaining 'hange *eltas, espe) 'ially as time an* personnel have 'ome an* gone %n that time the worl* has seen the intro*u') tion o& the %nternet an* the Worl* Wi*e Web %n a**ition, our long)range plans &or the *atabase6s e(pansion 'all &or signi&i'antly more 'omple( *ata stru'tures To resolve these issues, WH% is ta1ing the &ollowing a'tion3 The !" series of releases will continue to be in the legacy format! After #!$% we will pro&ide a 'legacy' &ersion% but it will not ha&e the new information added to the database With MORPH (5!) the *istribute* *atabase &ormat will 'hange to an GM2 en'o*ing, in'lu*ing a DTD?#'hema, G#2T trans&ormations to generate HTM2, an* a basi' G#2 stylesheet The *istribute* &ile will be available in both Mi'higan en'o*e* Hebrew an* HTC)F Hebrew en'o*ing (allowing proper *isplay o& Hebrew te(t in any HTC)F 'ompliant appli'ation3 browser, wor* pro'essor, et') Monitor an* 'omply with the &inal re'ommen*ations o& the newly &orme* Open #'rip) tural %n&ormation #tan*ar* (O#%#) Ihttp3??wwwbiblete'hnologiesorgJ, whi'h we support The a*vantages o& these a'tions &or the *eveloper will be3 The a**ition o& new possibilities &or *isplay &ormats in appli'ations, in'lu*ing the 're) ation o& browser)base* appli'ations ta1ing a*vantage o& GM2 &le(ibility Kastly in'rease* interoperability between appli'ations that support the above)men) tione* stan*ar*s an* te'hnologies, as well as ease o& *ata &ormat trans&ormation by not only WH%, but also by the user #eamless integration with a Win*ows 5!!! ? Win*ows GP environment whi'h uses Hni'o*e natively as its 'hara'ter en'o*ing The elimination o& &ont issues The a**ition o& signi&i'ant new &eatures, su'h as user annotation o& *ata whi'h then be'omes sear'hable These 'hanges will &ree WH% o& the sha'1les o& its obsoles'ent *ata mo*el an* allow us to great) ly e(pan* the type an* 'omple(ity o& in&ormation provi*e* Cor e(ample, we plan on systemati) 'ally re'or*ing the reasons or authority &or the parsing or te(tual rea*ing we ma1e #u'h annota) tions an* alternate parsing 'oul* be easily in'orporate* into the *istribute* *atabase &or greatly enhan'e* value an* usability 2ong)range plans are, by their very nature, subBe't to 'hange Levertheless, we want to give the *eveloper 'ommunity a Mhea*s upN; about our intentions an* the *ire'tion we want to go We are intensely aware o& the nee* &or timely noti&i'ation o& maBor 'hanges su'h as this "s soon as *e) 6*RPH Release 44 $ Document 8ersion9 74 'isions are ma*e &or ea'h a'tion an* the *etails have been wor1e* out, we will be in&orm the 'ommunity about those 'hanges M(R)H Record *ormat There are two basi' 1in* o& re'or*s in MORPH3 a verse separation re'or* an* a morpheme re'or* The verse separation re'or* begins with an angle bra'1et or Mgreater)thanM sign3 M>M &ol) lowe* by the stan*ar* 'hapter an* verse enumeration, &ollowing the 2eningra* $o*e( versi&i'a) tion This re'or* has no other purpose than to visually set o&& verses &or human rea*ers " morpheme re'or* is 'ompose* o& three &iel*s separate* by spa'es, so that the &ollowing re'or* gn1:1,3.1 ):ELOHI92YM ):ELOHIYM@ncmpa is un*erstoo* to be Record ID Hebrew Text Parsing gn1:1,3.1 ):ELOHI92YM ):ELOHIYM@ncmpa The Record ID is &iel* 'ompose* thus3 Book Chapter Separator Verse Separator Position in Verse Separator Position in Word gn 1 : 1 , 3 . 1 that is, a boo1 name o& two 'hara'ters &ollowe* without a separator by the 'hapter number, &ol) lowe* by a 'olon, an* then the wor*As position in the verse %& the wor* is 'ompose* o& more than one morpheme, then a perio* or *ot &ollowing the wor* number an* the &inal number in*i) 'ates the position o& the morpheme within the wor* The or*er o& boo1s in the *atabase &ollow the or*er o& the 2eningra* $o*e(, whi'h varies &rom the tra*itional rabbini' 'anon by positioning $hroni'les a&ter the prophets The possible values &or a boo1 name are3 gn .enesis 2k 50ings na Lahum pr Proverbs e /(o*us !" %saiah #$ Haba11u1 r% Ruth &' 2eviti'us (e 4eremiah )p Oephaniah ca #ong o& #ongs n% Lumbers ek /<e1iel #g Haggai ec /''lesiastes d* Deuteronomy #o Hosea )c Oe'hariah &m 2amentations (" 4oshua (& 4oel ma Mala'hi e" /sther (% 4u*ges am "mos 1c +$hroni'les da Daniel 1" +#amuel o$ Oba*iah 2c 5$hroni'les er /<ra 2" 5#amuel (n 4onah p" Psalms ne Lehemiah 1k +0ings m! Mi'ah ($ 4ob $hapter an* verse numbers 'an go to three *igits Wor* position in verse an* morpheme posi) tion in wor* 'an go to two *igits Lote that the boo1 or*er is not /nglish (Kulgate), nor Rabbini' (6i2raot 3edelot), but in the or*er o& the 2eningra* $o*e( The *i&&eren'e between the Rabbini' 'anoni'al or*er an* the 2eningra* $o*e( is slight3 a shi&t o& $hroni'les to right a&ter 4ob There is an optional note &iel* atta'he* to the en* o& a Record ID, mar1e* by a 'lose* bra'1et MPM plus a number or letter Re&eren'es to two)*igit numbers are a''ents ("''ents were a**e* in the release E5) The &ollow 'hart lists the meanings o& those notes3 6*RPH Release 44 " Document 8ersion9 74 Note Meaning xa!p"e +1 -H# has been &aith&ul to the 2eningra* $o*e( where there might be a Duestion o& the vali*ity o& the &orm an* we 1eep the same &orm as -H# d*23:1,,1-.1+1 YI.:R/)0L-- YI.:R/)0L@np (missing silluD) +2 We have a**e* a sop pasuD where 2 an* -H# omit it 1"1:19,22.1+2 2:DO3L/45H-- 2./DO3L@a6"a +3 We rea* or un*erstan* 2 *i&&erently than -H# (+7F, /*ition) O&ten this notation in*i'ates a typographi'al er) ror in -H# gn1:22,4.1+3 ):ELOHI43YM ):ELOHIYM@ncmpa +7 Puncta :(traordaria Q a 55 is use* to mar1 su'h mar1s in the te(t when they are above the line an* 5, when they are below the line gn11:5,19.1+7 3. 3:@8c gn11:5,19.2+7 90Y:E45Y52;</-- 9.=YI:@8p>2m" +5 2arge letter(s) &'11:72,3.1+5 ?=L@ ?=LA2@8p &'11:72,7.1+5 2./>O113: 2./>O3:@ncm"a +1 #mall letter(s) pr11:2,,5.1+1 113: 3:@8c pr11:2,,5.2+1 :IR:2./,1: R2:@'n8m"a +4 #uspen*e* letter(s) (%1,:3-,1-.1+4 9.E:@ 9.0:A1@ncm"c (%1,:3-,11.1+4 M::=B.E11H M::=B.EH@np +, %nverte* Lun (:+, in the te(t) n%1-:37,,.1+, : :@ +9 -H# has aban*one* 2 an* we 'on) 'ur "ll o& these o''urren'es are 1e- tiv?2ere problems d*32:13,7.1+9 CC9./47M:/D0Y 9./M/H@nc6pc +E We have aban*one* or a**e* a 1e- tiv?2ere relative to -H# %n *oing this we agree with against -H# gn9:21,4.1+E )/H:/L;O45H-- )OHELA1@ncm"c>3m" +a "*aptations to a 2ere whi'h an* -H#, by their *esign, *o not in*i'ate e7:2,5.1+a CCM=H@ M/H@p!! +F Rathir rea*ings in whi'h we have *esignate* as 2ere;s when both Dothan an* -H# list a 2ere 1"2,:,,14.1+F CCG/95H:/MIY@ GHM@'E'6" 1"2,:,,1,.1+F :/41) :/)A1@8! +m Mis'ellaneous notes to the te(t an* o''asions where more than one bra'1et 'ategory applies e2-:7,7.1+m 8E4733HEL-3-5 8.EHEL@ncm"a The He$reI De* &iel* is the morpheme itsel&, as &oun* in the bibli'al te(t .enerally a Mwor*M is given its own re'or* However, i& there are wawAs, the prepositions ): , ): , ): , ): , the relative parti'le ): , the *e&inite arti'le ) , et', these are bro1en o&& the wor*, an* ea'h is given its own re'or* line 6*RPH Release 44 4 Document 8ersion9 74 The transliteration s'heme use* is the Mi'higan en'o*ing s'heme The &ollowing table lists the 'o*es use*3 Consonants Vowe"s Hebrew West!inster Hebrew West!inster "le& x ) Patah : = -et : 9 Samets : / .imel . 2 #egol : E Dalet D #ere : 0 Heh H HireD : I Waw 3 Holem : O Oayin : J Samets Hatu& : / Het > Sibbuts : K Tet : L #hureD 3. Ro* Y #hewa : : 0a& : < Hate& Patah : := 2ame* : L Hate& #egol : :E Mem : : M Hate& Samets : :/ Lun : : #ame1 : H Miscellaneous "yin : ? Peh _ c 8 0etiv C #a*e . M Sere CC So& ; G Dagesh . Resh ~ R MaDDe& @ #in : . "''ent -- -3 45 e*c. #hin : B $ompoun* 4oint (a spa'e in -H#) N Tav : D "&&i(?#u&&i( #eparator ; " Hebrew wor* is 'onstru'te* by beginning with a (reDuire*) 'onsonant, &ollowe* by an optional *agesh (i& any), &ollowe* by a (reDuire*) vowel, &ollowe* by an optional a''ent mar1er, &ollowe* by an optional 'onsonant (in the 'ase o& a 'lose* syllable) Lo *istin'tion is ma*e between me*i) al an* &inal 'onsonants, 2amets an* 2amets hatu), vo'al an* silent shewa or dagesh )orte an* dagesh lene The 8ar"!ng portion o& the re'or* is separate* into two parts3 the lemma an* the morphology The separator is an MatM sign (@) &or Hebrew lemmas an* a per'ent sign (O) &or "ramai' lemmas 6*RPH Release 44 % Document 8ersion9 74 The Lemma &iel* is very similar to the He$reI De* &iel* %& H"2"T shows more than one homonym &or a lemma, a MA1M is a**e* to the en* o& the &irst lemma *ealt with in H"2"T, MA2M to the se'on* lemma an* so &orth %& there are no homonyms &or a lemma, no homonym number is a**e*, &or it is a uniDue lemma #ome e(amples3 5 n* an* 5 th homonyms o& Hebrew lemmas a''or*ing to H"2OT e2-:7,9.2 M.=,3,-?=L M=?=LA2@8d e2-:5,1-.1 )047L )0LA5@ncm"a HniDue Hebrew lemma e2-:7,11.3 )/1343REM )EREM@nc6"a HniDue "ramai' lemma er7:12,4.1 H:LI33G3.-3 HLGO':p3mp 5 n* homonym o& an "ramai' lemma a''or*ing to H"2OT er5:1,1.1 9=R@ 9.=RA2Oncm"c The Morp#o&ogF &iel* &ollows a&ter the lemma separator There are si( 'ategories o& re'or*s3 (+) paragraphing, (5) parti'le, (,) pronoun, (E) noun, (5) a*) Be'tive or numeral an* (8) verb " seventh 'ategory, su&&i(es, 'annot stan* alone, but appear at) ta'he* to the en* o& prepositions, nouns or verbs Here are some interprete* e(amples o& ea'h 'ategory3 + Paragraphing gn1:5,17.1 8 8@ The Mlemma; here is arti&i'ial MM stan*s &or paragraphing 5 Parti'le When the arti'le appears by itsel& with an a''ent note the noun whi'h it mo*i&ies shares the same wor* number, in this 'ase M1@M The arti'le is wor*)part M@.1M an* the noun is wor*) part M@.2M The lemmas is MH=M, it is a Hebrew lemma M@M, an* the parsing is M8ar*!c&e@ =r*!c&eM gn79:17,1.1 H=45 H=@8a gn79:17,1.2 M.IB:8.:D/45YIM-- MIB:8.:D=YIM@ncmda The noun is the se'on* part o& wor* 8 in verse +8 o& .enesis E7 %ts Hebrew lemma is MMIB:8.:D=YIMM an* its parsing is M:o%n@Mommon@Ma"c%&!ne@D%a&@=$"o&%*eM " *e&inite arti'le with inseparable preposition prior to Release E! was tagge* with ML8aM at the en* o& the analysis &or the preposition -eginning with Release E!, when the AHA is not present, this o''urren'e o& the arti'le re'eives a line to itsel& gn79:11,2.1 L= L:@8p gn79:11,2.2 A H=@8a gn79:11,2.3 2.E338E:-3 2.E8E:@nc$"a The te(t is the 5 n* wor* o& the ++ th verse o& the E7 th 'hapter o& .enesis Part + has ML=M as the Hebrew te(t, ML:M &or the Hebrew lemma, an* is a M8ar*!c&e@8repo"!*!onM Part 5 has been given the M*ummyM Hebrew te(t o& un*ers'ore, MAM, parse* as M8ar*!c&e@=r*!@ c&eM whi'h represents the assimilate* AHA The , r* part o& the 5 n* wor* o& .enesis E73++ is, in the Hebrew te(t, M2.E338E:-3M Lote that the wor* has two a''ents, one &or ea'h syllable The wor* 'omes &rom the Hebrew lem) ma M2.E8E:M %ts parsing is M:o%n@Mommon@9o*#@H!ng%ar@=$"o&%*eM, that is, it is treat) e* by a*Be'tives an* verb in&le'tions with both mas'uline an* &eminine gen*ers 2"2:5,,.1 ):=L0Y;HE,1M )EL@8p>3mp 6*RPH Release 44 < Document 8ersion9 74 %n 5 #am 535, the F th wor* is M):=L0Y;HE,1MM whi'h has a morphologi'al slash *ivi*ing the wor* &rom its su&&i( The Hebrew lemma is M)ELM an* its parsing is M8ar*!c&e@8repo"!@ *!onM The parsing o& the su&&i( is signale* by the M>M an* is un*erstoo* to be M3 rd 8er"on@ Ma"c%&!ne@8&%ra&M , Pronoun 2"2:5,1-.1 )=D.EM-3 )=D.EM@p!2mp %n 5 #am 535, we &in* the +! th wor* o& the verse to be M)=D.EM-3M, the a''ent on the se'on* syllable %t is a Hebrew lemma, M)=D.EMM, an* its parsing is M8rono%n@Independen*@2 nd 8er"on@Ma"c%&!ne@8&%ra&M E Loun 2"2:5,1.1 Y/9047YBN2.IL:?/92D Y/90YBN2.IL:?/D@np We have alrea*y seen e(amples o& 'ommon nouns above %n 5 #am 535 the 8 th wor* is a 'ompoun* proper noun The te(t is MY/9047BN2.IL:?/92D0, with the two parts o& the 'ompoun* name *ivi*e* by the til*e (N) an* are not Boine* by ma22e) The Hebrew lemma is M?/DM an* its parsing is M:o%n@8roperM 2"2:5,14.1 ):=DO45:0Y;<EM-3 )/DO3:@ncmpc>2mp %n the + st part o& the +9 th wor* o& 5 #am 535 we &in* the Hebrew te(t M):=DO45:0Y;<EM-3M The morphologi'al slash tells us that there is a su&&i( The nounAs Hebrew lemma is M)/DO3:M an* the parsing is M:o%n@Mommon@Ma"c%&!ne@8&%ra&@Mon"*r%c*M "n* the su&&i( parsing a&ter the *ivi*ing M>M is M2 nd 8er"on@Ma"c%&!ne@8&%ra&M 5 "*Be'tive?Lumeral 2"2:14,3.1 G/B/41H G/BEH@a6"a %n 5 #am 53+9, the , r* wor* is MG/B/41HM with the a''ent on the &inal syllable The Hebrew lemma is MG/BEHM an* we *is'over that it is an M=d(ec*!'e@/em!n!ne@H!ng%&ar@=$"o@ &%*eM 2"2:11,17.2 BIB./41H B0BA1@%cm"a %n this se'on* e(ample, the 5 n* part o& the +E th wor* (the + st part o& the +E th wor* is a waw 'onBu'tion) is the wor* MBIB./41HM with the + st liste* (in H"2OT) homograph Hebrew lemma MB0BM %ts parsing is MMard!na& :%m$er@Ma"c%&!ne@H!ng%&ar@=$"o&%*eM 8 Kerb 2"2:1,2.1 Y=45?=.@ ?.HA1@'E!3m">aP1QR* %n 5 #am 538, the 5 n* wor* is MY=45?=.@M &rom the + st liste* Hebrew homographi' lemma (a''or*ing to H"2OT) M?.HM %ts parsing is MSer$@Ga& H*em@Imper6ec*@3 rd 8er"on@ Ma"c%&!ne@H!ng%&ar@=pocopa*ed@R%""!'e !n /orm and Mean!ngM !"35:7,15.2 YOB=?;:=<E45M-- YB?@'#!3m">a>2mpP1QR* %n the 5 n* part o& the +5 th wor* in %saiah ,53E we &in* the wor* MYOB=?;:=<E45M--M, &rom the uniDue Hebrew lemma MYB?M %t is a MSer$@H!6!& H*em@Imper6ec*@3 rd 8er"on@Ma"@ 6*RPH Release 44 = Document 8ersion9 74 c%&!ne@H!ng%&ar@=pocopa*ed@2 nd 8er"on Ma"c%&!ne 8&%ra& 8ronom!na& H%66!@R%""!'e !n Mean!ng and /ormM The table below summari<es all the possible values &or ea'h &iel* 6*RPH Release 44 > Document 8ersion9 74 " paragraph 5 ) parti'le a arti'le c 'onBun'tion d a*verb g interrogative i interBe'tion n negative o obBe't mar1er , p preposition , r relative p pronoun i in*epen*ent i interrogative i in*epen*ent 1 person m mas'uline s singular + person f &eminine p plural , person c 'ommon n noun p proper name g
gentili' m mas'uline s singular a absolute
c 'ommon f &eminine p plural c 'onstru't b both d *ual d # *etermine* T"ramai' onlyP a a*Be'tive 8 m mas'uline s singular f &eminine p plural b both d *ual Hebrew (R Aramaic more than one su&&i( possible & verb - Dal A a&el p per&e't . su&&i(es a apo'opate* p piel / ha&el i imper&e't h paragogi' he ) pual H hishta&el w wayyi2tol = n paragogi' nun n ni&al 0 hitpaal & imperative d *ire'tional he or h hi&il * hitpeel c in&initive 'onstru't pronominal he)lo'ale H ho&al G hitpolel a in&initive absolute su&&i(es 1 person m mas'uline s singular 1 Dal pass I ishta&el ) parti'iple + person f &eminine p plural t hitpael 2 itpeel F s Dal passive parti'iple , person c 'ommon a palel ) polel i& imper&e't, optional tag b pealal R sha&el 314 Bussive 7 5t in &orm U meaning c pilel 6 peal 5f in &orm only d pilpel M pael 5m in meaning only e polel ( peil 'ohortative 7t in &orm U meaning 8 poel D ho&al 7f in &orm only m ti&il +! 1 sa&al 7m in meaning only f polal 9 itpaal i& per&e't, optional tag g polpal : itpoel ++ 3+4 'onse'utive per&e't i pulal l poal u hotpaal & hitpolel w hitpalpel s hishta&el " nitpael 5 8@, H@, :@ only , The obBe't mar1er an* many prepositions optionally ta1e a pronominal su&&i( E "ramai' only 5 "ramai' only 8 %n'lu*ing numerals 9 Or, waw)'onse'utive F Hse* only &our times3 Dan 53E5V 93F(5()V 93+5 7 Only on re'or*s whi'h are tagge* Mimper&e'tM +! Hse* only on'e3 Hos ++3, ++ Only use* on'e3 Dan E3+8 6*RPH Release 44 ? Document 8ersion9 7$ The 0etiv)Sere This massoreti' &eature presents more 'hallenges to the *ata stru'ture than any other single &a') tor Cirst o& all, we must list the 0etiv an* @ere as separate wor*s (unli1e -H# whi'h uses one AnonsenseA graphi'al wor* to in*i'ate both) Thus wor* 'ounts in verses with 0@ will be s1ewe* by the number o& 0@ in a verse #e'on*ly, there are simply a number o& anomalous situations 'reate* by trying to a''ount &or this &eature within our normal en'o*ing " list o& the 1in*s o& situations &ollows + #imple 0etiv-@ere gn,:14,17.1 CHO3M0) YM)@'#'m" gn,:14,15.1 CCH=Y:M047) YM)@'#'m" 5 0etiv in two parts, 2ere in one 2"1-:9,12.1 C9.: 9.:@8p 2"1-:9,12.2 CYI.:R/)0L YI.:R/)0L@np 2"1-:9,13.1 CCYI.:R/)0,-L YI.:R/)0L@np , 0etiv in one part, 2ere in two 2"12:22,11.1 CY:>/:.;=:IY >::@'E!3m">1c"P1QRm 2"12:22,12.1 CC3: 3:@8c 2"12:22,12.2 CC>=:.;=41:IY >::@'Ep3m">1c"P2Q E 0etiv &ollowing ma22e) (note wor* an* part numbering) 2"3:25,12.1 3: 3:@8c 2"3:25,12.2 )ED@ )0D@8p 2"3:25,13.1 CMI9O3);E</ M/9O3)@ncm"c>2m" 2"3:25,17.1 CCMO4739/);E,-</ M/39O3)@ncmpc>2m" 2"3:25,15.1 3: 3:@8c 2"3:25,15.2 L/ L:@8p 2"3:25,15.3 D=,5?=D YD?@'Ec 5 0etiv an* @ere with ma22e) (note wor* an* part numbering) 2"17:4,21.1 L: L:@8p 2"17:4,21.2 9IL:D.I97Y 9.IL:D.IY@8p 2"17:4,24.1 C.O3M@ .YM@'Ec 2"17:4,2,.1 CC.IYM@ .YM@'Ec 2"17:4,29.1 L: L:@8p 2"17:4,29.2 )IYB;I91Y )IYB@ncm"c>1c" 8 0etiv an* @ere internal to 'ompoun* name (4s+F35E an* 51+E39 have the only su'h other o''urren'es) 2k23:1-,5.1 9.: 9.:@8p 2k23:1-,5.2 2047YNC9::0Y@HI:.O92M 2.0Y)N9E:@HI:.OM@np 2k23:1-,1.1 2047YNCC9E:@HI:.O92M 2.0Y)N9E:@HI:.OM@np 9 @ere without 0etiv (2ere wela 1etiv ) EI&k) 2",:3,12.1 9.I45 9.:@8p 2",:3,12.2 ::H=R@ :/H/R@ncm"c 6*RPH Release 44 7# Document 8ersion9 74 2",:3,13.1 Ckk kk@EI&k 2",:3,17.1+a CC8.:R/45D-- 8.:R/D@np F 0etiv without @ere (1etiv wela 2ere ) kI&E) ek7,:11,12.1 C>:=M0B >/M0B@%c6"c ek7,:11,13.1 CCEE EE@kI&E $o*ing Pra'ti'es + #lash (A?A) to in*i'ate beginning o& su&&i( in te(tual entry "ll su&&i(es are atta'he* to the en* o& the analysis o& the &orm to whi'h they are atta'he* rather than having a line to themselves " slash in the te(t in*i'ates the beginning o& the su&&i( (these slashes are o''asionally omitte* or mispla'e*) 2"2:5,,.1 ):=L0Y;HE,1M )EL@8p>3mp The slash is intentionally omitte* &or "ramai' nominals with the *e&inite arti'le (*eter) mine* state) (e1-:11,7.1 ):EL/47H=Y. ):EL/H.Oncmpd (e1-:11,7.2 /,-) /)O8a 5 Dire'tional su&&i( on &irst wor* o& a 'ompoun* name (Potential 'on&usion be'ause *ire'tional )he (or he)lo'ale) is su&&i(e* to &irst in the 'om) poun* an* not the se'on*QA?A in*i'ates su&&i( position an* G* mar1s the analysis &or the *ire'tional) gn2,:2,3.1 8.=D.E47:;/45HN):=R/,-M 8.=D.=:N):=R/M@np>d , Two #u&&i(es on a single wor* (verbs only) Twi'e in the Psalms an* several times in Proverbs, there is both a paragogi' nun an* an obBe't su&&i( whi'h means an analysis will in*i'ate two su&&i(es p"13:7,1.1 Y:B=9.:>453.;:;:</-- B9>@'p!3mp>n>2m" E "rti'le as part o& proper names (A??A) %n previous versions o& Morph, a *ouble slash was use* to in*i'ate a *e&inite arti'le as part o& a proper name, but this pra'ti'e has been *is'ontinue* in Morph E5 5 Run)on wor*s (te(tual 'orruption in manus'ript) Run)on wor*s (te(tual 'riti'al issue) must be analy<e* separately There is no spa'e or ma22e) in the te(t an* there&ore treate* as a single orthographi' entity but we analy<e them eparately on two lines treating them as one wor* with two parts (Cor the meaning o& the AP,A 'o*e, #ee page ,) 6*RPH Release 44 77 Document 8ersion9 74 2k15:1-,4.1+3 G/459/L: GO9EL@8d 2k15:1-,4.2+3 ?/43M ?=M@ncm"a 8 #pa'e or maDDe& A@A mean new wor*s e('eptW " te(t entry or lemma may not have anything &ollowing a ma22e) e('ept &or the 'ase o& 'ompoun* names or nouns 9 $on'erning "ramai' "ramai' se'tions are in*i'ate* with a MOM between lemma an* analysis instea* o& M@M "ramai' se'tions are &oun* as &ollows3 .n,+3E9 (E th wor*) 4e+!3++ Daniel 53E (5 th wor*) = 935F /<raE3F = 83+F an* 93+5 = 58 F Raphe 4iblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaAs e*itorial poli'y was to omit raphe 'onsistently, MWother) wise there woul* have been almost insuperable te'hni'al *i&&i'ultiesM +5 Levertheless, raphe *oes o''ur in -H# twelve times an* is represente* in the en'o*e* Hebrew te(t as a 'omma, M,M3 e2-:13,2.1 D.I,R:M/4345>-- RM>@'E!2m" e2-:17,2.1 D.I,::)/92458-- :)8@'E!2m" e2-:15,2.1 D.,I2::O,-459-- 2:9@'E!2m" d*5:13,5.1 <./,L@ <.OL@ncm"c d*5:14,2.1 D.,IR:M/45>-- RM>@'E!2m" d*5:1,,2.1 D.I,::)/45928-- :)8@'E!2m" d*5:19,2.1 D.,I2::O45,-9-- 2:9@'E!2m" 2"11:1,1.2+1 M.=L:),<I,1YM MELE<:A1@ncmpa !"22:1-,5.2 D.ID,:M3.-3 :DM@'EI2mp (e2-:14,9.2 R=>:M/43H, RE>EM@ncm"c )c5:11,7.1 L;/41H, L:@8p>36" p"119:99,4.1 L,;I45Y-- L:@8p>1c" These o''urren'es are almost all te(tual issues, most o& them o''urring in the De'a) logues o& /(o*us an* Deuteronomy where there is the well)1nown *ouble pun'tuation #in'e MORPH was base* upon the thir* e*ition o& -H#, these raphes also o''ur The 2eningra* $o*e( uses raphe e(tensively, an* a**ing those to the Hebrew te(t o& MORPH is planne* &or a &uture release 7 :$onte(t)boun*; 'onstru'ts &ll nominals have now been 'o*e* as to its Mstate,; either :absolute; or :'onstru't; %n the past, MORPH ha* only mar1e* :'onte(t)&ree; 'onstru'ts, that is, those nominals +, whose &orm 'hanges between absolute an* 'onstru't states Lominals are now 'onte(tually parse*, an* in Morph EE, all 'ommon nouns have an e(pli'it state, though some a*Be') tives an* some parti'iples still have *o not have an e(pli'it state +! .en*er issues +5 0arl /lliger an* Wilhelm Ru*olph, MCorwar*M in 4iblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, p (ii +, De&ine* as 'ommon nouns, a*Be'tives an* parti'iples 6*RPH Release 44 7$ Document 8ersion9 74 /(tensive gen*er 'onsisten'y 'he'1s have been ma*e The results show that Hebrew is in) 'onsistent in mar1ing morphologi', grammati'al an* pragmati' gen*er %n a &uture release, we plan on o&&ering these *istin'tions +E Cor now, when lemmas whi'h are not 'onsistently use* &or one gen*er are usually parse* :b; &or :both; ++ Preposition X arti'le X nominal +5 %n theory, MORPH *ivi*es Hebrew wor*s into their relevant morphemes, one re'or* per morpheme %n pra'ti'e there are in'onsisten'ies One o& those is the 'ase when a *e&inite arti'le is assimilate* i& it o''urs between a preposition an* a nominal %t is only a phonemi' 'hange The *e&inite arti'le is still there an* is 1nown by the pata'h or Damets o& the prepo) sition an* the *oubling o& the &irst 'onsonant o& the nominal Crom a *ata mo*eling point o& view, the *e&inite arti'le *eserves its own re'or* Otherwise, when a user is Duerying *e&inite arti'les, one must remember about this spe'ial 'ase We 'annot assume that level o& 1nowl) e*ge on the part o& the user Cor e(ample, gn1:5,3.1 L/ L@8p gn1:5,3.2 A H=@8a gn1:5,3.3 )O3R-3 )O3R@nc$"a +5 Kerbal lemma spelling #in'e H"2"T is our stan*ar* &or lemmas (an* part o& spee'h), we spell verbal lemmas as H"2"T *oes3 the lemma 'onsists o& the three or &our root 'onsonants, omitting vowels, *ageshes or shewa in &inal 1a& Cor non)verbal lemmas, also in a''or*an'e with H"2"T pra'ti'e, bega*1e&at *ageshes, silent shewa in &inal 1a& an* &ull vo'ali<ation are in'lu*e* in the spelling +, "ramai' gentili' Collowing an analysis o& the morphology o& gentili' &orms in bibli'al "ramai', we have e() ten*e* the parsing o& gentili's to in'lu*e number an* determined (the "ramai' *e&inite arti) 'le) /(ample parsings3 ng @ no%n, gen*!&!c " or p @ "!ng%&ar or p&%ra& d or - ?n%&&) @ de*erm!ned or %nde*erm!ned ie, Ong" Ong"d Ongp Ongpd The gentilic is simply another noun 'lass, parallel to common an* proper nouns The 'o*es use* &or these &eatures are the same as &or the common nouns, but is a more restri'te* set in that state (absolute an* construct) is not parse* +E $& Kan *er Merwe, et al, & Hebrew Re)erence 3rammar, Y5E5 +5 " nominal is linguisti' Bargon &or what philology woul* 'all a :substantive; %n the 'ase o& Hebrew, this in'lu*es nouns, a*) Be'tives an* parti'iples use* as nouns 6*RPH Release 44 7" Document 8ersion9 74