PARADIGMS IN RESEARCH RESEARCH PARADIGM TYPE TRADITION POSITI3IST 6UANTITATI3E NATURA)IST 6UA)ITATI3E

E7PERIMENTA)8 NONE7PERIMENT A)

GROUNDED THEORY PHENOMENO)OGY ETHNOGRAPHY

PURPOSE

IDENTI9ICATION DESCRIPTION E7P)ORATION E7P)ANATION PREDICTION E3A)UATION CONTRO)

IDENTI9ICATION DESCRIPTION E7P)ORATION E7P)ANATION E3A)UATION

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH: critical investigation of !"ot etical "ro"sitions a#o$t "res$%e& relations of a given " eno%enon' DIMENSIONS OF RESEARCH: (' CONCEPTUA) DIMENSION * +, ! &o ,e &o researc -. / researc is a "rocess t at atte%"ts to see0 sol$tions or ans,ers to "ro#le%s' 1' SU2STANTI3E DIMENSION * +4 at &eter%ines t e contents of researc -. / researc is a "rocess of a""l!ing t e scientific %et o& 5' OPERATIONA) DIMENSION * + Ho, ,e arrive at ans,ers or sol$tions-. / researc is a "rocess of testing #! !"ot esis or verif!ing t eories'

RESEARCH AS A SCIENTIFIC PROCESS: Pro#le% i&entification H!"ot esis for%$lation E:"eri%entation Concl$sion

RESEARCH AS CRITICAL PRAXIS CRITICAL REFLECTION 4HAT;S UP4HAT DO YOU THIN<HO4 SURE ARE YOUSO 4HAT4HAT NO44HAT THENACTION Descri#e t e "ro#le% sit$ation T eori=e #ase& on ass$%"tions 3erif! t eor! Corro#orate fin&ings S!nt esi=e an& generali=e Reco%%en& actions an& interventions OUTPUT 2ac0gro$n& of t e st$&! T eoretical fra%e,or0 Pro#le% > !"ot esis > &esign > anal!sis Revie, of relate& literat$re Concl$sions Reco%%en&ations

PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH 1. Identification: Qualitative research of ten conducts a study to examine phenomena about which little is known. In some cases so little is known that the phenomena has yet to be clearly identified or named or has been inadequately defined or conceptualized. The in depth probing nature or qualitative research is well shifted to the task of answering such questions as what is this phenomena !nd what is its name". In quantitative research by contrast the researcher begins with phenomenon that has been previously studied or defined sometimes in a qualitative study. Thus in quantitative research# identification typically precedes the inquiry. 2. Description: the main ob$ective of many nursing research studies is the description and elucidation of phenomena relating to the nursing profession. The researcher who conducts a description investigation observes# counts# describe and classifies when %henomena that nurse researchers have been interested in describing are varied they include topics such as stress and copping in patients# pain management adaptation processes# health beliefs# rehabilitations success and time patterns of temperature reading. 3. Exploration: &xploratory research begins with some phenomenon of interest' but rather than simply observing and describing the phenomenon# exploratory research is aimed at investigating the full nature of the phenomenon# the manner in which it is manifested and the other factors with which it is related. (or e.g. a descriptive quantities study of patients preoperative stress might seek to document the degree of stress patients experience before surgery and the percentage of patients who actually experience it. !n exploratory study might ask the following. what factors are related to a patients stress level Is a patient)s stress related to behavior of the nursing staff *oes a patients behavior of change in relation to the level of stress experienced. 4. Explanation : The goals of explanatory research are to understand the underpinnings of specific natural phenomena and to explain systematic relationship among phenomena. &xplanatory research is often linked to theories which represent a method of deriving# organizing and integrating ideas about the manner in which phenomena are interrelated where as descriptive research provides new information and exploratory research promising in sign explanatory research attempts to offer understanding of the underlying causes or full nature of a phenomenon. 5. Prediction and Control: +ithout current level of knowledge technology and theoretical progress there are numerous problem that defy absolute

comprehension and explanation yet it is frequently possible to make predications and control phenomena)s based on finding from research user in the observe of complete understanding. Through prediction one can estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation# with predictive knowledge nurses could anticipate the effect that nursing interventions would have a patient and families.