Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics

Analysis of Technical Loss in Distribution Line System

NARONG MUNGKUNG1, NITTAYA GOMURUT1 , TANES TANITTEERAPAN1 , SOMCHAI ARUNRUNGRUSMI1, WEERACHAI CHAOKUMNERD2 AND TOSHIFUMI YUJI3 Department of Electrical Technology Education King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi,Bangkok 2 Dhurakij Pundit University, Bangkok THAILAND 3 Faculty of Education and Culture, University of Miyazaki ,JAPAN Email:narong_kmutt@hotmail.com
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Abstract: - This research was aimed to present Technical loss analysis in Hatyai of Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). This Analysis used calculation and PSS/Adept program. For considering the technical loss in distribution system included: transmission line losses, power transformer losses, distribution line losses and low-voltage transformer and distribution line losses. The evaluation will be compared technical loss both 4 parts and compared technical loss from calculation and measurement which data included technical loss and technical loss. From this research found that low-voltage transformer and distribution line losses have maximum value at 78.72% and technical loss was at 3.33. So in controlling or decrease technical loss have to select appropriate and correctly method by must investigate both cost and most worthily.

Key-Words: - Three Phase Power Flow, Technical Loss, PSS/Adept Program

1 Introduction
In recent, the economics have expansion rapidly and continuously. Energy demand has trend to increase while sources have long distances from loads. In distribution system, from generation, transmission and distribution have technical loss. [1]-[2]Technical loss occurred at transmission lines, power transformer, feeder and terminal which it depend on current in lines (I2R). In addition it have loss which caused by wrong measurement and act under cover using, called non technical loss. In each year, Manufacturer lose benefit enormously so they find method for decrease losses. In

Technical loss from calculation and measurement which data included Technical loss and Technical loss for plan to select appropriate and correctly method .

2. Theories
2.1 Three Phase Power Flow The load-flow analysis is characteristic analysis of power system at steady-state to find appropriate work point. In general, use power system model and distribute loads constant[4]-[5]. The power-flow equations take the form
n Pk jQk = Y jk E j + Ykk E k * Ek j =1 j k

distribution system, line losses have much value at end line and will decrease when loads have constant distribution and they are near the source. Line losses have lower value when lead lines have higher size. Both load distribution and lead line size have effect on distribution line losses[3].
This research was to analyze technical loss in Hatyai of Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). This analysis used calculation and PSS/Adept program. The evaluation will be compared

(1) When we consider voltage both magnitude and phase angle. We can write equation for find active power and reactive power at bus :

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ISBN: 978-960-474-084-0

Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics

Pi =
N

N Pi Pi k + Ek k =1 i k =1 E k N N Qi Qi k + Ek Ek k =1 k =1 i

Qi =

Load Factor (LF) = Average Load (kWavg) Peak Load (kWpeak) Line Losses from model PSS/Adept 5.0 2.2.2 Power Transformer Losses Power Transformer Losses included 2 types : 1. No Load Losses is losses which occurred at core of transformer : Core Losses. The core losses ensured from current which caused magnetic flux in core of transformer when was energized. Core Losses was constant value at constant voltage. 2. Load Losses is losses which occurred at winding of transformer while distributed loads. From the beginning this losses was called Copper Losses but in recent transformer used aluminium replace copper so it was called Winding Losses. Winding Losses correspond equation : Losses = I2R. Power Transformer Losses = Winding Losses + No Load Losses. When No Load Losses = Core Losses from Test Report of manufacturer or PEA standard Winding Losses = MVA2peak x Load Losses x Loss Factor MVA2rated Load Losses = Copper Losses from Test Report of manufacturer Loss Factor = 0.2LF + 0.8LF2 Table 1: Core and Copper Losses of Power Transformer
CAPACITY CORE LOSS (kW) COPPER LOSS (kW) 25 MVA MOBILE 20.00 40 MVA HYUNDAI 19.00 17.80 42.90 51.80 76.40 92.10 50 MVA HYUNDAI ABB EKARAT DAIHEN ELCO 20.60 22.00 23.30 25.00 25.00 21.70 42.90 42.60 51.30 76.20 72.30 91.20 119.20 124.10 142.50 150.00 150.00 132.00 TEST REPORT TEST REPORT TEST REPORT TEST REPORT TEST REPORT TEST REPORT 119.30 143..90 TEST REPORT TEST REPORT 100.00 TEST REPORT REMARK

So we can calculate power flow in Jacobian matrix :

P J P Q = J Q

J J

E QE
PE

Where
J P J Q

J J

QV
PV

: Jacobian Matrix

: Real power mitmatch : Reactive power mitmatch Given an initial set of bus voltages, the real and reactive powers are calculated from the power-flow equations. The changes in power are the differences between the scheduled and calculated values

P Q

Pi k = Pi ( scheduled ) Pi k Qik = Qi ( scheduled ) Qik

We can analyze magnitudes and phase angle voltage for bring to find new result, until real power error is admit section which is 10-4-10-6

( k +1)
( k +1)

= =V

(k )

( k +1)

(k )
(k )

+ V

The process is until Pi and Q for all buses are within a specified tolerance.
k k i

2.2 Technical Loss Technical loss occurred heat in winding, conductors or work parts in transformer and other electric instrument. As such included losses which ensured from connecting of insulation equipments, Corona or Partial discharge too. This Technical loss depend on current in lines : Losses=I2R. Technical loss was provided 4 types : 2.2.1 Transmission Line Losses Transmission Line Losses (kWh) = Loss Factor x Line Losses x period. When Loss Factor = 0.33LF+0.67LF2

EKARAT DAIHEN

SCHOROCH EFACEC

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Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics

2.2.3 Distribution Line Losses Distribution Line Losses (kWh) = Loss Factor x Line Losses x period When Loss Factor = 0.33LF+0.67LF2 Load Factor (LF) = Average Load (kWavg) Peak Load (kWpeak) Line Losses from model PSS/Adept 5.0 2.2.4 Low-voltage Transformer and Distribution Line Losses Distribution Transformer Losses = Winding Losses + No Load Losses When No Load Losses from PEA standard Winding Losses= kVA2peakxLoad Losses x Loss Factor kVA2rated Load Losses from PEA standard Loss Factor = 0.2LF+0.8LF2 Table 2: Distribution Transformer Losses from PEA Standard

Table 3: Loss Distribution line and Transformer

2.2.5 PSS/Adept Program Program which brought to calculate technical loss, was PSS/Adept 5.0 of Power Technologies, INC.A Shaw Group Company which has step to use: 1. model transmission lines or distribution lines 2. feed parameter in model 3. Run Program

Fig. 1. PSS/Adept program

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Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics

3. Analysis In analysis, we have to study single line diagram and load distribution in detail. In this research was to study technical loss at Hatyai of Provincial Electricity Authority which have detail in this: - Transmission line 115 kV 2 line - Substation 7 subs - Substation 33 kV 2 subs : Hatyai1, Hatyai2 - Substation 115/33 kV 5 subs : Hatyai3, Hatyai4, Chalung, Banpru and Rattapum - Power transformer amount 8 size 50 MVA - Feeder 33 kV : 65 feeders - Distribution transformer amount : 3,198 size 1. 30 kVA amount : 996 2. 50 kVA amount : 349 3. 100 kVA amount : 648 4. 160 kVA amount : 448 5. 250 kVA amount : 430 6. 315 kVA amount : 83 7. 400 kVA amount : 99 8. 500 kVA amount : 145 From this data, we can provided procedure 2 steps include:

start Find average load (kWavg) Find peak load (kWpeak) Calculate load factor (LF) Calculate Loss Factor

Calculate Line Loss

3.1. Calculation for Transmission and Distribution Line Losses In calculation for transmission and distribution line losses, we can found line losses by PSS/Adept. We can concluded procedure in Fig. 2. 3.2 Calculation for Power and Distribution Transformer Losses In calculation for transformer losses, we have to known brand and size to found no load Losses and Load Losses from Test Report of manufacturer. We can concluded procedure in Fig. 3.

Calculate Loss in all parts end

Fig.2 Calculation procedure of technical loss in transmission and distribution lines Table 4: Technical loss in Distribution system
%Loss 9.66 4.66 6.96

Type of Loss Transmission Line Losses Power Losses Transformer

Loss (kwhr) 4,077,761.75 1,966,082.61 2,935,771.32

4. Result
In this research, we provided technical loss 4 types include: 1. Transmission Line Losses 2. Power Transformer Losses 3. Distribution Line Losses 4. Low-voltage Transformer and Distribution Line Losses The result shown in table 4 .From calculation, Technical Loss was at 3.33. From measurement, Loss was at 4.23 which included technical loss and non-technical loss. In Hatyai of Provincial Electricity Authority set loss target at 4.27.

Distribution Line Losses Low-voltage Transformer and Distribution Line Losses total

33,222,060.00

78.72

42,201,675.68

100

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Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics

5. Conclusions
This research was analysis research which was aimed to present Technical loss analysis in Hatyai of Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). This Analysis used calculation and PSS/Adept program. For considering the technical loss in distribution system included [6]-[7]: 1. Transmission Line Losses 2. Power Transformer Losses 3. Distribution Line Losses 4. Low-voltage Transformer and Distribution Line Losses We can conclude this research in this: 1. Technical loss from calculation was at 3.33 when compared with loss from measurement which was at 4.23 have value 78.72%. So it is necessary must reduced technical loss and controlled non technical loss too. 2. Maximum technical loss occurred in lowvoltage transformer and distribution line was at 78.72% next was Transmission Line:9.66%, Distribution Line:6.96 and Power Transformer:4.66%. 3. Technical loss decrease have to plan by must investigate both cost and most worthily, and considered appropriate and correctly method. Low-voltage Transformer and Distribution Line Losses decrease can done in this: - improve low voltage conductor. - select size of transformer appropriate with loads. - install low voltage capacitor. References [1] Turan Gohen, Electric Power Transmission System Engineering : Analysis and Design, John Wiley & sons, Inc., 1988. [2] Olle I. Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory : An Introduction, McGraw Hill Electrical and Electronic Engineering Series, McGraw Hill Inc., 1971 [3] Chula Unisearch, Complete Report, Research for decrease loss in distribution system, 2546 [4] Bandit Euraporn, Basic Power System Analysis, Chulalongkorn University publisher, 2547 [5] Booth & Associates, Inc. Consulting Engineers. Distribution System Loss Reduction Manual Project LR-1:Tennessee Valley Public Power Association,1994 [6] Engineering Department (Customer Services).A Guidebook on Reduction of Distribution Losses: Tenaga Nasional Berhad,1997 [7] Provincial Electricity Authority, Technical loss Analysis, 2549

start Find No load Losses find Load Losses

Find average load (kWavg) Find peak load (kWpeak) Calculate load factor (LF) Calculate Loss Factor

Calculate Loss

Calculate Loss in all parts end

Fig. 3. Calculation procedure of technical loss in Power and distribution transformer

ISSN: 1790-5117

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ISBN: 978-960-474-084-0