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ISSN 2053-7204

November 2013

MARKET UPDATE: GLOBAL ENERGY INTERNAL FLOW COATING FOR GAS PROJECT: ETHYLENE DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE REFURBISHMENT IN IRAN

How do you know your offshore pipeline coatings will perform long term? Heres one indication.

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Pipe Coating Application

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2012 - 2013 ShawCor Ltd. All rights reserved.

contents
04 News
PAGE 4

10 The future for global energy


The steel pipe coating industry is intrinsically linked to developments in global energy markets and sourcing. AMIs Noru Tsalic looks at developments in the sector and the implications for pipeline activity.

PAGE 10

17 Internal coating of gas pipelines


Cover story: Todays epoxy-based ow coatings improve protection and operational performance of gas distribution pipelines. Pascal Collet and Bernard Chizet from Axsons Coating Division explain how.

27 EPS ethylene link starts up


PAGE 17

The 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South was nally put into service earlier this year, ve years behind schedule. John Osborne reports on the project and its signicance for Europes chemical industry.

30 Ceramic Polymers hot solution for Iran


German coatings specialist Ceramic Polymer is supplying its Proguard epoxy for hot refurbishment of a leaking 90km oil pipeline in Iran its largest pipe coating project to
PAGE 30

date.

33 Protective action of asmol oligomer


Bitumen resinous oligomer (asmol) has been developed and is being used in pipe coatings in Russia. This technical article discusses its protective properties and anti-corrosion mechanism.

PAGE 33

39 New materials and equipment 43 Conference: Pipeline Coating 2014

Coming next issue February 2014


S Monitoring technologies S Materials innovation
Click here to make sure you get your copy

contact us
Applied Market Information Ltd AMI House, 45-47 Stokes Croft, Bristol, BS1 3QP, United Kingdom Tel:+44 (0)117 924 9442 Fax:+44 (0)117 989 2128 www.amiplastics.com Head of business publishing: Editor: Consulting editor: Designer: Advertisement manager:

Andy Beevers Chris Smith Noru Tsalic Nicola Crane Claire Bishop

E-mail: abe@amiplastics.com E-mail: cs@amiplastics.com E-mail: nt@amiplastics.com E-mail: claire@amimagazines.com Direct tel: +44 (0)20 8686 8139

Copyright Applied Market Information. No part may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the publisher.
November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 3

news

Enbridge investing in oil sands


Canadas Enbridge said it has been selected by the Fort Hills Partners (Suncor Energy, Total E&P Canada and Teck Resources) and the Suncor Energy Oil Sands Limited Partnership to develop and operate a $1.6bn pipeline to transport oil sands crude production to its mainline hub at Hardisty in Alberta. The proposed scheme will be an extension to the recently commissioned Wood Buffalo pipeline and will be constructed from Enbridges Cheecham Terminal to its Battle River Terminal at Hardisty. It is expected to go into operation in 2017, subject to Suncor board and regulatory approval, and is covered by an initial transportation agreement of 25 years. The project will include a 450km 30-inch pipeline together with associated terminal upgrades and will be capable of transporting up to 490,000 barrels/day of diluted bitumen from the Fort Hills Partners oil sands scheme in north-eastern Alberta and Suncors growing oil sands production in the Athabasca region.

www.enbridge.com

Nord Stream sets internal inspection record


Nord Stream claimed a new record for the comprehensive inspection of the internal condition of its two pipelines this summer, sending an automated high resolution pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) (pictured right) along the full 1,224km route as part of its long-term safety and pipeline integrity management strategy. The seven metre long measurement tool, which weighed more than seven tonnes, wassent through the pipeline from Russia to Lubmin in Germany at a speed of 1.5m/s, propelled solely by the gas pressure. According to Nord Stream, this is the rst time a pipeline of this length and wall-thickness (up to 41mm) has been analysed in this way. The PIG tool carried a number of electronic sensors, including a magnetic eld device developed by Rosen of Germany, and collected more than one Terrabyte of data during its 10-day journey. This data will be combined with earlier external inspection data to enable any change in condition and placement of the pipelines to be detected.

www.nord-stream.com

LNG export plan for Lake Charles facility


Energy Transfer Equity, Energy Transfer Partners and BG Group have initiated a project development agreement (PDA) covering the liqueed natural gas (LNG) export project at the Trunkline LNG import terminal in Lake Charles, Louisiana, US (pictured left). The proposed project will include construction of three liquefaction trains and will use the sites existing LNG storage and marine berthing facilities owned by Energy Transfer subsidiary Trunkline LNG Company. The announcement follows the US Department of Energys conditional grant authorization allowing Energy Transfer and BG Group to export up to 15 million tonnes per annum of LNG to non-free
4 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

trade agreement nations from the terminal. Under the terms of the PDA, Energy Transfer will own and nance the proposed new liquefaction facility; BG Group will have a long-term tolling agreement with Energy Transfer for the offtake. A front end engineering study is being performed by Technip. Construction is expected to start in 2015, with rst LNG exports anticipated in 2019, subject to nal investment and regulatory approvals.

www.energytransfer.com

news

Welding one of the Tioga Lateral pipe joints

Alliance completes Tioga gas project


North Americas Alliance Pipeline has completed its latest natural gas pipeline in North Dakota in the US. The 130km 12-inch diameter pipeline connects a Hess Corporation gas processing facility near Tioga to the existing Alliance mainline near Sherwood. The Tioga Lateral pipeline is capable of transporting up to 126 million cubic feet of rich natural gas a day (rich natural gas includes natural gas liquids such as ethane, propane, butane and pentane). Construction began in October 2012 and the project cost around $170m. The Tioga Lateral pipeline transports gas produced in association with oil production in the Williston Basin, which would otherwise be ared. Alliance Pipeline operates a 3,650km integrated natural gas transmission pipeline system in Canada and the US, delivering gas from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin and Williston Basin to the Chicago market hub. It carries some 1.6bn cubic feet of gas each day.

www.alliancepipeline.com

Bluegrass Pipeline venture opens up


Bluegrass Pipeline, a joint venture between US companies Williams and Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, has commenced open season to determine industry commitments to natural gas liquids (NGL) transportation capacity from the Marcellus and Utica shale elds to the US Gulf Coast. The proposed project provides an initial phase one takeaway of 200,000 barrels/day of mixed NGL, increasing to a phase two level of 400,000 barrels/day.

www.williams.com www.bwpmlp.com

news

Aegion suffers energy delays


Aegion reported a 17% increase in third quarter revenues to $308m from $263m. Revenues for the rst nine months of the year were up by 4% from $745m to $75m. However, while its North American Water and Wastewater business performed well in income terms during the third quarter, the companys Energy and Mining and Commercial and Structural businesses performed below expectations, according to Aegion president and CEO J Joseph Burgess. Factors contributing to the weaker than expected Q3 performance in the non-water operations included a further delay in the offshore laying schedule for the Saudi Arabia Wasit gas eld project, which meant the companys CRTS division was unable to initiate its pipe weld coating contract. In addition, a lull in pipe coating activity for projects in the Gulf of Mexico saw revenues slip by almost $11m at Bayou Coatings. As a result, Burgess said the company has revised its full year non-GAAP diluted earnings per share guidance to $1.45 from $1.50. However, he said he remained condent that its current order backlog gives it a sound base for 2014. The demand for energy remains favorable as does the outlook for commercial and industrial structural rehabilitation, said Burgess. Although we have not completed our 2014 budget planning process, our existing backlog for 2014 together with 2013 opportunities that have recently shifted into 2014 form a solid foundation for growth.

www.aegion.com

Change at the top for Shawcor


Canadas Shawcor announced the appointment of Stephen Orr to the role of president. He takes over the role from William P Buckley, who continues as CEO of the company. Orr will be based in Toronto, in Canada, and will take on responsibility for the Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS, Guardian, DSG-Cansua and Shawex divisions. He joins the company from Schlumberger. Shawcor reported a 40% increase in revenues for the rst nine months of 2013, up from CAD$1.029bn to CAD$1.438bn (US$1.375bn). A large part of this was attributed to the CAD$400m Inpex Ichthys gas project, its largest ever.

MyanmarChina gas ow begins


The 2,520km MyanmarChina natural gas trunk pipeline went into full operation last month, according to China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). The trunk line project connects Kyaukryu in Myanmar to Guigan in the Guanxi Zhuang region of China, entering China at Ruili in Yunnan province (some 793 km from its start point). The Myanmar-China pipeline is expected to transport some 12bn cubic metres of natural gas each year, according to CNPC.

www.shawcor.com

South Stream underway in Bulgaria


The rst joint in the Bulgarian section of the South Stream gas pipeline project was welded last month as part of a special ceremony at Rasovo in the countrys Montana Province (shown in the picture above). Gazprom chairman Alexey Miller described
6 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

Myanmars Vice President U Nyan Tun said the Myanmar-China pipeline project is of great signicance to the longterm economic development and industrialisation of Myanmar.

the event as a landmark in the South Stream project, which aims to transport 63bn cubic metres of natural gas annually 900km from Russia to Bulgaria and western Europe under the Black Sea to avoid transit countries.

www.south-stream.info

www.cnpc.com.cn

lifeguards
Lets extend pipeline lifetime
Seal For Life Ofce: Gasselterstraat 20, 9503 JB, Stadskanaal, the Netherlands
Manufacturing sites: Houston - USA, Tijuana - Mexico, Westerlo - Belgium, Baroda - India, Stadskanaal - the Netherlands, Dammam - Saudi Arabia

news

Technip Q3 sales up by 16% to reach E2.4bn


Technip reported revenues of more than E3bn and included major project wins in the Middle East and Brazil as well as the securing of two major contracts for the TEN project in Ghana. The latter includes nine exible risers, three exible owlines and 12 exible spools totalling 48km, water and gas injection owlines totalling 33km, and more than 60km of static and dynamic umbilicals. It represents a value of around $730m. ahead of expectations. Pilenko said the companys subsea business had been impacted by a push-out of projects in the Gulf of Mexico, in particular the longer than expected commissioning of its new Deep Energy vessel. Order intake was strong at Pilenko said the company now expected full year revenues of around E5.2bn for the onshore/offshore business and E4.1bn for subsea. He said the companys order book positioned it to drive revenue growth going in to 2014.

news in brief
Singapore is considering
lifting its moratorium on natural gas imports by pipeline, according to a report by Reuters. Singapore authorities have been blocking its four pipeline gas importers from signing new contracts until 2018 or when liqueed gas imports to the BG Group terminal exceed 3m tonnes/year, a gure now within sight.

E2.411bn for the third quarter


of the year, up by 15.6% on the 2012 result of E2.085bn. The performance takes revenues for the rst nine months of the year to E6.851bn, up by more than 16% on the rst nine months of 2012. The company said it expects the full year result to come in at between E9.3bn and E9.4bn. Technip chairman and CEO Thierry Pilenko (pictured) said onshore/offshore business performed very well over the past quarter with revenues up 30% and margins at 6.6% in the middle of the companys target range. Subsea revenues were up only 2% although margins at 14.4% were

http://reut.rs/HDQHRT US-based Pennant


Midstreams plans to build a 38-mile pipeline natural gas liquids pipeline connecting the Utica shale eld in Ohio to the Hickory Bend processing plant have been approved, according to a report in the Columbus Dispatch. The pipeline represents a $60m investment and will provide a capacity of 90,000 barrels/day.

www.technip.com

Quest claims in-place lining rst


US-based Quest Inspar claims to have completed the rst in-place robotic structural polyurea lining of a large diameter drinking water pipeline, providing utilities with a new in-place repair option for ageing pipe systems. The company robotically applied itsPipeArmor liner to a 660m section of a 58-inch transmission line operated by the Tacoma Water Company that had originally been Quests robot application system installed in 1939. The coating was applied in a singlepass at a thickness of 9mm. We have been utilising this technology for nearly twelve years to rehabilitate much more complex industrial and chemical plant pipelines. It was time to bring it to benet the critical challenges municipal water departments and our communities face, said Kent Weisenberg, founder and CTO of Quest Inspar. Tacoma Water has already identied the next transmission pipe section to be lined with PipeArmor and work is planned to commence in November 2014.

http://bit.ly/1dKchPs Russian Pipe Metallurgical


Company has supplied more than 100,000 tonnes of longitudinal welded 3LPE coated pipes for the third branch of the Central Asia-China international pipeline project, according to a report by the Trend News Agency. The pipes were produced at Volga Pipe Plant.

http://bit.ly/1efaJj0 Wah Seongs pipe coating


business has won a RM232.1m (E54m) contract for internal, external and concrete weight coating of the 250km Petronas ENGDS project.

www.questInspar.com
8 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

www.wahseong.com

Advanced, eld-applied pipeline protection coatings


Canusa-CPS is the industry leader in eld-applied coatings for corrosion, mechanical and thermal protection of both onshore and offshore pipelines. Our advanced technology heat-shrinkable sleeves, high-build liquid epoxy coatings and adhesivebased products provide excellent functionality through a broad range of applications and temperatures. Canusas advanced technology GTS-PP and GTS-PE heat-shrinkable sleeves coupled with IntelliCOAT, state-of-the-art equipment for automated eld installation, provide eld-joint coating systems that not only far exceed the requirements of the ISO 21809-3 standard for 3LPE and 3LPP joint coatings, but that also provide equivalent performance to the 3LPE and 3LPP mainline coatings as per the requirements of the ISO 21809-1 standard for these coating types.

ShawCor when you need to be sure

canusa.com

shawcor.com

analysis | Energy markets

The steel pipe coating industry is intrinsically linked to developments in global energy markets and sourcing. AMIs Noru Tsalic looks at developments in the sector and the implications for pipeline activity

The future for global energy


Main image: oil and gas will be the key driver for pipeline investment for the future Steel pipelines are used in a variety of applications, ranging from oil and gas to potable water, sewage and even food ingredients and drinks. But, as AMIs study Steel Pipe Coating the Global Market 2013 has established, oil and gas represents by far the largest application. In effect, this makes the steel pipe coating industry an intrinsic part of the global energy sector. This article will focus on developments in energy markets worldwide. Taking a long-term view, it will endeavour to identify the broad and persistent trends and their implications in terms of pipeline-related activity. Such an analysis needs to start by making clear a fundamental fact: as both population and global economic output increase, the worlds demand for energy grows, as well (Figure 1). It is energy that ultimately sustains life and drives economic activity. Between 2010 and 2040, global demand for primary energy is expected to grow at an average rate of around
10 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

1.5%, which means that by 2040 the world will consume around 56% more energy than it did in 2010. In the developed world (and increasingly also in developing countries), the buzz is about renewable, sustainable sources of energy. Indeed, between 2010 and 2040 the demand for sustainable energy (which includes hydro-electric energy, as well as solar, wind power, biomass, etc) is set to grow at around 2.5% per annum on average, which is almost twice as fast as the demand for fossil fuels (1.3% per annum on average over the same period). But let us not mistake buzz for substance: despite that relatively fast growth, by 2040 sustainable sources are predicted to account for just 15% of the global energy bill (Figure 2). Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are forecast to account for around 78%. The world is still very far from weaning itself off fossil energy. And while shares of consumption may shrink somewhat, in absolute volume terms all fossil

Energy markets | analysis

Population (billions)

Economic output (trillion 2005 USD)

Energy demand (quadrillion BTU)

Figure 1: Relationship between population growth, economic output and energy demand 20102040

fuels continue to grow signicantly: by 2040, mankind will burn one third more oil, two thirds more gas and 50% more coal than it did in 2010. In 2040, fossil hydrocarbons (Oil & Gas) will still account for the majority of worlds primary energy. While discussing Oil & Gas we need to mention an important anniversary: it is 40 years since the 1973 oil crisis. Triggered in October that year by a political issue the OPEC decision to institute an oil embargo against the US (and, to various degrees, against the European Union and Japan) the crisis reected profound changes in the energy supply and demand balance. Oil prices quadrupled between 1973 and 1974 and remained high through the rst half of the 1980s (Figure 3). And while the price of crude eventually dropped in the late 1990s, that should be considered a temporary effect, rather than a return to normal. With the Oil & Gas equivalent of low hanging fruit long gone and political unrest in the Middle East expected to continue, most analysts predict that crude prices will remain high and increase further in the long run. In its most current global outlook analysis, the US Energy Information Agency predicts that by 2040 crude prices will exceed $160 per barrel (in 2011 currency). While such price levels may be seen as stressful for the global economy as a whole, the reality is that they effect more profound changes in the global market for energy. Both the supply and the energy demand sides are affected. In terms of supply, high prices unlock new sources and reserves. This is not just about commercial feasibility, although this is of course expanded. But with energy demand on the rise and high prices, more resources are dedicated to Oil & Gas-oriented research and development. The result is an accelerated rate of technology progress, which stretches the borders of

technical feasibility. The map of energy demand is also changing. Manufacturing is, of course, the largest consumer of energy among the various economic sectors and, as such, will be the most affected. Between high costs of energy on one hand and modern manufacturing techniques on the other hand, a crucial shift is taking place: raw material and labour costs are gradually decreasing in importance while the proportion of the energy component in the cost of manufactured goods is growing. Increasingly, decisions regarding location of manufacturing assets are taken by factoring in three issues: the cost of technology; the cost of energy; the cost of marketing (Figure 4).

Unconventional America
The US shale gas revolution needs little introduction. It represents a genuine game-changer, a paradigm shift, and a most sudden and profound one, to boot (Figure 5).

Figure 2: Shares of global energy demand, by source, 2010-2040

November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING

11

analysis | Energy markets

Dorado. Using techniques similar to those employed for shale gas, around 4.5 billion barrels of technicallyrecoverable reserves have been unlocked in this eld alone. In just ve years, North Dakotas crude production rose from 36,000 barrels a day to more than 800,000 barrels a day. On the national level, USAs domestic oil production hit 7.75 million barrels a day in September this year the highest level since 1989. September imports were 7.5 million barrels a day and falling. The US is on track to become energy self-sufcient - at least in net terms within a decade. The economic implications are huge. Not only does this mean that large amounts of money (which would Figure 3: 100 years of oil prices (in 2010 USD/barrel) have been used to import oil and gas) will now be retained by the US economy; it also triggers a trend reversal in the countrys manufacturing sector. Until a As late as 2004, faced with a dwindling domestic production of natural gas, the US was investing massively in LNG import terminals, designed to absorb, by 2011, more than 70 billion cubic metres of Middle Eastern liqueed gas. The US Energy Departments publicly expressed expectation was that those volumes would double by 2025. However, traditional American entrepreneurship, technical creativity and innovation-friendly governance soon converged to overturn those expectations. Those LNG import terminals are currently being retrotted to allow export of excess volumes to gas-thirsty Europe. But the applications of the newly paired technologies of directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) are by no means conned to shale gas. Shale oil is the name of the latest boom and the Bakken shale deposit in North Dakota is one of the names of the new El few years ago, off-shore manufacturing (outsourcing manufacturing to low labour-cost locations such as China) was the order of the day. But with modern manufacturing depending much more on cheap energy than cheap labour, the US is currently experiencing a re-shoring of manufacturing. So what does this mean in terms of pipeline-related activities? It is certainly good news. The US already has a well-developed pipeline infrastructure but, still, considerable investments will need to be made. Oil and gas coming out of the new non-conventional wells needs to be gathered and channelled into the transmission network, while the revival of domestic manufacturing will necessitate an expansion of energy infrastructure. And an extensive pipeline infrastructure parts of which are already ageing also translates into maintenance, renovation and replacement projects.

Figure 4: Competitiveness matrix applied to four geo-economic regions


Cost of technology China Relatively high (Technology is purchased, rather than developed) Cost of energy Relatively high (While cheap coal is available, there are increasing constraints to use, because of widespread pollution and the risk of civic unrest)
Relatively low (Access to relatively low cost gas; high levels of energy independence)

Cost of marketing Low (Large, relatively uniform domestic & regional market)

USA

Low (Major technologies are developed & exploited)

Low (Large, relatively uniform domestic & regional market)

Europe

Low (Major technologies are developed & exploited)


High (Technology is purchased, rather than developed; high costs of implementation)

High (High levels of energy dependence)


Low

Relatively high (Large, but relatively diverse regional markets)


High (Relatively small, diverse) regional markets)

Middle East

Source: AMI
12 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

Energy markets | analysis

Diligent China
Chinas transformation into a manufacturing hub has been largely fuelled by a low cost but diligent labour force. To fully exploit that advantage, tens of millions of Chinese have made their way from the rural depths of the Middle Kingdom to the newly-industrialised urban centres. The resulting demand for goods, housing and public services has stimulated industry but, as mentioned already, manufacturing requires energy. China has huge reserves of easily-exploitable coal but these reserves are awkwardly located from a geo-economic point of view, which adds to the costs. In addition, burning so much coal has exacerbated the already high pollution around Chinas main industrial cities (Figure 6). In a culture that values a healthy lifestyle, this is more of a problem than many foreigners realise. Increased pollution tarnishes Chinas international image and increases the risk of civic unrest two issues to which the authorities in Beijing are highly sensitive. China is interested in increasing the share of oil and (especially) gas in its energetic balance and has built pipelines to import gas from Russia and Central Asia. But both these suppliers view China as an alternative to European markets. From a Chinese point of view, this translates into high prices, which affect the competitiveness of Chinese industry. Shale gas may provide a (partial, at least) solution. China has vast reserves of shale gas, believed to exceed the US ones. The largest basin is in Xinjiang Province, in the countrys far North-West. This is challenging technically, politically and economically. Technically, the region is basically an arid desert, with nothing like the volumes of water needed for fracking. Politically, it is inhabited by the Muslim Uyghur minority, which resents Chinese rule and may become even more restive once the shale gas richness begins to be exploited. Moreover, the region is remote from Chinas industrial centres, which is likely to hurt the economic feasibility. Although smaller in terms of recoverable reserves, basins situated in the south of the country may be more feasible, at least in the rst instance. True to its habits, Chinas Communist Party government has started by issuing a set of targets aimed at stimulating a fast development of shale gas production (Figure 7). The Chinese authorities understand that the countrys global competitiveness as a manufacturing centre is Figure 5: Production of natural gas in USA; non-conventional gas includes shale gas, tight gas and coal seam methane.

Testing of protective coatings and polymers


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analysis | Energy markets

Although oil still accounts for the largest share of all sources in Europes energy mix, the continent has clearly opted for a future based on gas and renewables (Figure 8). But with North Sea reserves dwindling, Europe is increasingly dependent on imports of gas from Russia and North Africa. From a European point of view, both are less than comfortable in political terms and are hardly advantageous economically. In 2008 and 2009, Europe succumbed to the economic malaise that originated on the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean. But, unlike the US, it then fell prey to a disease of its own the Eurozone/sovereign debt crisis. European political and economic leaders appear to Figure 6: Chinas consumption of coal, in quadrillion BTU gradually being eroded. They have responded by allowing growth of domestic consumption, which is to complement, balance and eventually replace exports as the main driver of economic growth. But energy supply remains an issue and shale gas may provide a good alternative to dirty coal and expensive imports of oil and gas. Needless to say, this programme will also translate in increased pipeline construction activity. As the new shale gas basins begin to produce, they will need to be connected to the centres of demand. believe this is a temporary phenomenon, which will pass with a bit of symptomatic treatment before returning to business as usual. But what if it doesnt? What if, in the European economic context, the current low point is actually the new normal? Western economies tend to regard slow but relatively steady economic growth as normal and recession/stagnation situations as crisis, but there is at least one example that contradicts such a view: Japan has for many years been caught in a stagnation black hole from which it has so far been unable to escape. Simply put, Japan lost its competitive advantage and, at a basic level, that could be happening to Europe. But there is a way out for Europe. And one that is largely risk-free, given that it has been successfully implemented elsewhere: shale gas. Europe has reserves of shale gas of the same order of magnitude as the US. But, unlike the US, Europe also has a bureaucracy and legal system which impedes, rather than stimulates, discovery and exploitation of mineral resources. There are challenges for shale in Europe: a different geology, a more dense population, etc. But viewing

Complacent Europe
While the US is well on its way to restoring its manufacturing competitiveness and China is ghting to preserve its own, it is unclear what if anything will be Europes competitive advantage. The region still has leadership positions in technology and management processes but it may be difcult in the long run to maintain such positions with a shrinking manufacturing sector.

Figure 7: Chinas shale gas production target

Source: China NDRC, Bernstein analysis and estimates

14

PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

Energy markets | analysis

challenges as insurmountable obstacles could be argued to be complacent. Shale gas is good for the US; it could also be good for Europe. Even from an environment protection point of view the production of shale gas, if implemented appropriately, should have a net benecial effect by substituting coal and oil, both of which produce more CO2. At the time of writing, European legislators are designing laws and procedures around this resource intended to, according to the Climate Commissioner Connie Hedegaard, bring consistency across Europe. Some would argue why European-wide consistency is required for a matter that affects local populations. And, since Europe has already decided that it wishes to burn more gas and less oil and coal, why the source of that gas is such a concern shale gas from Poland will surely burn the same as conventional gas imported from Russia? Exploitation of Europes shale gas reserves may depend on how effectively industry, including the oil and gas related sectors, is in lobbying regulators and informing public opinion. This is likely to be one of the topics of discussion at AMIs global Pipeline Coating conference in February 2014 in Vienna, Austria. Figure 8: Western Europe demand for primary energy by source (in quadrillion BTU), 2010-2040

About the author


Noru Tsalic is Senior Vice President at AMI Consulting and author of the companys Steel Pipe Coating The Global Market 2013 industry study. Tel: +44 (0)1173 111526 Email: nt@amiplastics.com S www.amiplastics.com

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Pipeline Coating 2014


International conference on pipeline protection, coating technology, materials and markets
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Images courtesy of: Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS and Wasco Coating Group

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SPECIAL OFFER: Save 100* if you register before 20th December 2013
Also sponsored by: Organised by: Applied Market Information Ltd.

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Internal coating | technical update

Internal coating of gas pipelines

The concept of internally lining gas pipelines internal ow coating was rst developed in the 1950s to counter the adverse effects on pipeline capacity, operation and pumping costs caused by the rough internal surface of steel pipes and the build-up of deposits and corrosion products. This article reviews the benets of considering an internal lining for gas transmission pipelines and the relationship between the internal surface roughness, the pressure drop across the pipeline and the maximum ow rate of gas through the pipeline. It also outlines the benets of internal ow coatings and the developments that have been made over recent decades in terms of coating materials, taking into account new challenges associated with gas production and transmission, and how they meet the current requirements of international standards and specications.

Todays epoxy-based ow coatings improve protection and operational performance of gas distribution pipelines. Pascal Collet and Bernard Chizet from Axsons Coatings Division explain how
and the pipe wall, but it also occurs within the uid itself. Some of the main factors affecting uid ow in pipes include: G The length, internal diameter and internal roughness of the pipe; G The viscosity, density and velocity of the uid; G Changes in uid temperature, which will affect the viscosity and density of the uid; G The geometry of the pipeline, including bends, risers,
November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 17

Main image: An applied internal ow coating on a steel gas pipe

Friction and uid ow


A uid in motion in a pipeline is subjected to various frictional resistances. Friction occurs between the uid

technical update | Internal coating

Figure 1: Black Powder is a colour descriptive term used to describe a blackish material comprised of very small, jagged and hard particles. It may be wet and have a tar-like appearance as shown here

valves and other ttings. Fluid ow in a pipeline can be either laminar or turbulent. Transportation of natural gas in pipelines at high ow rates exhibits turbulent ow and in such conditions a laminar lm can be formed at the pipe wall/uid interface. This will reduce the friction between the uid and pipe wall with a subsequent reduction in the pressure drop through the pipeline and an increase in ow capacity. The creation of this laminar lm is dependent upon the surface roughness at the pipe wall/uid interface and, to a lesser degree, the extent of the turbulent ow and the uid velocity. However, the laminar lm created at the pipe wall is very thin and the maximum peak height of the prole of the pipe wall surface may be sufcient to protrude through it. This protrusion results in a disruption of the ow pattern of the laminar lm, effectively creating a turbulent ow pattern adjacent to the wall and increasing the pressure drop across the pipeline and reducing its ow capacity, as reported by Fogg and al (2005). l Easier and faster commissioning of the pipeline due to faster drying compared to an uncoated pipe after hydrostatic testing; l Simplication of testing and robotic inspection procedures due to the improved mobility of the equipment travelling down an internally coated pipe; l The inhibition of Black Powder (see Figure 1) formation within the gas pipeline, which can lead to erosion failures and damage pipeline operating valves, as well as clogging instruments and lters, lowering the efciency of compressors, and contaminating the supplied product to customers. This is a world-wide problem that affects most gas pipeline operators; l Short term corrosion protection during transport and storage.

Benets of ow coatings
There are a number of benets in using a ow efciency coating for a natural gas pipeline. Below are some of the different ways in which these benets can be recognized: l A reduction in the pressure drop in the pipeline and thus an increase in the ow rate of natural gas through it; l A decrease in the pipeline outer diameter in the design phase of the project in order to achieve the same ow capacity, as reported by Tobin and al (2005); l A reduction in power consumption for compression of the gas to achieve the same ow capacity, with a subsequent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for the transportation of natural gas, as reported by Westcoat Energy (2003).

Black Powder development


Black Powder can develop within gas pipelines due to the reaction of iron with condensed moisture, containing O2, H2S & CO2). Black Powder could come from the following sources: l Mill scale (iron oxides Fe3O4), from the pipe manufacturing process through high temperature oxidation of steel; l Flash rust (Fe2O33, FeOOH) from hydrostatic testing water corrosion; l Internal pipeline corrosion (Microbiological Inuenced Corrosion MIC) or H2S reaction with steel; l Carry-over from gas gathering systems. Black Powder may be mechanically mixed or chemically combined with any number of contaminants, such as water, liquid hydrocarbons, salts, chlorides, sand, or dirt. Chemical analyses of the material have revealed that it consists mainly of a mixture of iron oxides and iron sulphides. Table 1 provides an example of the chemical composition of a Black Powder. In 2012, the Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Company, Gasco, took the decision to apply an internal epoxy coating for all new gas transmission pipelines (DGS1470-

Operation and installation


Other benets that can be achieved during installation and operation of the pipeline include: l Preventing corrosion from reforming, eliminating the need for additional pre-commissioning work;

Table 1: Black Powder composition using the XRD technique


Main compound Magnetite Fe3O4 Gamma- FeOOH Alpha-FeOOH Iron sulphides Siderite FeCO3 Elemental Sulfur
18

Approximate avg. weight, % 60

<2
25 Not detected 10 5

PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

Internal coating | technical update

008). The application of an internal ow coating system favours two primary functions: Reduced gas friction by provision of a smooth surface prole; Inhibition of Black Powder formation within the gas pipeline. This is being implemented for the HMT (Habshan Maqta Taweelah) pipeline, which is currently under construction in the UAE and comprises two 300km pipelines supplying the Taweelah industrial hub.

Economical analysis
Steel pipe delivered to the coating yard has a relative roughness of the order of 20 m. However, once in production, this relative roughness may exceed 50 m depending upon the corrosion products formed on the surface. This formation may be due to the period of time and the conditions the pipe was stored in prior to installation, due to hydrostatic testing, and the corrosive nature of the uid being transported. Using hydraulic pipe ow software, the pipe roughness versus maximum achievable ow rate can be plotted for a constant discharge and arrival pressure. Since the late 1950s, US companies such as Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company and Transco conducted tests demonstrating the benets of internal linings to increase the ow efciency in gas pipelines by 5 to 10% with medium size diameters (24, 30, 36). Several other studies conrmed the magnitude of ow increase in the 1960s. In 1998, a Norwegian university and the state-owned Norwegion oil company Statoil conrmed the benet of the internal ow coat by demonstrating a capacity increase of 21%. In 2005, Statoil reported that it had made the decision to apply an internal epoxy coating to the Langeled gas pipeline in the North Sea in order to increase transport capacity and reduce pig wear. In 2002, the Zamorano study concluded that fuel gas costs for the compressor stations situated along the 1,200 km length of the Atacama Gas Pipeline were 26.9% lower on the coated section of pipeline than on the uncoated section. The Argentinian pipeline section (530 km, 20 OD) was coated with a solvent-based epoxy ow efciency coating while the Chilean section was left bare because of project CAPEX constraints. The economical analysis in this study was based upon the existing capacity of the pipeline and two capacity expansion scenarios. One conclusion of the study was that the economic benets of using internal ow efciency coatings were more substantial at higher gas ow rates see Figure 2. An internal ow coating can also make a signicant difference in reducing pumping and compression costs over the lifetime of the pipeline. These reduced energy costs can provide a nancial payback within three to ve years of service. It may also be possible to achieve further savings by reducing the number of compressor stations, or the compressor size and capacity. Figure 2: Pipeline ow capacity for bare and internally coated pipe

International standards
Today, two international standards are well recognized when technical requirements for Flow Efciency Coatings are considered: The American Petroleum Institutes API 5L2 Recommended Practice for Internal Coating of Line Pipe For Non-Corrosive Gas Transmission Service; and ISO 15741Paints and varnishes Friction-reduction coatings for the interior of on and offshore steel pipelines for non-corrosive gases. The EN 10301 standard Steel tubes and ttings for on and offshore pipelines Internal coating for the reduction of friction for conveyance of non corrosive gas is very similar to ISO 15741. A comparison of key requirements for the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 standards is presented in Table 2. Additional requirements are sometimes specied by clients and increasingly observed, especially concerning roughness, such as in the DG1470 Part 008 specication from Gasco and the 10-00050-10-MX-SPC-0110-0003 specication for the South Stream offshore pipeline project (respectively Rz 10 m and Rz 5 m according to the ISO 4287). The South Stream consortium also has some additional requirements in terms of appearance (glossy) and chemical resistance (adhesion after 168 hours immersion in 100 % methanol and immersion in 100 % triethylene glycol).

Technologies and application


Since the late 1950s, epoxy chemistry has been the predominant coating technology worldwide. This is in part
November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 19

technical update | Internal coating


Table 2: Key requirements of the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 internal coating standards

Norm
Date of issue DFT in microns
Test conditions
Adhesion

APO 5L2
July 2002 51 5
Requirement
No lifting of any material other than cuttings no coating removing from strips but shall ake off. The akes when rolled shall produce powdery particules adhesion with cross lines (16 x 16 at 90 spaced over 26mm). Used clear plastic tape A sharp blade at 60 to the surface has to be pushed = blade has a tendency to lift the coating Buchholz hardness at 25C DIN 53 153 ASTM D968, Method A Bend a coated panel 180 around a mandrel with 13mm diameter. ASTM D522 500h with X cut ASTM B117

ISO 15741 : 2001


December 2001 60 < X < 100
Test conditions
Cross cut test 4.3.4 ISO 2409

Requirement

Stripping test

Buchholz Hardness Abrasion Bend test (conical mandrel)

94 23 (abrasion coef)
No aking, loss of adhesion or cracking with a mandrel with a maximum diameter of 13mm. Visual checking

Buchholz hardness ISO 2815 Conical mandrel (d1=38mm, d2=3,2mm and L=203mm) ISO 6860 480h with X cut ISO 7253 Condition 1 = Cycle C Condition 2 = after coating : 10 days at 18-25C and 24hr at 50C + 4 days at 80C and 24hr at 18-25C Bend test in agreement with ISO 6860 for condition 1 and 2

94
maximum extent of cracking from the small end of the mandrel 13mm and no loss of adhesion No blistering, no paint removal and corrosion (see 4.3.6)

Resistance to Neutral Salt spray

be removed in any direction with clear plastic tape.

3,2mm of coating can

No blistering

Resistance to Articial Ageing

maximum extent of cracking from the small end of the mandrel 13mm

Resistance to Gas Pressure variations

In suitable pressure equipment. Dry Nitrogen at 83 bars at 19-31C and during 24 hours.

No blistering

Dry Nitrogen at 100 bars for 10 tests cycles ISO 15741 Annex C Conditioning cycle B 23C until no more tack free + 30 min at 150C

adhesion 1 no blistering and good appearance

Resistance to Hydraulic blistering

In suitable hydraulic pressurizing equipment. Distilled water saturated with CaCO3. 165 bars at 25C during 24 hours

No blistering

In suitable hydraulic pressurizing equipment. Distilled water saturated with CaCO3. 100 bars at 23C during 24 hours 480h at 40C in water quality 3 in agreement with ISO 3696 36 ISO 281-2

adhesion 1 no blistering and good appearance

Resistance to water immersion

Resistance to Water/ Methanol immersion

21 days at room temperature No blistering over 6,3mm Satured CaCO3 solution from edges (slight softening in distilled water is permited) (100% immersion) 5 days at room temperature No blistering over 6,3mm in mixture, equal parts by from edges (slight softening volume, water methanol is permitted) (100% immersion)

No blistering or appreciable softening

Resistance to Chemicals

Cyclohexane 95% by volume diethylene glycol in water Hexane Methanol Toluene Lubricating oil 168h ISO 2812-1 method 1 procedure A After 4h immersion in the paints thinner No softening, wrinkling or blistering shall be observed after 30min at room temperature

Adhesion (rating 1)

Curing Test

20

PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

technical update | Internal coating

Figure 3: A coated test plate with markings showing locations for roughness measurements

due to its commercial availability in North America, where the ow coats were rst used. Epoxy chemistry offers a very good performance balance in terms of mechanical properties, corrosion protection and chemical resistance. Novolac epoxy coatings are the prefered choice of a few operators, such as Petrobras in Brazil. The challenge, over the intervening years, has been to develop formulations with reduced solvent content, even though API 5L2 is not very demanding in this respect. API 5L2 is intended for low solids coating materials, so the material specication requirements did not directly apply to the solvent-free epoxy formulations. The challenge over the past several years has been to develop low VOC or VOC-free formulations to cope with stringent HSE requirements and the compliance with the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 international standards. Furthermore, low VOC or VOC-free formulations have been developed to comply with the application conditions in terms of: l Application equipment: multi component l Spray characteristics: consistent l Pot life: more than 1 hour at 20C l Applied lm thickness: 50 100 m l Curing time: hard dry in less than 18 hours at 20C l Coating roughness: < 10 m with a smooth even appearance l Air entrapment: none by 1mm) were shot-blasted and de-dusted in order to achieve an Sa 2.5 level of cleanliness (according to ISO 8501-1) and a surface roughness prole Rz of about 45 m prole. The surface roughness was measured with a Marsurf PS1 device and measurements taken. Table 3 shows an example of the measured data. The steel plates were coated in the Axson Coatings laboratory using airless spray equipment in the following conditions as per the instructions for using Eurokote 436.20: l Temperature of the substrate: Minimum +10C (+20C for the SF version) and maintained at least 3C above the dew point / Maximum +40C; l Air temperature / RH: Min. +10C / Min RH 5% - Max. +40C / Max RH 85%; l Temperature of the product: Min +10C / Max +30C in the case of the solvent based HES version. In the case of the solvent free SF version, the resin part should be pre-heated to around 50C and the hardener part to around 30C. As an example, the SF version of the Eurokote 436.20 coating was applied after preheating of part R and part D to respectively 55C and 35C (metering unit, hoses) and applied by airless spray (nozzle 17 to 24/1000 inches) with a 160 bar minimum pressure. Figure 3 shows a coated plate with marks illustrating the different locations used for the roughness measurements. Some 26 locations were selected to conduct measurements on a representative surface of each coated panel for both the HES and SF versions. The measurements were taken 15 days after curing at room temperature (20C). The test results of the Ra, Rz roughnesses on coated plates applied with around 100 m DFT, the values being obtained from measurements of the 26 locations are shown in Tables 4,1 and 4,2. It can be noted that a very similar roughness prole is observed between the HES and SF versions, respectively 2.30 and 2.33 in Rz, which is a non-signicant difference considering the standard deviation. A low roughness prole is also observed, complying with stringent specications such as Gasco DGS1470-008 or

Roughness testing
At the laboratory scale level,two versions of Flow Efciency Coatings were tested by Axson Coatings: a medium solids (66 % by volume) HES version; and a solvent-free (100 % volume solids) SF version. Both are currently commercialized under the Eurokote 436.20 trademark. The main objective of the tests was to evaluate the roughness prole of both versions once applied in a conventional manner and to compare the roughness prole between solvent-based coating and a solventfree coatings. The HES version is designed to be applied with a single component airless spray system, while the SF version is designed to be applied by twin feed hot airless spray equipment. Firstly, steel plates (dimension: 150mm by 100mm

Table 3: Example of the surface roughness of the shotblasted steel plates


Rz Min Rz Average Rz Max 33.6 39.79 55.2 standard deviation 4.58 Number of measurements 26

Measurement conditions: Marsurf PS1 device with a PHT 6-350 sensor, Cut-off 2.5 mm, Gaussian lter
22 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

Internal coating | technical update

the South Stream specications. Based on the different application conditions found between the laboratory conditions and industrial applications - such as the pipe rotating when the material is applied, the curved surface of the internal pipe, and the heat inertia of the pipe due to its pipe wall thickness - differences in coating roughness prole could be observed.

Table 4-1: Test results for Eurokote 436.20 HES


Zone Ra Rz DFT Maxi 0.65 3.53 88 Average 0.41 2.30 100 Min 0.27 1.41 116 Standard deviation 0.10 0.58

Table 4-2: Test results for Eurokote 436.20 SF


Zone Ra Rz DFT Maxi 0.64 3.37 98 Average 0.47 2.33 107 Min 0.33 1.53 125 Standard deviation 0.08 0.38

Industrial scale testing


A number of industrial tests have been conducted by pipe testers on both the medium solids (HES) and solvent-free (SF) versions for product qualication and/ or project purposes. Industrial scale pipe mill tests with the SF version of Eurokote 436.20 are presented here. At an industrial level, coating characteristics were compared on test pieces that were coated during the application process of internally coated pipe production. Test pieces (160mm by 80mm by 1mm metal panels) were manufactured from low-carbon steel and shotblasted in a shot blasting unit Schlick 151 from Airblast using steel grit reference WGP050 manufactured by W Abrasives (France). Once shot blasted, the test pieces

had a roughness between 43 and 47 m. Before coating, the panels were acid and acetone washed in accordance with the requirements of API 5L2. The metal test panels were xed on pipes before coating in order to coat the panels together with the pipes. After coating, the panels were removed from the pipe and cured according to the following programme: 15 minutes in the air with a 40 % relative humidity and then 30 minutes in the oven with air circulation at a

technical update | Internal coating

Table 5: Industrial coated surface roughness prole test results


Flow Efciency Coating Eurokote 436.20SF Competition A Competition B Ra in m (Average value on 5 samples) 0.42 0.14 0.45 Rz in m (Average value on 5 samples) 1.98 0.77 3 .20 Coating thickness Magnitude in m values on 5 samples 74 - 121 84 - 110 59 - 92 Coating thickness Average in m from the 5 samples 95 98 74

temperature of 150C. Test panel coatings were made from the following liquid epoxy materials: l Eurokote 436.20 SF, the solvent-free version of the Eurokote 436.20 series of Flow Efciency Coatings provided by Axson France; l Competition A, a solvent-free liquid epoxy; l Competition B, a high solids (81 %) solvent based liquid epoxy. Performance was compared by assessing the roughness prole using SJ-301 Suret equipment according to ISO 8503-4. Ra and Rz were measured to a 4mm length with a 0.8mm cut-off by using a Gaussian lter. The coating thicknesses were measured with a Konstanta K-5 gauge by making 10 measurements on each sample. The results are shown in Table 5. It was noted that the low roughness prole of Eurokote 436.20 is conrmed at an industrial scale, even with a lower roughness data compared to that observed from the laboratory application. Beyond the technical requirements expressed in the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 standards, it can be seen that modern coating materials can comply with stringent requirements (lower than 10 m and even lower ( 5 m)) in terms of roughness prole.

sion pipelines in terms of operation and maintenance since the 1960s. Furthermore, the coatings have shown to help solve technical problems, such as the formation of Black Powder. From a performance perspective, the API and ISO standards have been benchmarks for the selection of liquid epoxy coating materials. Recently, clients or operators have expressed new requirements, especially in terms of surface prole roughness, to guarantee the ow efciency. Existing modern coating materials have been designed to cope with the technical requirements, as listed in the API 5L2 and ISO15741 international standards and by taking account specic requirements, such as surface prole roughness. Beside these performance requirements, the development of new epoxy coating materials has been conducted without any compromise on the health, hygiene and environmental regulations, as demonstrated by the performance of the solvent-free version of Eurokote 436.20. This material is also benzyl alcohol and VOC-free. The benets of ow efciency provided by the internal lining can be considered for carbon capture and storage projects (CCS). For instance, for a project associated with pipeline transportation, an internal coating was selected by Shell and considered by applying a 100 m dry thickness of a solvent-based epoxy coating to comply with the requirements, especially when the CO2 is depressurized down to 1 bar involving uid temperatures as low as -70C. Dry CO2 water specication is mandatory ( 50 ppm in volume 20 ppm by mass) to avoid any damage due to corrosion.

Conclusion
Internal liquid epoxy coatings have demonstrated their applicability as a ow efciency coating of gas transmis-

References:
Rafael Zamorano Internal Coating Total Gas Transport Cost Reduction Study, Pipeline & Gas Journal, October 2002 Graham A. Fogg, Jennifer Morse Development of a new solvent-free ow efciency coating for natural gas pipelines Rio Pipeline 2005 Mike Tobin, Job Labrujere, Shell Global Solutions International BV., High Pressure Pipelines maximizing throughput per unit of pipeline diameter GTS-2005 Conference, VNIIGAZ, Moscow, 12-13 April 2005 Westcoat Energy Inc., Anti-friction Coating in Pipeline Reduces Energy Use Climate Change Solutions Publication Oil and Gas Distribution, 2003 Sytze Huizinga, Karin Orzessek, Leo de Mul, Ronald Koers, Shell Global Solutions BV Materials selection and corrosion control for a CO2 transport and injection system - Corrosion 2013 convention, Orlando, 17-21 March, 2013 24 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

About the authors:


Pascal Collet and Bernard Chizat work within the Coatings Division of Axson France. Axsons coatings unit develops anti-corrosion and functional coating solutions for the hydrocarbons, water, industrial and construction markets. The company has production operations in France, Brazil, China, India, Russia, Spain, Turkey and the USA. Axson France SAS Coatings Division Zone Industrielle A Alle Paul Sabatier B.P. 88 F 27940 Aubevoye France. E-mail: pascal.collet@axson.com / bernard.chizat@axson.com

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Steel Pipe Coating The Global Market (Third Edition)
Steel Pipe Coating The Global MaRket

The 3rd edition of AMI Consultings study Steel Pipe Coating the Global Market is is now complete and available for immediate subscription.

Coating Steel Pipe MaRket The Global Third Edition

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This 234-page study comprises a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the world market for steel pipe coating. It considers demand, supply, raw materials, etc, and includes forecasts through to 2016. These are very interesting times in energy and energy-related industries. While oil remains important in the global energy balance, markets are moving increasingly towards gas not just in Europe and North America, but in Asia as well. Natural gas is becoming a hugely important resource, to be traded globally. Pipelines are playing a crucial role in this development. Pipelines are needed not just to gather, transport and distribute the gas, but also to connect LNG import and export terminals, which are mushrooming around the globe. Pipeline-related industries are, therefore, likely to benefit from this process. Steel pipe coating is likely to be among the top beneficiaries: as new pipelines tend to operate under harsher conditions in terms of temperature, pressure and external environment, coating is becoming more demanding, more sophisticated and hence more valuable.

There are additional drivers of growth Third Edition appearing on the horizon: the scarcity of 2013 potable water in many regions of the globe will 2013 increasingly have to be tackled through either desalination or longrange water transportation with pipelines playing an important role in both; power-plant produced carbon dioxide will increasingly be captured, transported through pipelines and stored. Changes are also taking place on the supply side of the steel pipe coating market. The previous editions of this report have correctly forecast a consolidation trend. This trend which has meanwhile become apparent to everybody is set to continue with new twists and turns, as is the competitive battle between the two major business models: integrated pipe mills-coating yards versus independent coaters. The 2013 edition of the report analyses all of these trends and their likely trajectory into the future. The 234-page report contains 88 data tables, 8 charts and 95 exhibits. Subscribers receive two printed hardcopies of the report and a CD containing a read only pdf version, as well as a set of spreadsheets with the underlying data. To receive a detailed proposal, contact Mr Noru Tsalic at nt@amiplastics. com or +44 117 924 9442.

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EPS | project report

EPS ethylene link starts up


Five years later than planned due to a series of complex right-of-way challenges, the 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South (EPS) pipeline ofcially came on stream on Friday 19 July this year. The 200m pipeline connects crackers at Mnchsmnster and Burghausen in the German state of Bavaria, and runs across Baden-Wurttemberg to the southwestern ARG network at Ludwigshafen, in the German state of RhinelandPalatinate. EPS is owned by the German chemical companies BASF, Vinnolit and Wacker Chemie together with the German units of LyondellBasell, OMV, Borealis and Clariant. For economic reasons, and for safety and environmental considerations, ethylene - a chemical intermediate product required in the production of polyethylene, polystyrene, PVC and many other everday plastics is transported only in pipelines. The EPS pipeline connects with several already existing systems: in Bavaria with the pipeline between Mnchsmnster and Gendorf/Burghausen; and in Ludwigshafen (Rhineland-Palatinate) with the pipeline to Wesseling (North Rhine-Westphalia) and thus with the ethylene network in northwest Europe. The EPS pipeline enables ethylene to be transported from Rotterdam in The Netherlands or from the Ruhr region via Cologne and Frankfurt right down to Burghausen on the Austrian border and in the other direction as well. For the companies involved, the EPS pipeline represents a stepping stone to the future for the entire southeastern region of Bavaria and, for what is known as the Bavarian Chemical Triangle. At the ofcial opening ceremony held on Friday, 19 July 2013 in Munich, Manfred Leitner, a member of the executive board of Austrian petrochemical company OMV responsible for reneries and marketing, said that the connection to an integrated network has overcome the competitive disadvantages posed by its isolated location. The decision to construct the EPS pipeline has acted as a trigger for new investMain image: The 370km Ethylene Pipeline South project began operation this summer, providing an essential new supply link for Europes chemical industry
27

The 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South was put into service earlier this year, ve years behind schedule. John Osborne reports on the project and its signicance for Europes chemical industry

November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING

project report | EPS

to expand the ethylene capacity from 340,000 tonnes to at least 450 500,000 tonnes a year, or in the medium or longer term to close down. Its existing facilities were struggling to compete on the global market because of their small size and high costs (naphtha crackers with a capacity of about 800,000 tonnes a year are already being built in other locations around the world). OMV said that, since its local customers would have only been able to absorb part of this additional capacity, such investments would have been unlikely unless it was possible to export excess quantities via the western European pipeline network.

Planning the pipeline


The rst ideas and discussions over the pipeline date Ofcials at the startup of the EPS pipeline. From left: Dr. Rudolf Staudigl, Wacker Chemie; Martin Zeil, Baviarian government; Gnther Oettinger, European Commission; Thomas Schmid, EPS; Manfred Leitner, OMV; Werner Dhler, EPS; Gnter von Au, Bavarian Chemical Association; Dirk Dronia, EPS. ments and the creation of jobs. In the Bavarian Chemical Triangle ethylene is produced by OMV and Ruhr Oel in Burghausen and Mnchsmnster and processed by ve industrial companies in Burghausen, Gendorf and Mnchsmnster. Although these companies are all connected with one another via ethylene pipelines, there was no link to the large western European pipeline network to the north. According to the pipelines owners, the Bavarian ethylene network is currently quite stable (with a total capacity of approximately 650,000 tonnes a year) but was highly inexible because of its isolated location. The ethylene produced in Bavaria had to be consumed within this network of companies there was no opportunity to import additional or export excess ethylene in or out of the system. Polymer production facilities are extremely capitalintensive, which makes it important to operate them continuously at full capacity. Should just one of the companies in the ethylene network encounter difculties, regardless of whether its a producer or a consumer, this could lead to a type of domino effect and have seriously adverse effects on the entire industrial network. This situation also put considerable limitations on the companies opportunities for growth, making them largely dependent on one another. It was very difcult to adapt the capacities to changing market conditions. For OMV, for example, to remain competitive in the long term the company only had two options for the crackers in its renery in Burghausen. These were either
28 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

back to 2001. Together with VCI (the German chemical industry association), the Bavarian State Ministry of Economy and the companies BASF, Borealis, Clariant, OMV, BP/ROG, Vinnolit and Wacker, feasibility studies were conducted between 2002 and 2004. For all partners, the connection of the Bavarian chemical triangle to the ethylene complex in northwest Europe was of prime importance. Germany informed the EU Commission of its decision in December 2003 and submitted a grant application in January 2005. Following the usual assessment process, approval was given by the EU Commission on October 12, 2006. Given this approval, Bavaria provided a subsidy of about

E45m. The total costs of the project were then expected


to be about E180m. The Bavarian grant decision provided the seven shareholders of EPS with the planning security needed, and they gave the starting signal for the project in October 2006 with their approval of the nal nancing. Pipeline operator EPS also constructed the pipeline, which comprises some 20,000 250mm diameter (DN250) pipes with a 7.1mm wall thickness supplied by Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe of Germany. The L360B steel pipes are nished with, appropriately, a polyethylene anti-corrosion coating. Salzgitter Mannesmann also supplied 75km of a very similar pipe for BASFs LUKA pipeline, which runs parallel with the EPS pipeline for part of the route between Ludwigshafen and Karlsruhe. The EPS pipeline is capable of carrying up to 400,000 tonnes of ethylene a year and is buried at a depth of one meter along most of its length. It operates at a pressure of between 60 and 90bar and is equipped with a full safety monitoring system; shut-off stations are provided at intervals of between 12 and 18km. The route of the pipeline was determined to account for population structure, city planning and environmental and landscape conservation. It runs parallel to

EPS | project report

previously existing pipelines for 320 of its total of 360 kilometres, including the underwater crossings of the Danube, Neckar and Rhine rivers. Water pressure testing was carried out at 200bar late last year, after which a temporary operating permit was issued. Early this year, the pipeline was lled with ethylene in readiness for a full evaluation of the leak monitoring system, which continuously measures the quantities, pressures and temperatures in the pipeline and compares them to predicted values. Trials carried out by TV Sd showed the system responded to a test leak within minutes, according to EPS. Looking ahead, the EPS pipeline will be operated on the common carrier principle and offer open access, non-discriminatory fees and low prots. As a result, all producers, consumers and prospective customers of ethylene will be able to use the pipeline at the same terms and conditions. Further expansions of the European ethylene network are also now possible, including connections to the east (Litvinov, Czech Republic), to Italy and Croatia (Burghausen Porto Marghera), Austria (Schwechat) and further options via Slovakia to Hungary as well as toward France (Carling). According to EPS owners the pipeline will play a key part in helping to compensate for the competitive disadvantages of the European petrochemical industry in comparison to that of the USA and the Middle East and to enhance the competitive strength of the European industry in the global market. Above: Laying of the 250mm PE coated steel pipe for the EPS project

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case study | Refurbishment

German coatings specialist Ceramic Polymer is supplying its Proguard epoxy coating for hot refurbishment of a leaking 90km oil pipeline in Iran its largest pipe coating project to date

Ceramic Polymer provides hot solution for Iranian pipeline


Main image: Application of Proguard CN100iso epoxy coating to the Abadan/Bandar Mahshar pipeline while still operational in Iran. The steel pipeline surface exceeds 60C Germany-based Ceramic Polymer secured a contract to supply its Proguard CN100iso epoxy coating for a major refurbishment of the 90km steel pipeline that links the Abadan oil renery in Iran with the port of Bandar Mahshar. It is the companys largest ever pipeline coating contract and was secured, says Ceramic Polymer director Matthias N Roehl, because of the resins suitability for application to substrates at operating temperatures of up to 90C. Owned by the National Iranian Oil and Rening Distribution Company (NIORDC), the Abadan renery is one of the largest in the world with a claimed capacity of around 430,000 barrels/day of crude oil. The pipeline linking it to the Gulf port of Bandar Mahshar was installed around seven years ago. However, the extreme operating conditions the oil temperature at the inlet is around 90C cooling to 60C at the outlet while ambient daytime temperatures are frequently in the 50-60C range had caused substantial shrinkage of the original polypropylene (PP) corrosion protection wrapping.
30 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

This shrinkage exposed large areas of steel in the buried pipeline to the highly corrosive damp sabkha soil, with the result that many leaks had developed along its length. Repair was essential but with no wish to shut down the pipeline, owner and operator Iranian Oil Pipelines and Telecommunications Company (IOPTC), a subsidiary of NIORDC, required a repair system that could be implemented at operational temperatures. Ceramic Polymers Proguard CN100iso system is a high performance two-part epoxy originally developed for application to pressure vessels operating at pressures of up to 100bar and temperatures of up to 150C. It is a solvent-free system based on unplasticized Novolac hybrid resins offering a Tg value of greater than 120C allowing it crosslink even when applied to high temperature substrates. The coating is capable of withstanding continuous dry operating temperatures up to 170C and intermittent operation to 190C, while the incorporation of micro-sized ceramic particles in the coating enhances

Refurbishment | case study

Proguard CN100iso external pipe coating performance


Units/Test Design lifetime Abrasion resistance pH resistance Max operating temperature (dry) Max operating temperature (wet) Primer System thickness Cathodic Protection Values

>50 years
Good due to ceramic particulate ller 1.5 14 170C continuous/190C intermittent 150C continuous/170C intermittent None required, high adhesion to steel 1.0-1.5mm Good

Salt spray ASTM B117 ASTM D4060

>25,000 hours
Abrasion loss 10-12mg

ISO 4624 ASTM G8 ASTM G 95 87(98) API RP5L7

34-37 N/mm2

0.0mm disbonding. No blisters

Source: Ceramic Polymer

its resistance to abrasion. The coating offers an adhesion value of greater than 27 N/mm2 according to ISO 4624 and complies with ISO 10290 requirements and the local Iranian Pipeline Standard IGS-TP-016. No other paint manufacturer could offer a coating which was capable of being sprayed onto the hot surface. For IOPTC there was no option other than using our system if the pipeline was to be kept hot. The alternative would have been to shut-off the pipeline for six months and apply a paint system as usual onto a cold surface, says Roehl. Normally the CN100iso product is not really competitive in cost against the standard cold-surface applied external pipeline paints that are made by many others, but in this special case in Iran we won the job since the conditions were so severe and extraordinary, he says. The refurbishment project is being carried out by Azerbaijan-based contractor Eibak Azer. It involves excavating sections of the pipeline, removing the PP wrapping tapes and repairing leaks by welding on steel patches. The repaired pipeline is then grit blasted and the Proguard CN100iso coating applied using a Graco X70 airless spray pump. No primer is required. The CN100iso system is delivered to the site in the required 10:1 ratio of base to hardener ready for mixing and application. A 1.5mm DFT layer is built up by the application of several wet-on-wet coats. The coating is touch-dry within 30 minutes. The pipeline itself is between 60C to 90C. That is hot enough to cure the coating very fast, says Roehl. More than 10km of the pipeline has already been repaired. Ceramic Polymer says more than 80 tonnes of the Polyguard CN100iso coating has been supplied to date; the entire six month project is expected to consume around 700 tonnes. The company has guaranteed the coating for a period of 25 years. Alhough this is Ceramic Polymers rst long length

pipe coating project, Roehl says the company is not unused to the requirements of the pipeline industry. We have not done a big external long pipeline job before, but have done some special pipe jobs like slug-catchers for Oman Gas, NIGC, Descon Pakistan, etc. These were internal high-pressure natural gas pipeline jobs, he says. The company also offers a two-pack polyurethane system for standard external pipeline work that complies with ISO 10290 and the IGS-TP-016 Iranian standard. This system Cerapur 9531 is claimed to cure in as little as three minutes, making it suitable for serial external pipe coating application in factories and pipe-coating plants. Cerapur 9531 is also a solvent-free formulation and like the Proguard CN100iso product it also contains micro-sized ceramic particles to enhance abrasion resistance. Ceramic Polymer claims the 9351 grade provides an abrasion resistance rating of excellent (75mg loss) in ASTM D4060 testing. Below: The old PP wrap is scraped away prior to repair, blasting and coating with the Ceramic Polymer epoxy while the pipeline remains in operation

S www.ceramic-polymer.de

November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING

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External coating | technical update

Bitumen resinous oligomer (asmol) has been developed and is being used in pipe coatings in Russia. This article by Nikolaj Cherkasov, Irina Gladkikh and Valerij A Filimonov at SRC Poisk discusses its protective properties and anti-corrosion mechanisms

Protective action of asmol oligomer


Developed in Russia, bitumen resinous oligomer (asmol) is an anti-corrosion material that is being used to protect some of the countrys pipelines against underground corrosion. The asmol material is being applied both to new pipes and to existing pipelines following repairs. It offers an advantage over alternative materials in the ability to stop corrosion processes taking place on the metal pipeline surface. At the annual Pipeline Coating 2013 conference in Vienna, Austria, the methods of producing asmol were presented, together with a discussion of its basic physical, mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. This article examines further research into its protective action mechanism. Asmol petroleum polymer is produced by the reaction and step-growth polymerisation of bitumen (the softening point is 35-40C) or tar propane deasphalted asphalt with oligoisoprenes in the presence of sulphuric acid, which serves as a catalyst and a sulphonating agent at the same time. The presence of highly active functional groups in the resulting polymer ensures high adhesion of the coating both to metal and to polymers, low rate of metal corrosion under the coating, high resistance to cathodic disbondment, and the maintenance of all of these properties in long-term operation. In addition, asmol materials can modify and transport corrosion products deep into the coating, which prevents aking-off from the protected surface. Service life of the coatings is more than 35 years. Asmol coatings have been used for more than 10 years [1]. Asmol coatings can be used with hot application technology by means of extruding hot-melt asmol onto the pipeline surface under plant conditions or on site. And there is no need to prepare the pipeline surface to a very high standard, it is sufcient to remove rust mechanically. Hot application technology presupposes the use of asmol tapes produced under plant conditions by the application of a hot-melt asmol mastic onto a
November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 33

Main image: asmol coating tapes being applied during refurbishment of a steel pipeline in Russia

technical update | External coating

Day 3 Figure 1: Change on steel surface due to asmol solution over time (SEM)

Day 7

Day 21

polymer tape or by reinforcing the hot-melt with glass bre mesh. The protective action mechanism of asmol has been studied as exemplied by interaction of metal (steel 20) with 30% asmol solution in organic solvent. Application of asmol solution is connected with strengthening of both chemical and diffusion interaction between asmol and metal. When the asmol solution interacts with the metal, the formation of a protective lm can be observed on the surface of the latter. The thickness of this lm amounts to a value of the order of 12 m within approximately ve years. Its chemical composition is essentially iron sulphonates and un-reacted hydrophobizated iron oxide. The surface structure of steel samples exposed in asmol solution has been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and is shown in Figure 1. During the initial period (three days), it can be seen that asmol etches components of the steel surface forming a distinctive pattern. By seven days no traces of etching can be observed, but the surface is no longer heterogeneous. After 21 days of interaction between asmol and the steel the surface grows more homogeneous. It can be seen that larger components of the

structure become smaller but do not disappear completely. Crystallographic assessment of the formed surface layers was executed by method of electron backscatter diffraction (ESBD) analysis. The images of Kikuchi lines on the steel samples exposed in asmol solution for three weeks are compared with a sample of carefully ground steel and shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that the original sample has clearly visible Kikuchi lines, which is indicative of a sound crystal lattice of iron. But after a three-week treatment in asmol solution the Kikuchi lines are hardly visible, which can be interpreted as the absence of crystal lattice in the surface lm. In effect, the surface layer is an amorphous substance. Such a heterogeneous amorphous surface of the steel treated in asmol solution is porous and the porous structure of the formed layer can be seen in the nal SEM image in Figure 1 after three weeks of interaction between steel and asmol solution. This porous structure indicates the possibility of chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic acids and metallic iron, which ows under the surface layer formed mainly due to the rust. This process occurs at the rate of 0.0023 g Fe/m2 per day. Similar results were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM), thorugh which the surface topography becomes more clearly visible. The images in Figure 3 show that the surface topography grows more even and thickness of the formed lm increases over the period the samples are exposed in asmol solution. However, the surface remains undulated, which can be considered as a conrmation of a chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic acids and rust, thus forming impurities of hydrophobizated particles of iron oxide. In order to further assess the possibility of researching the results of this process, a steel sample was studied that had been protected with asmol mastic and cut from a pipeline after ve years of operation. The asmol mastic was removed from the steel surface and the steel was subjected to grinding. A cross-section of the sample was analyzed. Figure 4 shows photographs

Figure 2: Crystallographic images of the original steel (left) and the steel after exposure in asmol solution for 21 days (right)

34

PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

External coating | technical update

Day 3

Day 7

Day 21

Figure 3: Change of the steel surface topography as affected by asmol solution over time (AFM)

of the microstructure of the original steel (ferrite-pearlite structure) and the steel treated in asmol. Figure 4 shows that the composition of the steel under the asmol layer has changed. The number of pearlite particles (the dark areas) has signicantly decreased while the number of ferrite particles (the light areas) has increased. In addition, the pearlite particles having an asymmetric shape become spheroidal, which is not a characteristic of steel. Therefore, it can be argued that there is an intermediate layer of metal with a modied structure under the asmol surface.

In order to conrm the changes in the intermediate layer, a composition of the two-phase structure of the steel at depth and in the intermediate layer was studied by the point method. The amount of pearlite at depth of the sample is 25.5% but it goes down to 10% in the intermediate level. Changes of the structural composition of the steel in the intermediate level are possible, in our opinion, only due to chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic acids and metal. It is assumed that the reaction occurs mainly with pearlite and, most likely, even with iron

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technical update | External coating

Figure 4: Structure of steel inside the sample (left) and at the surface of the sample treated in asmol (right). The ligher areas indicate ferrite and the dark areas pearlite

carbide Fe3C (cementite): 3RSO3H + Fe3C 3Fe(RSO3)2 + C + H2


(1)

Carbon distribution in the intermediate layer from the physical surface of the steel into the depth of the sample was determined by the SEM method using electron probe microanalysis. The results are shown in Figure 6. It follows from the presented data that in the intermediate layer there is an increased carbon content which is reduced to the content characteristic of pure steel. Thus, there is no internal boundary between the intermediate layer and the steel. Conventional thickness of the intermediate layer is at the level of 10-15 m. Carbon enrichment of the surface layer, reduction of pearlite, presence of products of interaction between
(2)

The evolving hydrogen atoms do not necessarily form H2 molecules in the hydrocarbon medium. Due to high nascent reactive capacity, they are able to participate in reactions of joining the reactive sites of tars and asphaltenes molecules (to multiple bonds, to S and N atoms). Reactions of reduction of sulphonic acids to mercaptans are also possible [2]: RSO3H

RSO2H RSOH RSH


-H O 2 -H O 2

asmol sulphonic acids and particles of pearlite colonies should affect features of the crystal lattice of iron to some extent. Indeed, the surface layer of the intermediate layer as compared to the steel deep layers as shown by X-ray analysis has the lattice constant equal to 2.866793 (16) instead of 2.86624 (10), which indicates an increase of the interatomic distance between the iron atoms in the crystal lattice. Thus, asmol not only protects the surface of the steel against corrosion but penetrates the depth of the metal modifying its properties. Among other considerations, high carbon content in the intermediate layer can be

-H O 2

In reaction

(1)

element carbon is a product of

interaction between iron carbide and asmol sulphonic acids. It is believed that the carbon content is higher in the intermediate layer than that at depth of the steel. Figure 5 shows the map of carbon distribution (white dots) in the intermediate layer and at depth of the steel, from which it follows that the closer to the physical surface of the steel, the higher the carbon content. Carbon distribution is even at depth in the steel sample.

Figure 5: Carbon distribution map in the intermediate layer (left) of the steel and at depth (right)

36

PIPELINE COATING | November 2013

External coating | technical update

considered as cast ironising of this layer and increasing its corrosion resistance. It is also possible to expect an increase of asmol mastic adhesion to metal over time since the adhesive layer is not only on the steel surface but also penetrates its depth. Suspension of corrosion processes was also observed in practice. The asmol protective coating on the BukharaUral-1 pipelines (1732 km of Kartalinsky Local Gas Transmission Facility of OOO Gazprom Transgaz Yekaterinburg LLC) was inspected in August 2007. In this application, the asmol coating had been applied to a section of the pipelines with signicant pre-existing corrosion damage. After ve years of operation it was established that development of corrosion processes under asmol coating had been stopped. Figure 6: Dependence of carbon content on the distance from the steel surface into the depth in increments of 1 m

About the authors: References:


1. Cherkasov, N.M., Gladkikh, I.F., Gumerov, K.M., Subaev, I.U. Asmol and new insulating materials for underground pipelines. Moscow: Nedra, 2005. 155 pp. 2. Bratkov, A.A. Theoretical fundamentals of Chemmotology / Ed. Bratkov, A.A. Moscow: Khimiya, 1985. 320 pp. Nikolaj M Cherkasov is general manager of the Scientic Research Centre (SRC) Poisk in Russia, Irina F Gladkikh is director of technology and Valerij A Filimonov an engineer (category 1). SRC Poisk was founded in Ufa in 1992 and employs around 38 people. Its main activities are the production of asmol mastic and roll materials and coating research.

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Update | products

Carboline targets abrasion with latest ARO coating


St Louis, US-headquartered Carboline Company has launched Polyclad ARO, which it describes as an advanced high performance coating formulated to protect Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) coated buried steel pipe from damage during horizontal directional drilling. Polyclad ARO (abrasion resistant overlay) is said to be designed to protect the FBE or epoxy coated pipeline from gouges and mechanical damage during directional drilling or slip bore installations. The coating is intended to be applied directly over coated pipe as an abrasion resistant overlay (ARO) and is said to provide superior protection in rocky, rough and mountainous environments by absorbing destructive energy and minimising coating damage. Polyclad ARO provides excellent adhesion and superior gouge resistance to prepared FBE and other coatings, saysDallas Finch, VP of Global Research and Development at Carboline Company. This allows for the coated pipe to be PoLYMErS used in the most severe conditions and extend the life cycle of the pipeline. The new coating is touch-dry in 10 minutes and fully cures in 20 minutes, allowing applicator shops to greatly increase production by speeding up output rates, according to Carboline VP of Sales North America Randy Roth. The company says the purpose of the ARO coating is to protect the FBE from damage while the pipe is being pulled through a drilled hole. It says the test that best simulates such damage is the gouge resistance test currently under development by NACE International and claims Polyclad ARO provides the best gouge resistance of all abrasion resistant overlay (ARO) coatings on the market. Carboline is a global manufacturer and supplier of innovative high performance coating, linings and re-proong products with manufacturing locations around the world.

ABrASIon coAtInG

ADDItIVES

Tolcide 4Frac helps control corrosion


Solvay has announced the introduction of Tolcide 4Frac, the latest addition to its family of biocides for the management of microbially inuenced internal corrosion in pipelines and equipment used in oil and gas stimulation applications. The new product, developed by the companys Novecare division, is claimed to provide enhanced compatibility with polymer-based stimulation uids and offers enhanced efcacy against acid producing bacteria even at low pH. Designed for use in both batch mix and on on-the-y pump applications, it is said to offer improved compatibility with polyacrylamidebased friction reducer additives, guar-based gelling agents, and fully or partially cross-linked borate, zirconate and titanate gelled uids. Tolcide4Frac will be the new reference for the pumping service and production companies looking for safe and secure supply of biocides with a wide span of compatibility in fracturing uids, says Bruno Langlois, Global Business Development

www.carboline.com

Victrex performs in NORSOK tests


UK-headquartered high performance polymer company Victrex has successfully completed NORSOK standard testing of its Victrex PEEK 450G grade. The resin was tested to NORSOK standard M-710 Rev.2 (October 2011) and, in particular, covering ageing in a multiphase sour uid. The NORSOK standard is normally used as a component test where operating temperatures are specied, the method was applied to the PEEK 450G grade at temperatures between 175C and 210C for over 800 hours. Further testing in higher volume fractions of hydrogen sulphide gas has conrmed the outstanding resistance of VICTREX PEEK to chemical aging in sour


environments, says the company.

Director of Solvays Oil & Gas Market.

www.victrex.com

www.solvay.com
November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 39

products | Update

INTERNAL COATING

DATA CAPTURE

PRT secures ePIPE patents


US-based Pipe Restoration Technologies says it has been awarded US and European patents covering the application of its ePIPE in-place lining technology for water supply pipes. The company has been awarded a US patent (8,524,320) covering the process for coating the internal surface of water service lines and a European patent (EP 2099581) covering methods and systems for relining and sealing piping systems in-place. The company says some 25% of domestic dwellings in the EU use lead piping either to connect to the water main or as part of the internal plumbing, which puts some 120 million people at potential risk from lead in drinking water. It says an estimated 38 million properINSTRUMENTATION ties in the US are also affected by lead leaching into the water supply. Using the ePIPE product and process, water supply pipes can be restored in-place in a matter of a few hours per property, according to the company. We have already completed lead reduction programs with several proactive Water Utilities and Housing Councils in the UK, and with the US Department of Defense in the United States. In all cases, after the ePIPE process, a rst draw of standing water, tested at the kitchen tap for lead, was found to be in compliance with new WHO/EU guidelines, says Larry Gillanders, Pipe Restoration Technologies CEO.

Remote monitoring option


AutoLog GSM WirelessProbe is a new compact and robust device from Finland-based FF-Automation designed to remotely capture cathodic protection system data from the eld. GSM WirelessProbe is able to send measurement data over GSM/GPRS networks and Internet/ Intranet. Simply install the IP67/IP68 device, connect the inputs from the CP rectier and optional controls and data can be immediately transferred to a web-browser using the companys cloud-base ControlMan server. The company says the ControlMan system offers users a low cost remote monitoring option that employs standard communication networks to allow simple set-up of global networks. The system is said to offer a long life cycle and

S www.epipeinfo.com

Drger simplies gas calibration


The X-Dock from Drger is a new calibration and management system allowing automation of bump testing and calibration of portable gas sensing devices. The new system is said to offer time and cost saving benets to users. Features include robust documentation and reporting functions, and much reduced opportunity for error. Three models are available in the X-Dock range, providing one, three or six base ga connections.

is both highly exible and scalable.

S www.draeger.com

S www.ff-automation.com

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17.00-19.30 Registration 18.00-19.30 Welcome Cocktail Reception sponsored by: There are no conference sessions on this day Tuesday 25th February 2014 08.00 09.00 Registration and welcome coffee sponsored by: Opening announcements

MARKET OVERVIEW 09.10 Trends and developments in the market for steel pipe coating Mr. Noru Tsalic, Senior Vice President, AMI CONSULTING, United Kingdom A review of long-distance pipeline coating applications in China and the challenges Mr. Wuxi Bi, Senior Pipeline Corrosion Engineer and Mr. Ai Muyang, Senior Engineer and Dean of Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, PETROCHINA PIPELINE COMPANY, China External coatings for oil and gas pipelines in Russia: overview Mr. Andrew Chalov, Deputy General Manager - Foreign Trade, TIAL, Russia

09.40

10.10

10.40-11.10 Morning coffee sponsored by: SESSION 1 - CASE STUDIES 11.10 Various pipeline coatings Mr. Vipul Kumar, General Manager-Projects, CAIRN INDIA LIMITED, India Methodology for the assessment of coating behaviour in CO2 pipeline transportation by real eld conditions simulator Eng. Andrea Bergo, Researcher, CENTRO SVILUPPO MATERIALI S.p.A., Italy Case study: use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) liners for high pressure efuent water injection pipeline Mr. Hadyan Fahad Alajmi, Senior Major Project Engineer, KUWAIT OIL COMPANY, Kuwait

11.40

12.10

12.40-14.10 Lunch sponsored by: 14.10 Tales of the unexpected: internal pipe coatings in the Canadian oil patch Dr. Mike ODonoghue, Director of Engineering & Technical Services, INTERNATIONAL PAINT LLC, A DIVISION OF AKZONOBEL, Canada A high mechanical properties adhesive powder Mr. Fangcheng Tang, Vice President, GUANGZHOU LUSHAN NEW MATERIALS Co., Ltd., China The rehabilitation of sub-sea pipelines using a new form of exible kevlar reinforced plastic liners Mr. Robert Walters, Chairman, ANTICORROSION PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS, United Arab Emirates

14.40

15.10

15.40-16.10 Afternoon coffee sponsored by: SESSION 2 - RESEARCH AND TESTING 16.10 Testing of subsea wet insulation materials for deep water applications Mrs. Helne Vrlstad, Principal Engineer, Polymeric Materials, STATOIL ASA, Norway

CONFERENCE HOTLINE
Contact: Sabine Prack, Senior Conference Organiser Tel: +44 (0) 117 924 9442 Fax: +44 (0) 117 311 1534 Email: sp@amiplastics.com

HEADLINE SPONSOR P R O G R A M M E
16.40 17.10 20.00 The proactive approach on quality control and integrity management applied for pipeline coating Mr. Mohamed Daoud, Projects Quality Manager, ADCO, United Arab Emirates Trends in pipeline coatings qualication testing an independent test house perspective Mrs. Lynda Barron, Group Technical Leader - Coatings, EXOVA UK Ltd., United Kingdom Conference Dinner sponsored by:

Wednesday 26th February 2014 08.30 09.00 Registration and welcome coffee sponsored by: Opening announcements

Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS and Socotherm are individual operating businesses of ShawCor LLC, an established company with market leadership in the energy industry. ShawCor is the worlds largest provider of plant and eld-applied pipeline coatings for corrosion protection, ow assurance, insulation, weight coatings, as well as led joint protection and manufacturing of ber reinforced plastic pipe and automated weld inspection services. A global network of more than 70 modern manufacturing and service facilities are located in the worlds primary energy producing regions and growth frontiers. ShawCors pipeline corrosion and thermal protection businesses combine unique products and services that are unmatched in our industry.

SESSION 3 - EXTERNAL COATING 09.10 Evolving market needs shape the next generation anti- corrosion coating - application to three layer polyethylene Mr. Cedric Oudinot, Global Product Line Manager - Anticorrosion and Internal Coatings, BREDERO SHAW, United States

Conference lanyard sponsored by:

09.40 Improved topcoat for high temperatures and demanding conditions Mr. Mohamed Ali Jaber, Application Marketing Manager, BOROUGE Pte Ltd., United Arab Emirates 10.10 Advances in hydrogen sulde resistant coatings for exploration and production pipe application Dr. Jeffrey David Rogozinski, Global Technical Director, THE VALSPAR CORPORATION, United States

Conference bag sponsored by:

Conference hotel key card sponsored by:

10.40-11.10 Morning coffee sponsored by: 11.10 11.40 External solutions for transmission pipelines operating at high temperatures in barren territories Mr. Klaas van der Mije, Marketing Manager Oil & Gas EMEA, PPG COATINGS EUROPE B.V., Netherlands Coatings from asphalt-tar oligomers to protect steel pipelines against corrosion Mr. Nikolaj M. Cherkasov, General Director, SRC POISK Ltd., Russia

Conference gift sponsored by:

Conference iPad prize draw sponsored by:

Conference CD sponsored by:

Conference gift sponsored by:

SESSION 4 - Field Joint Coating 12.10 Factory grade joint coating systems for 3LPE/PP coated pipelines Mr. Pascal Laferriere, Global Manager - Product Management, CANUSA-CPS, Canada

12.40-14.10 Lunch sponsored by: 14.10 14.40 15.10 15.40 16.10 Is it possible to have a 3 layer system on joints, bends and ttings? Mr. Mick Gribby, Market Manager, Oil and Gas, PLASCOAT SYSTEMS Ltd., United Kingdom Transforming eld joint processing technology Mr. Wayne Hine, Director of Sales, INDUCTOTHERM HEATING & WELDING Ltd., United Kingdom NDT inspection of eld joint coating Mr. Colin Bird, NDT Development Manager, DOOSAN BABCOCK, United Kingdom Afternoon coffee sponsored by: Conference ends

Register before 20th December 2013


*+ Austrian VAT applicable

Save 100*

FIVE GOOD REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD ATTEND: 1. Study pipeline market trends 2. Learn about innovative coatings 3. Review new opportunities 4. Hear about challenging pipeline operating conditions 5. Network with other professionals in the pipeline industry

please PRINT OUT FORM AND COMPLETE IN BLOCK CAPITALS

REGISTRATION FORM
Company: _____________________________________________________ Address: _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Country: _______________________________________________________ Tel: ____________________________ Fax: ____________________________ Email: ________________________________________________________ VAT No.: __________________________________________________
(Must be completed by all EU Companies)

PIPELINE COATING 2014 CONFERENCE INFORMATION


Date and location 24-26 February 2014 Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen Rennweg 16 1030 Vienna Austria Tel: +43 1 206 33 0 Fax: +43 1 206 33 9210

HOTEL PICTURE HERE

Company activity: _______________________________________________ Purchase order No. (if applicable): _______________________________________ Invoice address (if different from above): ____________________________

Registration fee The registration fee includes attendance at all conference sessions, the Welcome Cocktail Reception, lunch and refreshment breaks on both days and a set of conference proceedings.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Early bird registration: Register before 20th December 2013 for only 1090*. Thereafter the cost is 1190*.

DELEGATE DETAILS

If more than one delegate please photocopy form

Group rates: For companies wishing to register two or more delegates, group discounts are available. Please contact the Conference Organiser for more details. (Please note to qualify for the group discount delegates must be booked at the same time, otherwise additional delegates may be charged at full price.)
Pipeline Coating 2014 table top exhibition A limited number of table top exhibition spaces are available in the spacious lobby next to the main meeting room. The table top exhibition fee is excellent value for money and includes 1 delegate place. Exhibitors may either use tables provided by the hotel or bring their own stand or display. Sponsor this event and promote your company A variety of sponsorship opportunities are available at this event that can help to promote and enhance your companys products and services to this highly targeted international audience. For further information, please contact the Conference Organiser on: +44 (0) 117 924 9442. Social events The social events organised for Pipeline Coating 2014 will provide an ideal setting for delegates and speakers to mix business with pleasure.

Title: _______________ First name: _________________________________ Surname: ______________________________________________________ Position: _______________________________________________________ Special dietry requirments: _________________________________________ Signature: ________________________ Date: ________________________

PAYMENT DETAILS

All payments to be made in Euros

Please tick box and write amount: q Early bird admission fee: 1090* (Until 20th December 2013) q Admission fee thereafter: 1190* _________

_________

q Table top exhibition package: 2250* _________ (Includes 1 delegate place) q Conference Dinner: 79*

Welcome Cocktail Reception: A welcoming cocktail reception will be held on the rst evening. All delegates are invited to attend and it will offer an excellent opportunity to meet speakers and other colleagues. The Welcome Cocktail Reception will run approximately from 18:00 to 19:30 and is included in the delegate fee. Conference Dinner: All delegates are warmly invited to attend the Conference Dinner, which will take place at a local restaurant on the evening of 25th February 2014. The additional cost is 79*.
Hotel accommodation Delegates are responsible for booking their own accommodation. AMI has negotiated a room rate of 120 for a single room and 140 for a double room (breakfast and internet included) at the Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen in Vienna, Austria. Please note the cut-off date for the bedroom booking at the special room rate is the 23rd December 2013. Therefore please book your room as soon as possible. To reserve a room, please use the link below to the hotels Pipeline Coating 2014 reservation webpage: https://bookings.ihotelier.com/bookings.jsp?groupID=1013412&hotelID=75044 Tel: +43 1 206 330 Fax: +43 1 20633 9110 Email: reservierung.savoyen@austria-trend.at Cancellations Full refunds, less a cancellation charge of 200 will only be made on cancellations received prior to 24th January 2014. Thereafter we regret that no refunds can be made. Delegates may be substituted at any time. Please note that refunds will not be given on table top bookings or dinner places. *+ Austrian VAT where applicable

_________

Total: _________

*+ Austrian VAT where applicable

Method of payment
On receipt of this registration form your credit card will be debited. You will be sent an invoice in 7-14 working days. q Bank transfer quoting: Applied Market Information Ltd. - Pipeline Coating 2014 to: Commerzbank, Filiale Dsseldorf, Breite Strae 25, 40213 Dsseldorf, Germany Account number: 1024710 Bank No. 300 400 00 IBAN: DE93 3004 0000 0102 4710 00 SWIFT: COBADEFFXXX q Visa / Mastercard / Eurocard / JCB

If paying by card the following information must be given Name of cardholder: _____________________________________________ Expiry date: ________________________ 3-digit security code: __________ Cardholders signature: ___________________________________________ Card billing address: _____________________________________________ Post / zip code: __________________________________________________ Country: _______________________________________________________ Tel: ____________________________ Fax: ____________________________ Email: ________________________________________________________

CONFERENCE HOTLINE
SABINE PRACK, SENIOR CONFERENCE ORGANISER Applied Market Information Ltd. 6 Pritchard Street, Bristol, BS2 8RH, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 117 924 9442 Fax: +44 (0) 117 311 1534 Email: sp@amiplastics.com
The latest programme, including any new speakers or changes to the schedule can be viewed on our website: www.amiconferences.com

Fax back to: +44 (0) 117 311 1534 or Email: sp@amiplastics.com

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