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MARKET UPDATE: GLOBAL ENERGY INTERNAL FLOW COATING FOR GAS PROJECT: ETHYLENE DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE REFURBISHMENT IN IRAN
How do you know your offshore pipeline coatings will perform long term? Heres one indication.
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04 News
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PAGE 10
The 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South was nally put into service earlier this year, ve years behind schedule. John Osborne reports on the project and its signicance for Europes chemical industry.
date.
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Andy Beevers Chris Smith Noru Tsalic Nicola Crane Claire Bishop
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November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 3
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www.enbridge.com
www.nord-stream.com
trade agreement nations from the terminal. Under the terms of the PDA, Energy Transfer will own and nance the proposed new liquefaction facility; BG Group will have a long-term tolling agreement with Energy Transfer for the offtake. A front end engineering study is being performed by Technip. Construction is expected to start in 2015, with rst LNG exports anticipated in 2019, subject to nal investment and regulatory approvals.
www.energytransfer.com
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www.alliancepipeline.com
www.williams.com www.bwpmlp.com
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www.aegion.com
www.shawcor.com
Myanmars Vice President U Nyan Tun said the Myanmar-China pipeline project is of great signicance to the longterm economic development and industrialisation of Myanmar.
the event as a landmark in the South Stream project, which aims to transport 63bn cubic metres of natural gas annually 900km from Russia to Bulgaria and western Europe under the Black Sea to avoid transit countries.
www.south-stream.info
www.cnpc.com.cn
lifeguards
Lets extend pipeline lifetime
Seal For Life Ofce: Gasselterstraat 20, 9503 JB, Stadskanaal, the Netherlands
Manufacturing sites: Houston - USA, Tijuana - Mexico, Westerlo - Belgium, Baroda - India, Stadskanaal - the Netherlands, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
news
news in brief
Singapore is considering
lifting its moratorium on natural gas imports by pipeline, according to a report by Reuters. Singapore authorities have been blocking its four pipeline gas importers from signing new contracts until 2018 or when liqueed gas imports to the BG Group terminal exceed 3m tonnes/year, a gure now within sight.
www.technip.com
www.questInspar.com
8 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013
www.wahseong.com
canusa.com
shawcor.com
The steel pipe coating industry is intrinsically linked to developments in global energy markets and sourcing. AMIs Noru Tsalic looks at developments in the sector and the implications for pipeline activity
1.5%, which means that by 2040 the world will consume around 56% more energy than it did in 2010. In the developed world (and increasingly also in developing countries), the buzz is about renewable, sustainable sources of energy. Indeed, between 2010 and 2040 the demand for sustainable energy (which includes hydro-electric energy, as well as solar, wind power, biomass, etc) is set to grow at around 2.5% per annum on average, which is almost twice as fast as the demand for fossil fuels (1.3% per annum on average over the same period). But let us not mistake buzz for substance: despite that relatively fast growth, by 2040 sustainable sources are predicted to account for just 15% of the global energy bill (Figure 2). Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are forecast to account for around 78%. The world is still very far from weaning itself off fossil energy. And while shares of consumption may shrink somewhat, in absolute volume terms all fossil
Population (billions)
Figure 1: Relationship between population growth, economic output and energy demand 20102040
fuels continue to grow signicantly: by 2040, mankind will burn one third more oil, two thirds more gas and 50% more coal than it did in 2010. In 2040, fossil hydrocarbons (Oil & Gas) will still account for the majority of worlds primary energy. While discussing Oil & Gas we need to mention an important anniversary: it is 40 years since the 1973 oil crisis. Triggered in October that year by a political issue the OPEC decision to institute an oil embargo against the US (and, to various degrees, against the European Union and Japan) the crisis reected profound changes in the energy supply and demand balance. Oil prices quadrupled between 1973 and 1974 and remained high through the rst half of the 1980s (Figure 3). And while the price of crude eventually dropped in the late 1990s, that should be considered a temporary effect, rather than a return to normal. With the Oil & Gas equivalent of low hanging fruit long gone and political unrest in the Middle East expected to continue, most analysts predict that crude prices will remain high and increase further in the long run. In its most current global outlook analysis, the US Energy Information Agency predicts that by 2040 crude prices will exceed $160 per barrel (in 2011 currency). While such price levels may be seen as stressful for the global economy as a whole, the reality is that they effect more profound changes in the global market for energy. Both the supply and the energy demand sides are affected. In terms of supply, high prices unlock new sources and reserves. This is not just about commercial feasibility, although this is of course expanded. But with energy demand on the rise and high prices, more resources are dedicated to Oil & Gas-oriented research and development. The result is an accelerated rate of technology progress, which stretches the borders of
technical feasibility. The map of energy demand is also changing. Manufacturing is, of course, the largest consumer of energy among the various economic sectors and, as such, will be the most affected. Between high costs of energy on one hand and modern manufacturing techniques on the other hand, a crucial shift is taking place: raw material and labour costs are gradually decreasing in importance while the proportion of the energy component in the cost of manufactured goods is growing. Increasingly, decisions regarding location of manufacturing assets are taken by factoring in three issues: the cost of technology; the cost of energy; the cost of marketing (Figure 4).
Unconventional America
The US shale gas revolution needs little introduction. It represents a genuine game-changer, a paradigm shift, and a most sudden and profound one, to boot (Figure 5).
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Dorado. Using techniques similar to those employed for shale gas, around 4.5 billion barrels of technicallyrecoverable reserves have been unlocked in this eld alone. In just ve years, North Dakotas crude production rose from 36,000 barrels a day to more than 800,000 barrels a day. On the national level, USAs domestic oil production hit 7.75 million barrels a day in September this year the highest level since 1989. September imports were 7.5 million barrels a day and falling. The US is on track to become energy self-sufcient - at least in net terms within a decade. The economic implications are huge. Not only does this mean that large amounts of money (which would Figure 3: 100 years of oil prices (in 2010 USD/barrel) have been used to import oil and gas) will now be retained by the US economy; it also triggers a trend reversal in the countrys manufacturing sector. Until a As late as 2004, faced with a dwindling domestic production of natural gas, the US was investing massively in LNG import terminals, designed to absorb, by 2011, more than 70 billion cubic metres of Middle Eastern liqueed gas. The US Energy Departments publicly expressed expectation was that those volumes would double by 2025. However, traditional American entrepreneurship, technical creativity and innovation-friendly governance soon converged to overturn those expectations. Those LNG import terminals are currently being retrotted to allow export of excess volumes to gas-thirsty Europe. But the applications of the newly paired technologies of directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) are by no means conned to shale gas. Shale oil is the name of the latest boom and the Bakken shale deposit in North Dakota is one of the names of the new El few years ago, off-shore manufacturing (outsourcing manufacturing to low labour-cost locations such as China) was the order of the day. But with modern manufacturing depending much more on cheap energy than cheap labour, the US is currently experiencing a re-shoring of manufacturing. So what does this mean in terms of pipeline-related activities? It is certainly good news. The US already has a well-developed pipeline infrastructure but, still, considerable investments will need to be made. Oil and gas coming out of the new non-conventional wells needs to be gathered and channelled into the transmission network, while the revival of domestic manufacturing will necessitate an expansion of energy infrastructure. And an extensive pipeline infrastructure parts of which are already ageing also translates into maintenance, renovation and replacement projects.
Cost of marketing Low (Large, relatively uniform domestic & regional market)
USA
Europe
Middle East
Source: AMI
12 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013
Diligent China
Chinas transformation into a manufacturing hub has been largely fuelled by a low cost but diligent labour force. To fully exploit that advantage, tens of millions of Chinese have made their way from the rural depths of the Middle Kingdom to the newly-industrialised urban centres. The resulting demand for goods, housing and public services has stimulated industry but, as mentioned already, manufacturing requires energy. China has huge reserves of easily-exploitable coal but these reserves are awkwardly located from a geo-economic point of view, which adds to the costs. In addition, burning so much coal has exacerbated the already high pollution around Chinas main industrial cities (Figure 6). In a culture that values a healthy lifestyle, this is more of a problem than many foreigners realise. Increased pollution tarnishes Chinas international image and increases the risk of civic unrest two issues to which the authorities in Beijing are highly sensitive. China is interested in increasing the share of oil and (especially) gas in its energetic balance and has built pipelines to import gas from Russia and Central Asia. But both these suppliers view China as an alternative to European markets. From a Chinese point of view, this translates into high prices, which affect the competitiveness of Chinese industry. Shale gas may provide a (partial, at least) solution. China has vast reserves of shale gas, believed to exceed the US ones. The largest basin is in Xinjiang Province, in the countrys far North-West. This is challenging technically, politically and economically. Technically, the region is basically an arid desert, with nothing like the volumes of water needed for fracking. Politically, it is inhabited by the Muslim Uyghur minority, which resents Chinese rule and may become even more restive once the shale gas richness begins to be exploited. Moreover, the region is remote from Chinas industrial centres, which is likely to hurt the economic feasibility. Although smaller in terms of recoverable reserves, basins situated in the south of the country may be more feasible, at least in the rst instance. True to its habits, Chinas Communist Party government has started by issuing a set of targets aimed at stimulating a fast development of shale gas production (Figure 7). The Chinese authorities understand that the countrys global competitiveness as a manufacturing centre is Figure 5: Production of natural gas in USA; non-conventional gas includes shale gas, tight gas and coal seam methane.
Although oil still accounts for the largest share of all sources in Europes energy mix, the continent has clearly opted for a future based on gas and renewables (Figure 8). But with North Sea reserves dwindling, Europe is increasingly dependent on imports of gas from Russia and North Africa. From a European point of view, both are less than comfortable in political terms and are hardly advantageous economically. In 2008 and 2009, Europe succumbed to the economic malaise that originated on the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean. But, unlike the US, it then fell prey to a disease of its own the Eurozone/sovereign debt crisis. European political and economic leaders appear to Figure 6: Chinas consumption of coal, in quadrillion BTU gradually being eroded. They have responded by allowing growth of domestic consumption, which is to complement, balance and eventually replace exports as the main driver of economic growth. But energy supply remains an issue and shale gas may provide a good alternative to dirty coal and expensive imports of oil and gas. Needless to say, this programme will also translate in increased pipeline construction activity. As the new shale gas basins begin to produce, they will need to be connected to the centres of demand. believe this is a temporary phenomenon, which will pass with a bit of symptomatic treatment before returning to business as usual. But what if it doesnt? What if, in the European economic context, the current low point is actually the new normal? Western economies tend to regard slow but relatively steady economic growth as normal and recession/stagnation situations as crisis, but there is at least one example that contradicts such a view: Japan has for many years been caught in a stagnation black hole from which it has so far been unable to escape. Simply put, Japan lost its competitive advantage and, at a basic level, that could be happening to Europe. But there is a way out for Europe. And one that is largely risk-free, given that it has been successfully implemented elsewhere: shale gas. Europe has reserves of shale gas of the same order of magnitude as the US. But, unlike the US, Europe also has a bureaucracy and legal system which impedes, rather than stimulates, discovery and exploitation of mineral resources. There are challenges for shale in Europe: a different geology, a more dense population, etc. But viewing
Complacent Europe
While the US is well on its way to restoring its manufacturing competitiveness and China is ghting to preserve its own, it is unclear what if anything will be Europes competitive advantage. The region still has leadership positions in technology and management processes but it may be difcult in the long run to maintain such positions with a shrinking manufacturing sector.
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challenges as insurmountable obstacles could be argued to be complacent. Shale gas is good for the US; it could also be good for Europe. Even from an environment protection point of view the production of shale gas, if implemented appropriately, should have a net benecial effect by substituting coal and oil, both of which produce more CO2. At the time of writing, European legislators are designing laws and procedures around this resource intended to, according to the Climate Commissioner Connie Hedegaard, bring consistency across Europe. Some would argue why European-wide consistency is required for a matter that affects local populations. And, since Europe has already decided that it wishes to burn more gas and less oil and coal, why the source of that gas is such a concern shale gas from Poland will surely burn the same as conventional gas imported from Russia? Exploitation of Europes shale gas reserves may depend on how effectively industry, including the oil and gas related sectors, is in lobbying regulators and informing public opinion. This is likely to be one of the topics of discussion at AMIs global Pipeline Coating conference in February 2014 in Vienna, Austria. Figure 8: Western Europe demand for primary energy by source (in quadrillion BTU), 2010-2040
Images courtesy of: Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS and Wasco Coating Group
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The concept of internally lining gas pipelines internal ow coating was rst developed in the 1950s to counter the adverse effects on pipeline capacity, operation and pumping costs caused by the rough internal surface of steel pipes and the build-up of deposits and corrosion products. This article reviews the benets of considering an internal lining for gas transmission pipelines and the relationship between the internal surface roughness, the pressure drop across the pipeline and the maximum ow rate of gas through the pipeline. It also outlines the benets of internal ow coatings and the developments that have been made over recent decades in terms of coating materials, taking into account new challenges associated with gas production and transmission, and how they meet the current requirements of international standards and specications.
Todays epoxy-based ow coatings improve protection and operational performance of gas distribution pipelines. Pascal Collet and Bernard Chizet from Axsons Coatings Division explain how
and the pipe wall, but it also occurs within the uid itself. Some of the main factors affecting uid ow in pipes include: G The length, internal diameter and internal roughness of the pipe; G The viscosity, density and velocity of the uid; G Changes in uid temperature, which will affect the viscosity and density of the uid; G The geometry of the pipeline, including bends, risers,
November 2013 | PIPELINE COATING 17
Figure 1: Black Powder is a colour descriptive term used to describe a blackish material comprised of very small, jagged and hard particles. It may be wet and have a tar-like appearance as shown here
valves and other ttings. Fluid ow in a pipeline can be either laminar or turbulent. Transportation of natural gas in pipelines at high ow rates exhibits turbulent ow and in such conditions a laminar lm can be formed at the pipe wall/uid interface. This will reduce the friction between the uid and pipe wall with a subsequent reduction in the pressure drop through the pipeline and an increase in ow capacity. The creation of this laminar lm is dependent upon the surface roughness at the pipe wall/uid interface and, to a lesser degree, the extent of the turbulent ow and the uid velocity. However, the laminar lm created at the pipe wall is very thin and the maximum peak height of the prole of the pipe wall surface may be sufcient to protrude through it. This protrusion results in a disruption of the ow pattern of the laminar lm, effectively creating a turbulent ow pattern adjacent to the wall and increasing the pressure drop across the pipeline and reducing its ow capacity, as reported by Fogg and al (2005). l Easier and faster commissioning of the pipeline due to faster drying compared to an uncoated pipe after hydrostatic testing; l Simplication of testing and robotic inspection procedures due to the improved mobility of the equipment travelling down an internally coated pipe; l The inhibition of Black Powder (see Figure 1) formation within the gas pipeline, which can lead to erosion failures and damage pipeline operating valves, as well as clogging instruments and lters, lowering the efciency of compressors, and contaminating the supplied product to customers. This is a world-wide problem that affects most gas pipeline operators; l Short term corrosion protection during transport and storage.
Benets of ow coatings
There are a number of benets in using a ow efciency coating for a natural gas pipeline. Below are some of the different ways in which these benets can be recognized: l A reduction in the pressure drop in the pipeline and thus an increase in the ow rate of natural gas through it; l A decrease in the pipeline outer diameter in the design phase of the project in order to achieve the same ow capacity, as reported by Tobin and al (2005); l A reduction in power consumption for compression of the gas to achieve the same ow capacity, with a subsequent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for the transportation of natural gas, as reported by Westcoat Energy (2003).
<2
25 Not detected 10 5
008). The application of an internal ow coating system favours two primary functions: Reduced gas friction by provision of a smooth surface prole; Inhibition of Black Powder formation within the gas pipeline. This is being implemented for the HMT (Habshan Maqta Taweelah) pipeline, which is currently under construction in the UAE and comprises two 300km pipelines supplying the Taweelah industrial hub.
Economical analysis
Steel pipe delivered to the coating yard has a relative roughness of the order of 20 m. However, once in production, this relative roughness may exceed 50 m depending upon the corrosion products formed on the surface. This formation may be due to the period of time and the conditions the pipe was stored in prior to installation, due to hydrostatic testing, and the corrosive nature of the uid being transported. Using hydraulic pipe ow software, the pipe roughness versus maximum achievable ow rate can be plotted for a constant discharge and arrival pressure. Since the late 1950s, US companies such as Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company and Transco conducted tests demonstrating the benets of internal linings to increase the ow efciency in gas pipelines by 5 to 10% with medium size diameters (24, 30, 36). Several other studies conrmed the magnitude of ow increase in the 1960s. In 1998, a Norwegian university and the state-owned Norwegion oil company Statoil conrmed the benet of the internal ow coat by demonstrating a capacity increase of 21%. In 2005, Statoil reported that it had made the decision to apply an internal epoxy coating to the Langeled gas pipeline in the North Sea in order to increase transport capacity and reduce pig wear. In 2002, the Zamorano study concluded that fuel gas costs for the compressor stations situated along the 1,200 km length of the Atacama Gas Pipeline were 26.9% lower on the coated section of pipeline than on the uncoated section. The Argentinian pipeline section (530 km, 20 OD) was coated with a solvent-based epoxy ow efciency coating while the Chilean section was left bare because of project CAPEX constraints. The economical analysis in this study was based upon the existing capacity of the pipeline and two capacity expansion scenarios. One conclusion of the study was that the economic benets of using internal ow efciency coatings were more substantial at higher gas ow rates see Figure 2. An internal ow coating can also make a signicant difference in reducing pumping and compression costs over the lifetime of the pipeline. These reduced energy costs can provide a nancial payback within three to ve years of service. It may also be possible to achieve further savings by reducing the number of compressor stations, or the compressor size and capacity. Figure 2: Pipeline ow capacity for bare and internally coated pipe
International standards
Today, two international standards are well recognized when technical requirements for Flow Efciency Coatings are considered: The American Petroleum Institutes API 5L2 Recommended Practice for Internal Coating of Line Pipe For Non-Corrosive Gas Transmission Service; and ISO 15741Paints and varnishes Friction-reduction coatings for the interior of on and offshore steel pipelines for non-corrosive gases. The EN 10301 standard Steel tubes and ttings for on and offshore pipelines Internal coating for the reduction of friction for conveyance of non corrosive gas is very similar to ISO 15741. A comparison of key requirements for the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 standards is presented in Table 2. Additional requirements are sometimes specied by clients and increasingly observed, especially concerning roughness, such as in the DG1470 Part 008 specication from Gasco and the 10-00050-10-MX-SPC-0110-0003 specication for the South Stream offshore pipeline project (respectively Rz 10 m and Rz 5 m according to the ISO 4287). The South Stream consortium also has some additional requirements in terms of appearance (glossy) and chemical resistance (adhesion after 168 hours immersion in 100 % methanol and immersion in 100 % triethylene glycol).
Norm
Date of issue DFT in microns
Test conditions
Adhesion
APO 5L2
July 2002 51 5
Requirement
No lifting of any material other than cuttings no coating removing from strips but shall ake off. The akes when rolled shall produce powdery particules adhesion with cross lines (16 x 16 at 90 spaced over 26mm). Used clear plastic tape A sharp blade at 60 to the surface has to be pushed = blade has a tendency to lift the coating Buchholz hardness at 25C DIN 53 153 ASTM D968, Method A Bend a coated panel 180 around a mandrel with 13mm diameter. ASTM D522 500h with X cut ASTM B117
Requirement
Stripping test
94 23 (abrasion coef)
No aking, loss of adhesion or cracking with a mandrel with a maximum diameter of 13mm. Visual checking
Buchholz hardness ISO 2815 Conical mandrel (d1=38mm, d2=3,2mm and L=203mm) ISO 6860 480h with X cut ISO 7253 Condition 1 = Cycle C Condition 2 = after coating : 10 days at 18-25C and 24hr at 50C + 4 days at 80C and 24hr at 18-25C Bend test in agreement with ISO 6860 for condition 1 and 2
94
maximum extent of cracking from the small end of the mandrel 13mm and no loss of adhesion No blistering, no paint removal and corrosion (see 4.3.6)
No blistering
maximum extent of cracking from the small end of the mandrel 13mm
In suitable pressure equipment. Dry Nitrogen at 83 bars at 19-31C and during 24 hours.
No blistering
Dry Nitrogen at 100 bars for 10 tests cycles ISO 15741 Annex C Conditioning cycle B 23C until no more tack free + 30 min at 150C
In suitable hydraulic pressurizing equipment. Distilled water saturated with CaCO3. 165 bars at 25C during 24 hours
No blistering
In suitable hydraulic pressurizing equipment. Distilled water saturated with CaCO3. 100 bars at 23C during 24 hours 480h at 40C in water quality 3 in agreement with ISO 3696 36 ISO 281-2
21 days at room temperature No blistering over 6,3mm Satured CaCO3 solution from edges (slight softening in distilled water is permited) (100% immersion) 5 days at room temperature No blistering over 6,3mm in mixture, equal parts by from edges (slight softening volume, water methanol is permitted) (100% immersion)
Resistance to Chemicals
Cyclohexane 95% by volume diethylene glycol in water Hexane Methanol Toluene Lubricating oil 168h ISO 2812-1 method 1 procedure A After 4h immersion in the paints thinner No softening, wrinkling or blistering shall be observed after 30min at room temperature
Adhesion (rating 1)
Curing Test
20
Figure 3: A coated test plate with markings showing locations for roughness measurements
due to its commercial availability in North America, where the ow coats were rst used. Epoxy chemistry offers a very good performance balance in terms of mechanical properties, corrosion protection and chemical resistance. Novolac epoxy coatings are the prefered choice of a few operators, such as Petrobras in Brazil. The challenge, over the intervening years, has been to develop formulations with reduced solvent content, even though API 5L2 is not very demanding in this respect. API 5L2 is intended for low solids coating materials, so the material specication requirements did not directly apply to the solvent-free epoxy formulations. The challenge over the past several years has been to develop low VOC or VOC-free formulations to cope with stringent HSE requirements and the compliance with the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 international standards. Furthermore, low VOC or VOC-free formulations have been developed to comply with the application conditions in terms of: l Application equipment: multi component l Spray characteristics: consistent l Pot life: more than 1 hour at 20C l Applied lm thickness: 50 100 m l Curing time: hard dry in less than 18 hours at 20C l Coating roughness: < 10 m with a smooth even appearance l Air entrapment: none by 1mm) were shot-blasted and de-dusted in order to achieve an Sa 2.5 level of cleanliness (according to ISO 8501-1) and a surface roughness prole Rz of about 45 m prole. The surface roughness was measured with a Marsurf PS1 device and measurements taken. Table 3 shows an example of the measured data. The steel plates were coated in the Axson Coatings laboratory using airless spray equipment in the following conditions as per the instructions for using Eurokote 436.20: l Temperature of the substrate: Minimum +10C (+20C for the SF version) and maintained at least 3C above the dew point / Maximum +40C; l Air temperature / RH: Min. +10C / Min RH 5% - Max. +40C / Max RH 85%; l Temperature of the product: Min +10C / Max +30C in the case of the solvent based HES version. In the case of the solvent free SF version, the resin part should be pre-heated to around 50C and the hardener part to around 30C. As an example, the SF version of the Eurokote 436.20 coating was applied after preheating of part R and part D to respectively 55C and 35C (metering unit, hoses) and applied by airless spray (nozzle 17 to 24/1000 inches) with a 160 bar minimum pressure. Figure 3 shows a coated plate with marks illustrating the different locations used for the roughness measurements. Some 26 locations were selected to conduct measurements on a representative surface of each coated panel for both the HES and SF versions. The measurements were taken 15 days after curing at room temperature (20C). The test results of the Ra, Rz roughnesses on coated plates applied with around 100 m DFT, the values being obtained from measurements of the 26 locations are shown in Tables 4,1 and 4,2. It can be noted that a very similar roughness prole is observed between the HES and SF versions, respectively 2.30 and 2.33 in Rz, which is a non-signicant difference considering the standard deviation. A low roughness prole is also observed, complying with stringent specications such as Gasco DGS1470-008 or
Roughness testing
At the laboratory scale level,two versions of Flow Efciency Coatings were tested by Axson Coatings: a medium solids (66 % by volume) HES version; and a solvent-free (100 % volume solids) SF version. Both are currently commercialized under the Eurokote 436.20 trademark. The main objective of the tests was to evaluate the roughness prole of both versions once applied in a conventional manner and to compare the roughness prole between solvent-based coating and a solventfree coatings. The HES version is designed to be applied with a single component airless spray system, while the SF version is designed to be applied by twin feed hot airless spray equipment. Firstly, steel plates (dimension: 150mm by 100mm
Measurement conditions: Marsurf PS1 device with a PHT 6-350 sensor, Cut-off 2.5 mm, Gaussian lter
22 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013
the South Stream specications. Based on the different application conditions found between the laboratory conditions and industrial applications - such as the pipe rotating when the material is applied, the curved surface of the internal pipe, and the heat inertia of the pipe due to its pipe wall thickness - differences in coating roughness prole could be observed.
had a roughness between 43 and 47 m. Before coating, the panels were acid and acetone washed in accordance with the requirements of API 5L2. The metal test panels were xed on pipes before coating in order to coat the panels together with the pipes. After coating, the panels were removed from the pipe and cured according to the following programme: 15 minutes in the air with a 40 % relative humidity and then 30 minutes in the oven with air circulation at a
temperature of 150C. Test panel coatings were made from the following liquid epoxy materials: l Eurokote 436.20 SF, the solvent-free version of the Eurokote 436.20 series of Flow Efciency Coatings provided by Axson France; l Competition A, a solvent-free liquid epoxy; l Competition B, a high solids (81 %) solvent based liquid epoxy. Performance was compared by assessing the roughness prole using SJ-301 Suret equipment according to ISO 8503-4. Ra and Rz were measured to a 4mm length with a 0.8mm cut-off by using a Gaussian lter. The coating thicknesses were measured with a Konstanta K-5 gauge by making 10 measurements on each sample. The results are shown in Table 5. It was noted that the low roughness prole of Eurokote 436.20 is conrmed at an industrial scale, even with a lower roughness data compared to that observed from the laboratory application. Beyond the technical requirements expressed in the API 5L2 and ISO 15741 standards, it can be seen that modern coating materials can comply with stringent requirements (lower than 10 m and even lower ( 5 m)) in terms of roughness prole.
sion pipelines in terms of operation and maintenance since the 1960s. Furthermore, the coatings have shown to help solve technical problems, such as the formation of Black Powder. From a performance perspective, the API and ISO standards have been benchmarks for the selection of liquid epoxy coating materials. Recently, clients or operators have expressed new requirements, especially in terms of surface prole roughness, to guarantee the ow efciency. Existing modern coating materials have been designed to cope with the technical requirements, as listed in the API 5L2 and ISO15741 international standards and by taking account specic requirements, such as surface prole roughness. Beside these performance requirements, the development of new epoxy coating materials has been conducted without any compromise on the health, hygiene and environmental regulations, as demonstrated by the performance of the solvent-free version of Eurokote 436.20. This material is also benzyl alcohol and VOC-free. The benets of ow efciency provided by the internal lining can be considered for carbon capture and storage projects (CCS). For instance, for a project associated with pipeline transportation, an internal coating was selected by Shell and considered by applying a 100 m dry thickness of a solvent-based epoxy coating to comply with the requirements, especially when the CO2 is depressurized down to 1 bar involving uid temperatures as low as -70C. Dry CO2 water specication is mandatory ( 50 ppm in volume 20 ppm by mass) to avoid any damage due to corrosion.
Conclusion
Internal liquid epoxy coatings have demonstrated their applicability as a ow efciency coating of gas transmis-
References:
Rafael Zamorano Internal Coating Total Gas Transport Cost Reduction Study, Pipeline & Gas Journal, October 2002 Graham A. Fogg, Jennifer Morse Development of a new solvent-free ow efciency coating for natural gas pipelines Rio Pipeline 2005 Mike Tobin, Job Labrujere, Shell Global Solutions International BV., High Pressure Pipelines maximizing throughput per unit of pipeline diameter GTS-2005 Conference, VNIIGAZ, Moscow, 12-13 April 2005 Westcoat Energy Inc., Anti-friction Coating in Pipeline Reduces Energy Use Climate Change Solutions Publication Oil and Gas Distribution, 2003 Sytze Huizinga, Karin Orzessek, Leo de Mul, Ronald Koers, Shell Global Solutions BV Materials selection and corrosion control for a CO2 transport and injection system - Corrosion 2013 convention, Orlando, 17-21 March, 2013 24 PIPELINE COATING | November 2013
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Steel Pipe Coating The Global Market (Third Edition)
Steel Pipe Coating The Global MaRket
The 3rd edition of AMI Consultings study Steel Pipe Coating the Global Market is is now complete and available for immediate subscription.
Third Edition
2013
This 234-page study comprises a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the world market for steel pipe coating. It considers demand, supply, raw materials, etc, and includes forecasts through to 2016. These are very interesting times in energy and energy-related industries. While oil remains important in the global energy balance, markets are moving increasingly towards gas not just in Europe and North America, but in Asia as well. Natural gas is becoming a hugely important resource, to be traded globally. Pipelines are playing a crucial role in this development. Pipelines are needed not just to gather, transport and distribute the gas, but also to connect LNG import and export terminals, which are mushrooming around the globe. Pipeline-related industries are, therefore, likely to benefit from this process. Steel pipe coating is likely to be among the top beneficiaries: as new pipelines tend to operate under harsher conditions in terms of temperature, pressure and external environment, coating is becoming more demanding, more sophisticated and hence more valuable.
There are additional drivers of growth Third Edition appearing on the horizon: the scarcity of 2013 potable water in many regions of the globe will 2013 increasingly have to be tackled through either desalination or longrange water transportation with pipelines playing an important role in both; power-plant produced carbon dioxide will increasingly be captured, transported through pipelines and stored. Changes are also taking place on the supply side of the steel pipe coating market. The previous editions of this report have correctly forecast a consolidation trend. This trend which has meanwhile become apparent to everybody is set to continue with new twists and turns, as is the competitive battle between the two major business models: integrated pipe mills-coating yards versus independent coaters. The 2013 edition of the report analyses all of these trends and their likely trajectory into the future. The 234-page report contains 88 data tables, 8 charts and 95 exhibits. Subscribers receive two printed hardcopies of the report and a CD containing a read only pdf version, as well as a set of spreadsheets with the underlying data. To receive a detailed proposal, contact Mr Noru Tsalic at nt@amiplastics. com or +44 117 924 9442.
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For more details about this report or to request a detailed proposal, contact: Noru Tsalic, Senior vice president AMI Consulting. Email: nt@amiplastics.com. Phone: +44 (0)117 924 9442 Mail: Applied Market Information, AMI House,
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The 370km long Ethylene Pipeline South was put into service earlier this year, ve years behind schedule. John Osborne reports on the project and its signicance for Europes chemical industry
to expand the ethylene capacity from 340,000 tonnes to at least 450 500,000 tonnes a year, or in the medium or longer term to close down. Its existing facilities were struggling to compete on the global market because of their small size and high costs (naphtha crackers with a capacity of about 800,000 tonnes a year are already being built in other locations around the world). OMV said that, since its local customers would have only been able to absorb part of this additional capacity, such investments would have been unlikely unless it was possible to export excess quantities via the western European pipeline network.
back to 2001. Together with VCI (the German chemical industry association), the Bavarian State Ministry of Economy and the companies BASF, Borealis, Clariant, OMV, BP/ROG, Vinnolit and Wacker, feasibility studies were conducted between 2002 and 2004. For all partners, the connection of the Bavarian chemical triangle to the ethylene complex in northwest Europe was of prime importance. Germany informed the EU Commission of its decision in December 2003 and submitted a grant application in January 2005. Following the usual assessment process, approval was given by the EU Commission on October 12, 2006. Given this approval, Bavaria provided a subsidy of about
previously existing pipelines for 320 of its total of 360 kilometres, including the underwater crossings of the Danube, Neckar and Rhine rivers. Water pressure testing was carried out at 200bar late last year, after which a temporary operating permit was issued. Early this year, the pipeline was lled with ethylene in readiness for a full evaluation of the leak monitoring system, which continuously measures the quantities, pressures and temperatures in the pipeline and compares them to predicted values. Trials carried out by TV Sd showed the system responded to a test leak within minutes, according to EPS. Looking ahead, the EPS pipeline will be operated on the common carrier principle and offer open access, non-discriminatory fees and low prots. As a result, all producers, consumers and prospective customers of ethylene will be able to use the pipeline at the same terms and conditions. Further expansions of the European ethylene network are also now possible, including connections to the east (Litvinov, Czech Republic), to Italy and Croatia (Burghausen Porto Marghera), Austria (Schwechat) and further options via Slovakia to Hungary as well as toward France (Carling). According to EPS owners the pipeline will play a key part in helping to compensate for the competitive disadvantages of the European petrochemical industry in comparison to that of the USA and the Middle East and to enhance the competitive strength of the European industry in the global market. Above: Laying of the 250mm PE coated steel pipe for the EPS project
www.eps-pipeline.de
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Real co-extruded 3-ply tape system. No risk of spiral corrosion compared to 2-ply tapes. Passes class B 50 according to EN 12068. Compatible with mill coatings from PE, PP, FBE, PU, CTE and Bitumen. Designed for max. temperatures up to 85C (185F). Outstanding tape exibility Elongation at break. Very cost efcient and easy application with excellent mechanical and corrosion protection. Tape system total thickness 2,0mm.
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German coatings specialist Ceramic Polymer is supplying its Proguard epoxy coating for hot refurbishment of a leaking 90km oil pipeline in Iran its largest pipe coating project to date
This shrinkage exposed large areas of steel in the buried pipeline to the highly corrosive damp sabkha soil, with the result that many leaks had developed along its length. Repair was essential but with no wish to shut down the pipeline, owner and operator Iranian Oil Pipelines and Telecommunications Company (IOPTC), a subsidiary of NIORDC, required a repair system that could be implemented at operational temperatures. Ceramic Polymers Proguard CN100iso system is a high performance two-part epoxy originally developed for application to pressure vessels operating at pressures of up to 100bar and temperatures of up to 150C. It is a solvent-free system based on unplasticized Novolac hybrid resins offering a Tg value of greater than 120C allowing it crosslink even when applied to high temperature substrates. The coating is capable of withstanding continuous dry operating temperatures up to 170C and intermittent operation to 190C, while the incorporation of micro-sized ceramic particles in the coating enhances
>50 years
Good due to ceramic particulate ller 1.5 14 170C continuous/190C intermittent 150C continuous/170C intermittent None required, high adhesion to steel 1.0-1.5mm Good
>25,000 hours
Abrasion loss 10-12mg
34-37 N/mm2
its resistance to abrasion. The coating offers an adhesion value of greater than 27 N/mm2 according to ISO 4624 and complies with ISO 10290 requirements and the local Iranian Pipeline Standard IGS-TP-016. No other paint manufacturer could offer a coating which was capable of being sprayed onto the hot surface. For IOPTC there was no option other than using our system if the pipeline was to be kept hot. The alternative would have been to shut-off the pipeline for six months and apply a paint system as usual onto a cold surface, says Roehl. Normally the CN100iso product is not really competitive in cost against the standard cold-surface applied external pipeline paints that are made by many others, but in this special case in Iran we won the job since the conditions were so severe and extraordinary, he says. The refurbishment project is being carried out by Azerbaijan-based contractor Eibak Azer. It involves excavating sections of the pipeline, removing the PP wrapping tapes and repairing leaks by welding on steel patches. The repaired pipeline is then grit blasted and the Proguard CN100iso coating applied using a Graco X70 airless spray pump. No primer is required. The CN100iso system is delivered to the site in the required 10:1 ratio of base to hardener ready for mixing and application. A 1.5mm DFT layer is built up by the application of several wet-on-wet coats. The coating is touch-dry within 30 minutes. The pipeline itself is between 60C to 90C. That is hot enough to cure the coating very fast, says Roehl. More than 10km of the pipeline has already been repaired. Ceramic Polymer says more than 80 tonnes of the Polyguard CN100iso coating has been supplied to date; the entire six month project is expected to consume around 700 tonnes. The company has guaranteed the coating for a period of 25 years. Alhough this is Ceramic Polymers rst long length
pipe coating project, Roehl says the company is not unused to the requirements of the pipeline industry. We have not done a big external long pipeline job before, but have done some special pipe jobs like slug-catchers for Oman Gas, NIGC, Descon Pakistan, etc. These were internal high-pressure natural gas pipeline jobs, he says. The company also offers a two-pack polyurethane system for standard external pipeline work that complies with ISO 10290 and the IGS-TP-016 Iranian standard. This system Cerapur 9531 is claimed to cure in as little as three minutes, making it suitable for serial external pipe coating application in factories and pipe-coating plants. Cerapur 9531 is also a solvent-free formulation and like the Proguard CN100iso product it also contains micro-sized ceramic particles to enhance abrasion resistance. Ceramic Polymer claims the 9351 grade provides an abrasion resistance rating of excellent (75mg loss) in ASTM D4060 testing. Below: The old PP wrap is scraped away prior to repair, blasting and coating with the Ceramic Polymer epoxy while the pipeline remains in operation
S www.ceramic-polymer.de
31
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Bitumen resinous oligomer (asmol) has been developed and is being used in pipe coatings in Russia. This article by Nikolaj Cherkasov, Irina Gladkikh and Valerij A Filimonov at SRC Poisk discusses its protective properties and anti-corrosion mechanisms
Main image: asmol coating tapes being applied during refurbishment of a steel pipeline in Russia
Day 3 Figure 1: Change on steel surface due to asmol solution over time (SEM)
Day 7
Day 21
polymer tape or by reinforcing the hot-melt with glass bre mesh. The protective action mechanism of asmol has been studied as exemplied by interaction of metal (steel 20) with 30% asmol solution in organic solvent. Application of asmol solution is connected with strengthening of both chemical and diffusion interaction between asmol and metal. When the asmol solution interacts with the metal, the formation of a protective lm can be observed on the surface of the latter. The thickness of this lm amounts to a value of the order of 12 m within approximately ve years. Its chemical composition is essentially iron sulphonates and un-reacted hydrophobizated iron oxide. The surface structure of steel samples exposed in asmol solution has been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and is shown in Figure 1. During the initial period (three days), it can be seen that asmol etches components of the steel surface forming a distinctive pattern. By seven days no traces of etching can be observed, but the surface is no longer heterogeneous. After 21 days of interaction between asmol and the steel the surface grows more homogeneous. It can be seen that larger components of the
structure become smaller but do not disappear completely. Crystallographic assessment of the formed surface layers was executed by method of electron backscatter diffraction (ESBD) analysis. The images of Kikuchi lines on the steel samples exposed in asmol solution for three weeks are compared with a sample of carefully ground steel and shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that the original sample has clearly visible Kikuchi lines, which is indicative of a sound crystal lattice of iron. But after a three-week treatment in asmol solution the Kikuchi lines are hardly visible, which can be interpreted as the absence of crystal lattice in the surface lm. In effect, the surface layer is an amorphous substance. Such a heterogeneous amorphous surface of the steel treated in asmol solution is porous and the porous structure of the formed layer can be seen in the nal SEM image in Figure 1 after three weeks of interaction between steel and asmol solution. This porous structure indicates the possibility of chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic acids and metallic iron, which ows under the surface layer formed mainly due to the rust. This process occurs at the rate of 0.0023 g Fe/m2 per day. Similar results were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM), thorugh which the surface topography becomes more clearly visible. The images in Figure 3 show that the surface topography grows more even and thickness of the formed lm increases over the period the samples are exposed in asmol solution. However, the surface remains undulated, which can be considered as a conrmation of a chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic acids and rust, thus forming impurities of hydrophobizated particles of iron oxide. In order to further assess the possibility of researching the results of this process, a steel sample was studied that had been protected with asmol mastic and cut from a pipeline after ve years of operation. The asmol mastic was removed from the steel surface and the steel was subjected to grinding. A cross-section of the sample was analyzed. Figure 4 shows photographs
Figure 2: Crystallographic images of the original steel (left) and the steel after exposure in asmol solution for 21 days (right)
34
Day 3
Day 7
Day 21
Figure 3: Change of the steel surface topography as affected by asmol solution over time (AFM)
of the microstructure of the original steel (ferrite-pearlite structure) and the steel treated in asmol. Figure 4 shows that the composition of the steel under the asmol layer has changed. The number of pearlite particles (the dark areas) has signicantly decreased while the number of ferrite particles (the light areas) has increased. In addition, the pearlite particles having an asymmetric shape become spheroidal, which is not a characteristic of steel. Therefore, it can be argued that there is an intermediate layer of metal with a modied structure under the asmol surface.
In order to conrm the changes in the intermediate layer, a composition of the two-phase structure of the steel at depth and in the intermediate layer was studied by the point method. The amount of pearlite at depth of the sample is 25.5% but it goes down to 10% in the intermediate level. Changes of the structural composition of the steel in the intermediate level are possible, in our opinion, only due to chemical interaction between asmol sulphonic acids and metal. It is assumed that the reaction occurs mainly with pearlite and, most likely, even with iron
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Figure 4: Structure of steel inside the sample (left) and at the surface of the sample treated in asmol (right). The ligher areas indicate ferrite and the dark areas pearlite
Carbon distribution in the intermediate layer from the physical surface of the steel into the depth of the sample was determined by the SEM method using electron probe microanalysis. The results are shown in Figure 6. It follows from the presented data that in the intermediate layer there is an increased carbon content which is reduced to the content characteristic of pure steel. Thus, there is no internal boundary between the intermediate layer and the steel. Conventional thickness of the intermediate layer is at the level of 10-15 m. Carbon enrichment of the surface layer, reduction of pearlite, presence of products of interaction between
(2)
The evolving hydrogen atoms do not necessarily form H2 molecules in the hydrocarbon medium. Due to high nascent reactive capacity, they are able to participate in reactions of joining the reactive sites of tars and asphaltenes molecules (to multiple bonds, to S and N atoms). Reactions of reduction of sulphonic acids to mercaptans are also possible [2]: RSO3H
asmol sulphonic acids and particles of pearlite colonies should affect features of the crystal lattice of iron to some extent. Indeed, the surface layer of the intermediate layer as compared to the steel deep layers as shown by X-ray analysis has the lattice constant equal to 2.866793 (16) instead of 2.86624 (10), which indicates an increase of the interatomic distance between the iron atoms in the crystal lattice. Thus, asmol not only protects the surface of the steel against corrosion but penetrates the depth of the metal modifying its properties. Among other considerations, high carbon content in the intermediate layer can be
-H O 2
In reaction
(1)
interaction between iron carbide and asmol sulphonic acids. It is believed that the carbon content is higher in the intermediate layer than that at depth of the steel. Figure 5 shows the map of carbon distribution (white dots) in the intermediate layer and at depth of the steel, from which it follows that the closer to the physical surface of the steel, the higher the carbon content. Carbon distribution is even at depth in the steel sample.
Figure 5: Carbon distribution map in the intermediate layer (left) of the steel and at depth (right)
36
considered as cast ironising of this layer and increasing its corrosion resistance. It is also possible to expect an increase of asmol mastic adhesion to metal over time since the adhesive layer is not only on the steel surface but also penetrates its depth. Suspension of corrosion processes was also observed in practice. The asmol protective coating on the BukharaUral-1 pipelines (1732 km of Kartalinsky Local Gas Transmission Facility of OOO Gazprom Transgaz Yekaterinburg LLC) was inspected in August 2007. In this application, the asmol coating had been applied to a section of the pipelines with signicant pre-existing corrosion damage. After ve years of operation it was established that development of corrosion processes under asmol coating had been stopped. Figure 6: Dependence of carbon content on the distance from the steel surface into the depth in increments of 1 m
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RECOMMENDED READING
Our selection of the latest titles and essential reference works for the pipeline coating industry
COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN PIPING APPLICATIONS
2013, by Pavlou, 205.00 or 170.00 or $270.00 New. Design, analysis and optimization of subsea and onshore FRP pipelines. More info/Buy here
NE W
THE EFFECT OF UV LIGHT AND WEATHER ON PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS, 3RD EDITION
2013, by McKeen, 395.00 or 330.00 or $525.00 New. Principles, essential performance data and practical examples. More info/Buy here
NE W
Visit www.pidbooks.com for hundreds of recent titles, easy online ordering, special offers and clearance bargains!
Order online or by telephone, fax or email. Contact Matt Wherlock, Tel: +44 (0)117 924 9442 Fax: +44 (0)117 9892128 email: mjw@amiplastics.com All prices are correct at the time of publication but may be subject to change. Please check the Plastics Information Direct website for current prices and shipping charges.
Images courtesy of: Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS and Wasco Coating Group
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17.00-19.30 Registration 18.00-19.30 Welcome Cocktail Reception sponsored by: There are no conference sessions on this day Tuesday 25th February 2014 08.00 09.00 Registration and welcome coffee sponsored by: Opening announcements
MARKET OVERVIEW 09.10 Trends and developments in the market for steel pipe coating Mr. Noru Tsalic, Senior Vice President, AMI CONSULTING, United Kingdom A review of long-distance pipeline coating applications in China and the challenges Mr. Wuxi Bi, Senior Pipeline Corrosion Engineer and Mr. Ai Muyang, Senior Engineer and Dean of Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, PETROCHINA PIPELINE COMPANY, China External coatings for oil and gas pipelines in Russia: overview Mr. Andrew Chalov, Deputy General Manager - Foreign Trade, TIAL, Russia
09.40
10.10
10.40-11.10 Morning coffee sponsored by: SESSION 1 - CASE STUDIES 11.10 Various pipeline coatings Mr. Vipul Kumar, General Manager-Projects, CAIRN INDIA LIMITED, India Methodology for the assessment of coating behaviour in CO2 pipeline transportation by real eld conditions simulator Eng. Andrea Bergo, Researcher, CENTRO SVILUPPO MATERIALI S.p.A., Italy Case study: use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) liners for high pressure efuent water injection pipeline Mr. Hadyan Fahad Alajmi, Senior Major Project Engineer, KUWAIT OIL COMPANY, Kuwait
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12.40-14.10 Lunch sponsored by: 14.10 Tales of the unexpected: internal pipe coatings in the Canadian oil patch Dr. Mike ODonoghue, Director of Engineering & Technical Services, INTERNATIONAL PAINT LLC, A DIVISION OF AKZONOBEL, Canada A high mechanical properties adhesive powder Mr. Fangcheng Tang, Vice President, GUANGZHOU LUSHAN NEW MATERIALS Co., Ltd., China The rehabilitation of sub-sea pipelines using a new form of exible kevlar reinforced plastic liners Mr. Robert Walters, Chairman, ANTICORROSION PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS, United Arab Emirates
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15.40-16.10 Afternoon coffee sponsored by: SESSION 2 - RESEARCH AND TESTING 16.10 Testing of subsea wet insulation materials for deep water applications Mrs. Helne Vrlstad, Principal Engineer, Polymeric Materials, STATOIL ASA, Norway
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16.40 17.10 20.00 The proactive approach on quality control and integrity management applied for pipeline coating Mr. Mohamed Daoud, Projects Quality Manager, ADCO, United Arab Emirates Trends in pipeline coatings qualication testing an independent test house perspective Mrs. Lynda Barron, Group Technical Leader - Coatings, EXOVA UK Ltd., United Kingdom Conference Dinner sponsored by:
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Bredero Shaw, Canusa-CPS and Socotherm are individual operating businesses of ShawCor LLC, an established company with market leadership in the energy industry. ShawCor is the worlds largest provider of plant and eld-applied pipeline coatings for corrosion protection, ow assurance, insulation, weight coatings, as well as led joint protection and manufacturing of ber reinforced plastic pipe and automated weld inspection services. A global network of more than 70 modern manufacturing and service facilities are located in the worlds primary energy producing regions and growth frontiers. ShawCors pipeline corrosion and thermal protection businesses combine unique products and services that are unmatched in our industry.
SESSION 3 - EXTERNAL COATING 09.10 Evolving market needs shape the next generation anti- corrosion coating - application to three layer polyethylene Mr. Cedric Oudinot, Global Product Line Manager - Anticorrosion and Internal Coatings, BREDERO SHAW, United States
09.40 Improved topcoat for high temperatures and demanding conditions Mr. Mohamed Ali Jaber, Application Marketing Manager, BOROUGE Pte Ltd., United Arab Emirates 10.10 Advances in hydrogen sulde resistant coatings for exploration and production pipe application Dr. Jeffrey David Rogozinski, Global Technical Director, THE VALSPAR CORPORATION, United States
10.40-11.10 Morning coffee sponsored by: 11.10 11.40 External solutions for transmission pipelines operating at high temperatures in barren territories Mr. Klaas van der Mije, Marketing Manager Oil & Gas EMEA, PPG COATINGS EUROPE B.V., Netherlands Coatings from asphalt-tar oligomers to protect steel pipelines against corrosion Mr. Nikolaj M. Cherkasov, General Director, SRC POISK Ltd., Russia
SESSION 4 - Field Joint Coating 12.10 Factory grade joint coating systems for 3LPE/PP coated pipelines Mr. Pascal Laferriere, Global Manager - Product Management, CANUSA-CPS, Canada
12.40-14.10 Lunch sponsored by: 14.10 14.40 15.10 15.40 16.10 Is it possible to have a 3 layer system on joints, bends and ttings? Mr. Mick Gribby, Market Manager, Oil and Gas, PLASCOAT SYSTEMS Ltd., United Kingdom Transforming eld joint processing technology Mr. Wayne Hine, Director of Sales, INDUCTOTHERM HEATING & WELDING Ltd., United Kingdom NDT inspection of eld joint coating Mr. Colin Bird, NDT Development Manager, DOOSAN BABCOCK, United Kingdom Afternoon coffee sponsored by: Conference ends
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CONFERENCE HOTLINE
SABINE PRACK, SENIOR CONFERENCE ORGANISER Applied Market Information Ltd. 6 Pritchard Street, Bristol, BS2 8RH, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 117 924 9442 Fax: +44 (0) 117 311 1534 Email: sp@amiplastics.com
The latest programme, including any new speakers or changes to the schedule can be viewed on our website: www.amiconferences.com
Fax back to: +44 (0) 117 311 1534 or Email: sp@amiplastics.com