Classification

Biology

I. Finding Order in Diversity

A. Why Classify?
1. To organize the diversity of life 2. To group new organisms 3. To show evolutionary relationships

How would you divide these organisms into two groups? Why?

B. Systematics the science of naming and grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships C. Taxonomy the science of naming and classifying organisms based on criteria D. Common names vary among languages, so scientific names are assigned

Which of these is a buzzard?

In the United Kingdom, a hawk is also known as a buzzard.

In the United States, a vulture is also known as a buzzard.

Thats why scientists use scientific names!

II. Assign Scientific Names

A. Binomial nomenclature two-part naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus
A. Written in italics, first word capitalized, second word lowercase (Genus species)

B. Examples: Ursus martimus

Species Frequently a description of habitat or important trait.

Genus A group of closely related species.

III. Linnaean Classification System

A. Aristotle: philosopher
1. Considered Father of Biology 2. Grouped animals by habitat 3. Grouped plants by stem type

B. Linnaeus: scientist
1. Considered Father of Taxonomy 2. Developed a modern classification system with 7 levels (taxa) based on similarities and differences

Levels of Taxonomy: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus

Just remember King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Species two organisms

that can mate and produce fertile offspring

IV. Evolutionary Classification

A. Phylogeny study of evolutionary relationships among organisms B. Clades evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants C. Cladograms diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species D. Derived character trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members
Modern analysis of cladograms only consider derived characters

Making a cladogram

1. Cladograms are diagrams showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, split from each other over time. The diagram shows a single ancestral lineage splitting into two. The point of splitting is called a node in the cladogram.

2. How recently lineages share a common ancestor reflect how closely the lineages are related to one another. Here, lineages 3 and 4 are more closely related to each other than any of them is to any other lineage.

3. This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among vertebrates, animals with backbones.

Interpreting a Cladogram
Derived Character
1. Trait that arose in a common ancestor 2. Passes along to descendants

Book Work
Use pages 523- 527 to define the following terms: Domain, Bacteria, Archara, Eukarya Answer 1-9, 13-18, and 24-27 on pages 532-533