Energy

The capacity to do work or to produce heat.

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Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be converted from one form to another but can neither be created nor destroyed. (Euniverse is constant)

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The Two Types of Energy

Potential: due to position or composition can be converted to work Kinetic: due to motion of the object

KE = 1/2 mv2 (m = mass, v = velocity)

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Temperature v. Heat
Temperature reflects random motions of particles, therefore related to kinetic energy of the system. Heat involves a transfer of energy between 2 objects due to a temperature difference

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Initial Position
In the initial position, ball A has a higher potential energy than ball B.

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Final Position
After A has rolled down the hill, the potential energy lost by A has been converted to random motions of the components of the hill (frictional heading) and to the increase in the potential energy of B.

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State Function
Depends only on the present state of the system - not how it arrived there.

It is independent of pathway.
Energy is a state function Work and heat are not state functions

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System and Surroundings

System: That on which we focus attention

Surroundings: Everything else in the universe

Universe = System + Surroundings

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Exo and Endothermic

Heat exchange accompanies chemical reactions. Exothermic: Heat flows out of the system (to the surroundings).

Endothermic: Heat flows into the system (from the surroundings).

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Thermite
(Click here to open QuickTime video)

Ammonium Chloride and Barium Hydroxide

(Click here to open QuickTime video)

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First Law
First Law of Thermodynamics: The energy of the universe is constant. (same as the Law of Conservation of Energy)
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Classify each of the following processes as exothermic or endothermic. Explain. I. Your hand gets cold when you touch ice. II. The ice gets warmer when you touch it. III. Water boils in a kettle being heated on a stove. IV. Water vapor condenses on a cold pipe. V. Ice cream melts.
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For each of the following, define a system and its surroundings and give the direction of energy transfer. I. Methane is burning in a Bunsen burner in a laboratory. II. Water drops, sitting on your skin after youve been swimming, evaporate. III. Two chemicals mixing in a beaker give off heat.
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First Law
E = q + w
E = change in systems internal energy q = heat w = work

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Work
work = force distance since pressure = force / area, work = pressure volume wsystem = PV

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Which of the following performs more work? A gas expanding against a pressure of 2 atm from 1.0 L to 4.0 L A gas expanding against a pressure of 3 atm from 1.0 L to 3.0 L

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Enthalpy
Enthalpy = H = E + PV E = H PV H = E + PV At constant pressure, qP = E + PV, where qP = H at constant pressure H = energy flow as heat (at constant pressure)
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Specific Heat Capacity

heat absorbed J J C = = or increase in temperature C K

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A Coffee-Cup Calorimeter Made of Two Styrofoam Cups

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Some Heat Exchange Terms

specific heat capacity heat capacity per gram = J/C g or J/K g
molar heat capacity heat capacity per mole = J/C mol or J/K mol

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You have a Styrofoam cup with 50.0 g of water at 10C. You add a 50.0-g iron ball at 90C to the water.
a) The final temperature of the water is: i) Between 50C and 90C. ii) 50C iii) Between 10C and 50C. b) Calculate the final temperature of the water. Copyright2000 by Houghton
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Hesss Law

Reactants Products
The change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or a series of steps.

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Hesss Law

(Click here to open QuickTime video)

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The Principle of Hesss Law

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Calculations via Hesss Law

1. If a reaction is reversed, H is also reversed. N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) 2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) 2. H = 180 kJ H = 180 kJ

If the coefficients of a reaction are multiplied by an integer, H is multiplied by that same integer.

6NO(g) 3N2(g) + 3O2(g)

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H = 540 kJ
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A Schematic Diagram of the Energy Changes for the Reaction CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

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Using the following data, calculate the standard heat of formation of the compound ICl(g) at 25C, and show your work: H (kJ/mol) Cl2(g) 2Cl(g) 242.3 I2(g) 2I(g) 151.0 ICl(g) I(g) + Cl(g) 211.3 I2(s) I2(g) 62.8
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Standard States
Compound
For

a gas, pressure is exactly 1 atmosphere. For a solution, concentration is exactly 1 molar. Pure substance (liquid or solid), it is the pure liquid or solid.

Element
The

form [N2(g), K(s)] in which it exists at 1 atm and 25C.

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Change in Enthalpy

Can be calculated from enthalpies of formation of reactants and products.

Hrxn = npHf(products) nrHf(reactants)

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