2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1.

Overview A consortium comprised of the University of Arizona (UA), the University of California San Diego (UCSD), and Lehigh University (LU), together with the recast! restressed Concrete "nstitute ( C") proposes a colla#orative research pro$ect to develop a comprehensive, accurate, and efficient design methodology for precast concrete floor diaphragms in #uildings under seismic loading% &o this colla#oration, the universities #ring 'nowledge of critical issues for precast floor diaphragms under seismic loads, as well as the re(uired analytical and e)perimental e)pertise and facilities% C", which represents the precast concrete industry nationwide, #rings 'nowledge of industry practices, standards, and economics, as well as pro$ect co*funding% Using closely 0igure -% Diagram of research integration integrated e)perimental and analytical simulations, the pro$ect will significantly advance 'nowledge of the seismic #ehavior of precast floor diaphragms and develop information on the stiffness, strength, and ductility capacity of critical precast diaphragm elements% "ntegrating these results with industry 'nowledge, the pro$ect will produce an appropriate seismic design methodology% &he consortium+s research will integrate the following, (-) large*scale e)periments at LU to determine the fle)i#ility, strength, and ductility of critical diaphragm elements #y applying #oth simple cyclic force patterns and histories, and comple) (multi*degree*of*freedom) force patterns and histories. (/) detailed finite element (01) analyses at UA of complete floor diaphragms (under seismic load) to determine critical force patterns and histories for diaphragm elements that will #e applied in the e)periments and used in developing diaphragm design re(uirements. (2) nonlinear time*history dynamic analyses (3&DA) at UA of prototype #uildings to determine diaphragm seismic force levels. (4) (uasi*static diaphragm tests and sha'ing ta#le tests at UCSD of entire structures to verify the 01 and 3&DA results and provide added input into the large*scale e)periments on critical diaphragm elements. and (5) industry 'nowledge of precast construction methods and economics, design practices, and design code development issues% &his proposal is su#mitted to the 3ational Science 0oundation+s (3S0) 6rant 7pportunities for Academic Liaison with "ndustry (67AL") rogram% C" selected the UA*UCSD*LU consortium, after an open competition, to lead this colla#orative pro$ect% &he precast industry will oversee the planning and e)ecution phases of the research through an active 8 mem#er Diaphragm Seismic Design 9ethodology (DSD9) &as' 6roup, which will meet with the pro$ect team regularly, and a larger "ndustry Advisory anel ("A ) which will meet with the pro$ect team twice a year% 7ne mem#er of the DSD9 &as' 6roup is a Co* " on the pro$ect% C" is supporting the research directly and also supporting industry participation as follows, (-) C" will provide :/;;,;;; direct research funding. (/) C" precast producer mem#ers will provide :<-,;;; in test specimens from producer mem#ers. (2) C" will provide :-25,;;; (:=;> logistics. :?5> consulting) to support the activities of the DSD9 &as' 6roup and "A % &he universities will contri#ute through a com#ined cost share a total of :/?,5;;% &hus the net leverage of the re(uested 3S0 funding is :452,5;;% 2.2 Results from Prior NSF Support in L st Five !e rs Ro"ert Fleis#$m n% &CA@11@ Award, 9odular 3odes for Aoints in Steel Special 9oment*@esisting 0ramesB, C9S*;-<=-/;, <!/8!;; (trnsfr) C ;5!2-!;2, :22<,4;;% Under the ongoing research, the " has developed four new modular connection concepts for seismic resistant design, including a fully developed panel zone dissipator modular node ( D*93) and a modular connector (9C)% 0ull*scale prototypes were tested at full scale under the 019A*25; protocol, e)hi#iting remar'a#le ductility and energy dissipation, easily meeting and greatly e)ceeding 019A*25; acceptance criteria% &wo h%D students are wor'ing on the pro$ect% &hree conference papers and a magazine article have #een produced. four $ournal articles are in preparation% See http,!!www%u%arizona%edu!Er#fleisc!career! for info% 0rieder Sei#le, Aoel Conte, Aorge 1% Luco, 'n(re Fili tr ult% n( Jose Restrepo , FLarge Gigh erformance (LG ) 7utdoor Sha'e &a#le,B C9S*;/-?/<2, :5,8<;,;;;, -;!;/ C ;<!;4% &his proposal is aimed at providing the earth(ua'e engineering community with a Large Gigh erformance (LG ) 7utdoor Sha'e &a#le within the 6eorge 1% Hrown, Ar% 3etwor' for 1arth(ua'e 1ngineering Simulation (311S) Colla#oratory% &his LG 7utdoor Sha'e &a#le, currently under construction at UCSD will incorporate performance characteristics that will allow the accurate reproduction of near source ground motions for the seismic testing of very large structural and S0S"

systems% &he 311S!LG 7utdoor Sha'e &a#le is a ?%= m wide #y -/%/ m long single a)is system, with the capa#ility of upgrading to =*D70% &he specifications for the first phase of the facility, proposed herein, are, a stro'e of I;%?5m, a pea' horizontal velocity of -%8 m!s, a horizontal force capacity of =%893, an overturning capacity of 5; 93*m, and a vertical payload capacity of /;93% &he testing fre(uency range will #e ;*/; Gz% &he facility will add a significant new dimension and capa#ilities to e)isting United States testing facilities% 'n(re Fili tr ult% Jose Restrepo, F erformance 1valuation of 6ypsum Jall#oard artitions,B 11C*<?;-5=8 (through the acific 1arth(ua'e 1ngineering @esearch Center * 11@), :<;,;;;, --!;/ C -;!;2% &he o#$ectives of this pro$ect are to develop data and models to characterize the performance of gypsum wall#oard partitions, of the type common to modern office, hotel, and la#oratory #uildings% &he primary varia#les and parameters to #e addressed include wall configuration (aspect ratio, openings, etc), #oundary and support conditions, performance damage states, and loading protocol% &he investigation will culminate in the development of parametric fragility models relating 1ngineering Demand arameters (1D s), such as interstory drift, to various Damage 9easures (D9s), such as crac'ing pattern, which ta'e into account appropriate sources of uncertainties in the response% Apart from the direct usefulness of the resulting fragility models for architectural partitions, this investigation will serve as a model (or #est practice) of how to apply the 11@* H11 methodology to evaluate 1D *D9 performance evaluations for other non*structural #uilding components% Aim @icles, Cl ) N ito% Si#el amu'cu, Ri#$ r( S use, and Kunfeng Dhang, F@eal &ime 9ulti*directional &esting 0acility for Seismic erformance of Large*Scale Structural Systems,B C9S*;/-?2<2, :/,5<2,2-?, -;!;/ C ;<!;4, A new real*time multi*directional (@&9D) testing system is proposed% &his system, with an integrated approach of analysis and e)perimental testing, will increase the a#ility of the 311S consortium to simulate the real time effects of moderate and strong earth(ua'e ground motions on the structural response of #uildings, #ridges, and foundation systems% &he re(uested 311S e(uipment will #e incorporated into the e)isting A&LSS 9ultidirectional 1)perimental La#oratory at LU to form the large*scale @eal &ime 9ulti*Direction (@&9D) earth(ua'e simulation system% &he system will ena#le multi*directional real*time seismic testing of large*scale structural components, structural su#assem#lages, and superassem#lages (systems), and will support methods for real*time testing, including the real*time pseudo*dynamic test method and effective force test method% Ri#$ r( S use, Stephen essi'i, F"nfluence of Diaphragm Hehavior on erformance of recast ar'ing Structures During 3orthridge 1arth(ua'e,B C9S<4-=/?4, :5/,-2?, <!<4*=!<=% &he pro$ect was motivated #y poor performance of par'ing structures during the 3orthridge 1arth(ua'e% &he primary o#$ective was to investigate the role of the precast floor systems, in particular the deformation of the floor systems under in*plane diaphragm forces, in the performance of these structures% 3onlinear static and dynamic analyses of a prototype par'ing structure were conducted% &he pro$ect found that current design codes and practice produce par'ing structure floor diaphragms with inade(uate strength and stiffness, and as a result, deformations of the floor diaphragms are much larger than e)pected in design% &hese deformations have a significant impact on the story drifts o#served in the structure at locations away from stiff lateral force resisting elements% u#lications include, (-) 0leischman, @%H%, Sause, @%, essi'i, S%, @hodes, A%H%, LSeismic Hehavior of recast ar'ing Structure Diaphragms, PCI Journal, 42 (-), Aanuary!0e#ruary, pp% 28*52, -<<8% Stephen essi'i, Ri#$ r( S use, Le*Ju Lu, LSeismic @esponse 1valuation of recast Structural Systems for Marious Seismic Dones and Site Characteristics,L C9S*<2;?88;, :-??,=4-, 8!<2*?!<?% &his pro$ect is studying seismic design and evaluation of precast frame and frame*wall structures with un#onded post*tensioning% Analytical models for the un#onded post*tensioned connection regions have #een developed. parametric design studies have #een conducted, and prototype structures have #een designed for different seismic zones% "nelastic dynamic response analyses of prototype structures are complete% &wo h%D%s have #een completed% u#lications include, (-) 1l* Shei'h, 9%&%, essi'i, S%, Sause, @%, and Lu, L%*J%, L9oment*@otation Hehavior of Un#onded ost*&ensioned recast Concrete Heam*Column Connections,L ACI Structural Journal, <? (-), pp%-//*-2-, /;;;% (/) >urama, K%C%, essi'i, S%, Sause, @%, and Lu, L%*J%, LSeismic Hehavior and Design of Un#onded ost*&ensioned recast Concrete Jalls,L PCI Journal, 44 (2), 9ay!Aune, pp% ?/*8<, -<<<% (2) 1l*Shei'h, 9%&%, Sause, @%, essi'i, S%, and Lu, L%*J%, LSeismic Hehavior and Design of Un#onded ost*&ensioned recast Concrete 0rames,L PCI Journal, 44 (2), 9ay!Aune, pp% 54*?-, -<<<% (4) >urama, K%C%, Sause, @%, essi'i, S%, and Lu, L%*J%, LLateral Load Hehavior and Seismic Design of Un#onded ost*&ensioned recast Concrete Jalls,L ACI Structural Journal, <= (4), pp% =//*=2/, -<<<%

*. +'C,-RO.ND
&he precast concrete industry has mounted a sustained effort to develop seismic*resistant precast concrete con * struction for #uildings N6hosh and Gaw'ins, /;;-O% &his effort was strongly supported #y the 3S0 in the -<<;+s through the recast Seismic Structural Systems ( @1SSS) program N riestley and Lew, -<<4O% Gowever, the @1SSS program focused almost e)clusively on the primary (vertical*plane) lateral force*resisting elements in all

phases of the program% Jith the poor performance of precast concrete diaphragms, including the collapse of several par'ing structures during the -<<4 3orthridge earth(ua'e N"verson and Gaw'ins, -<<4 11@", -<<4O, the need for appropriate seismic design procedures is clear N6hosh, -<<< Cleland, /;;;O% As a result of su#se(uent research NJood et al, -<<5 0leischman et al, -<<= 0leischman et al, -<<8 Jood et al, /;;;O, it is now recognized that a critical #arrier for relia#le seismic performance of precast concrete structures is the design and construction of the floor diaphragms% Jhile recent modifications to diaphragm design practice have #een codified, e%g% -<<? UHC N"CH7, -<<?O, it is generally agreed among researchers and practitioners that current design practices re(uire significant further improvement N3a'a'i, /;;;O% &o address this important issue, UA, UCSD, and LU, together with C", propose a university!industry research colla#oration with the ultimate goal of developing a comprehensive, accurate, and efficient seismic design methodology for precast floor diaphragms% *.1. Di p$r /m +e$ vior &he #ehavior of floor diaphragms is one of the most comple) and least understood aspects in the seismic response of #uildings% "n most types of construction, this lac' of understanding is forgiven as the floor can #e assumed to #e nearly rigid and have sufficient strength to transferring inertial forces while remaining elastic% Gowever, the $ointed nature of precast concrete floor diaphragms e)poses the significant seismic demands that occur in floor diaphragms% &hese demands include, (-) in*plane diaphragm force levels that significantly e)ceed those prescri#ed #y current #uilding codes. (/) une)pected diaphragm internal force patterns (including inertial forces due to diaphragm in*plane vi#ration modes). (2) inelastic #ehavior * a result of the prior two * and associated ductility demands on $oint reinforcing details #etween floor units (panels). and (4) significant diaphragm deformations (which can amplify gravity*force resisting system drift demands)% &hese sesimic demands result from a comple) interaction of system #ehavior (the overall structure), component #ehavior (the floor diaphragms), section #ehavior (diaphragm panels and $oints), and $oint detail #ehavior (individual hardware and reinforcement)% Some aspects of this #ehavior are as follows, &he dynamic (elastic and inelastic) system response results in diaphragm force levels and force distri#utions that do not resem#le the diaphragm forces used in design practice. &he diaphragm dynamic response to these forces depends on #oth the diaphragm strength and fle)i#ility (which may produce critical diaphragm in*plane vi#ration modes). Critical diaphragm sections will develop force com#inations (in*plane shear, moment and thrust) that differ significantly from simple internal force patterns used in design practice. Compati#ility*induced tension force will occur in we# reinforcing details% &hese force com#inations cannot #e anticipated from current diaphragm models used in design practice. "rregularity in the floor plan or lateral force*resisting system element layout can cause fle)ural*torsional in*plane deformation modes to develop. &he discrete forces transferred (at the reinforcing details) in the $oints #etween panels can lead to panel deformations that do not follow plane*sections assumptions of the horizontal #eam models used in diaphragm design practice &he lateral force*resisting system elements imposes compati#ility*induced in*plane forces and out*of* plane rotation on the floor diaphragms (superimposed on the gravity load)

>nowledge of the system #ehavior re(uired to address shortcomings in current design practice are as follows, (-) >nowledge to properly estimate diaphragm force levels and force distri#utions. (/) >nowledge to estimate and correctly limit diaphragm fle)i#ility to avoid unanticipated dynamic response and large drift demands on the attached gravity load*resisting systems. (2) >nowledge of internal force paths and demands within the diaphragm and to design $oint reinforcing details to transfer these forces across $oints #etween precast units (panels). (4) >nowledge to provide structural integrity in e)treme seismic events, including ade(uate ductility to critical $oint reinforcing details, ade(uate seating to the precast units, and ade(uate anchorage to the primary (vertical plane) lateral force*resisting elements% *.2. Issues Criti# l to Developin/ n 'ppropri te Desi/n 0et$o(olo/) for Pre# st Floor Di p$r /ms 1lastic response is the preferred #ehavior for diaphragms NAC", -<</O, owing to the desire for in*plane stiffness NChopra, -<<5O% "n many cases, elastic #ehavior is needed to avoid nonductile failure in the floor system, since this component of the structure is not typically provided with detailing for ductility% Clearly, #uilding designs in which the diaphragm is the structurePs wea' lin' are to #e avoided NJood et al, /;;;O since the seismic force reduction coefficients (the so*called F@ factorsB that reduce elastic earth(ua'e forces to design forces) are #ased on the e)pected inelastic #ehavior of the primary (vertical plane) lateral force*resisting elements (e%g%, shear walls or

moment frames) and are not valid for #uildings that concentrate inelastic #ehavior in the diaphragms% As such, strict #uilding code re(uirements for elastic diaphragm design might #e anticipated% Gowever, even with recent modifications, current code provisions imply elastic diaphragm #ehavior #ut do not necessarily accomplish this goal N3a'a'i, /;;;O% "ndeed, the pro$ect team+s prior research shows that diaphragms designed according to current practice will not remain elastic under the design #asis earth(ua'e N0leischman et al, /;;/O% &hus, in considering an appropriate seismic design methodology for precast diaphragms, several have advocated prescriptive elastic design NCleland, /;;- 6hosh, -<<<O% 6iven the role that inelastic diaphragm #ehavior played in the poor performance of several precast par'ing structures during the 3orthridge 1arth(ua'e N0leischman et al, -<<=O, elastic diaphragm #ehavior seems warranted% An appropriate way to achieve elastic diaphragm #ehavior is a capacity design approach NStandards 3ew Dealand, -<<5O% Capacity design aims to prevent nonductile #ehavior N aulay and riestley, -<</O #y designing ordinary portions of the structure for forces related to the strength of the special, preselected, properly detailed portions of the structure that serve as structural FfusesB% 7ne could imagine using the e(uivalent lateral force (1L0) pattern used for diaphragm design (See 0igure /a) to design diaphragms to #e stronger than the primary (vertical plane) lateral force* resisting elements of the #uilding, there#y relying on the yielding of these systems (for instance a plastic hinge at the #ase of the shear wall in 0ig% /#) as the structural fuse to limit the diaphragm force levels% Gowever, an aspect of diaphragm #ehavior, not anticipated #y the e(uivalent lateral force (1L0) pattern used in design, is the inertial forces that develop due to diaphragm deformations (related to diaphragm in*plane vi#ration modes) during a seismic event%

0igure /% rofiles (0leischman et al N/;;/O), (a) Code 1L0. (c) 0orce. (d) Drift. (e) "n*plane deformation % *.2.1. Di p$r /m Desi/n For#es 1 Diaphragm design forces are currently o#tained through e(uivalent lateral force (1L0) procedures% 0igure /a, for instance, shows the UHC pattern of diaphragm design forces 0 p)% Su#se(uent diaphragm design steps depend on 0p), thus these design forces should resem#le the forces that develop during seismic events% Gowever, evidence shows that diaphragm design forces from 1L0 procedures may significantly underestimate diaphragm inertial forces N@odriguez, @estrepo and Carr, /;;/O for wall and frame structures ali'e N0leischman et al, /;;/. 0leischman and 0arrow, /;;-O% 0urthermore, the ma)imum inertial forces may occur in the lower floors of the structure N0leischman, Sause and essi'i, -<<8. @odriguez, @estrepo and Carr, /;;/O, in direct contradiction to current 1L0 patterns (See 0ig% /c)% Large diaphragm forces have #een deduced from acceleration measurements during earth(ua'es NGall et al%, -<<5O and in sha'ing ta#le tests N>ao, -<<8O% &he uncertainty in (uantifying ma)imum diaphragm forces severely impacts the development of a relia#le and economical capacity design approach% 0or wall structures, in particular, the e)treme force events in the diaphragms are driven #y modifications to the structurePs dynamic properties after hinges form at the #ase of the walls N1#erhard and Sozen, -<<2O% As a result, a capacity design approach that successfully produces shear wall #ase hinges while the diaphragms are elastic does not guarantee elastic diaphragm #ehavior will #e sustained throughout the seismic event% &hus, the mar'ed differences in the dynamic #ehaviors of elastic and inelastic structures ma'e the development of an appropriate diaphragm design methodology challenging, when seismic design procedures implicitly rely on the a#ility to scale from elastic #ehavior to inelastic #ehavior N9iranda and Hertero, -<<4O% A serious attempt to resolve the uncertainties of precast diaphragm seismic design forces re(uires an evaluation of diaphragm force demand through nonlinear transient dynamic analysis and sha'ing ta#le e)periments% "t is noted

that the dependence of diaphragm response on system #ehavior increases in comple)ity with the introduction of diaphragm that are fle)i#ile% *.2.2. Di p$r /m Fle2i"ilit) 1 recast construction is commonly and effectively used for #uilding systems with long floor spans% "n these structures, the typical long distances #etween the primary (vertical plane) lateral force*resisting elements creates a demanding condition for the diaphragms, #y generating significant in*plane #end* ing moments and shear forces during seismic events, and also #y producing a diaphragm that is (uite fle)i#le (See 0ig% /e)% "n precast construction, diaphragm fle)i#ility is e)acer#ated #y the inherent fle)i#ility of $ointed systems compared to a monolithic reinforced concrete diaphragm% Diaphragm fle)i#ility can control a structure+s dynamic properties (structural periods, mode shapes, modal participation and num#er of important modes) N0leischman and 0arrow, /;;-O% Seismic force demands therefore #ecome a function of diaphragm fle)i#ility% "nelastic softening can further amplify the effects of diaphragm fle)i#ility such that the gravity force*resisting system in regions away from the primary lateral force*resisting system elements undergoes amplified drift demands, as shown in 0igure /d for a representative precast structure% 0or these cases, increases in diaphragm design strength will tend to reduce diaphragm deformation and hence the story drift N0leischman et al, /;;/O% As such, diaphragm #ehavior for floors spans of any apprecia#le distance depends on a comple) interrelation of diaphragm strength and fle)i#ility, and is also affected #y the relative strength of the diaphragm to the lateral force*resisting system elements, the system overstrength, and also the ground motion intensity% &he diaphragm #ehaviors descri#ed a#ove are not uni(ue to precast systems% Gowever, the significant seismic demands they produce can #e particularly pro#lematic for $ointed systems in which forces must #e carried #y $oint reinforcing details across the $oints #etween precast units (panels)% &hus, these demands re(uire special consideration for precast floor systems% *.2.*. Di p$r /m Intern l For#e P t$s C rovisions for precast floor diaphragms in high seismic zones re(uire a cast*in*place topping sla# for continuity N"CH7 (-<<?)O% 3evertheless, the $oints represent planes of wea'ness and the sla# will tend to crac' along the edge of precast units during (or prior to) seismic response . As such, the design of NCleland and 6hosh, /;;/O and untopped precast diaphragms ali'e re(uires ade(uate $oint reinforcement to transfer internal forces across $oints #etween the precast units% Current U%S% practice uses a horizontal #eam model NHoc'emohle, -<8-O to determine diaphragm reinforcement% "n this procedure, the diaphragm is treated as a simple #eam lying on its side to determine the internal forces ( (moment and shear) due to Fpx (See #) 0ig% 2a)% Chord steel is provided to carry the entire in*plane #ending ( moment. we# reinforcement across a) panel $oints parallel to the seismic force is designed to carry the entire in*plane shear. collector steel is provided in the diaphragm ad$acent ( to the primary lateral force* c) resisting system elements% "f $oints 0igure 2% Diaphragm "nternal 0orce aths, (a) Gorizontal Heam 9odel. (#) transverse to the loading direction 1nd Conditions. (c) Sources of 0orce Com#inations% e)ist, reinforcement is provided across these sections in accordance with tri#utary shear guidelines N C", -<<<O% &here are a num#er of difficulties with using the horizontal #eam model for precast floor diaphragms, most nota#ly that the method counts somewhat on plastic redistri#ution to allow the forces to end up as shown in 0ig% 4a% 0or instance, @egion - represents a portion of the diaphragm in which the we# reinforcement, designed simply for shear transfer, is under high tension due to the in*plane #ending of the diaphragm% Currently, precast diaphragms have little inherent plastic redistri#ution (ualities, and thus if a section along the force path cannot accommodate the forces, a nonductile failure is li'ely% @egion - happens to #e at a point of small in*plane shear and, although not designed for tension, the we# reinforcement might possess enough inherent tensile strength to handle this force% Gowever, many diaphragm regions are su#$ect to comple) force com#inations (shear, moment, and thrust coinciding at a section) that are more demanding than the internal forces determined from the simple horizontal #eam model in

0igure 4a% 0or instance, for @egion /, we might assume sufficient torsional fle)i#ility in the shear wall to produce essentially zero diaphragm (in*plane) moment at the #oundary% &his condition may not #e present. consider for instance 0igure 4#, in which ma)imum shear and non*negligi#le moment will coincide in @egion /% Consider now @egion 2, in which the reinforcement is treated as resisting only shear. this will #e the case if the inertia forces shown travel sideways to the collector steel. however a stiffer load path may #e provided #y the precast floor #eam near @egion 2 causing a shear*tension com#ination on the reinforcement% "n addition to these cases, other conditions contri#ute to force com#inations including the direction of attac' of seismic loads (e%g% diagonal) and internal forces due to differential movement of vertical elements of the lateral system (See 0ig% 2c)% A ma$or conse(uence of the issues descri#ed a#ove is that diaphragms may #ecome inelastic even when elastic #ehavior is intended% &he $ointed nature of the precast floor diaphragms does not provide inherent protection against internal force overloads, and thus the diaphragms may #ecome the critical components of the lateral force*resisting system% &hus, structural integrity measures must #e designed into a precast diaphragm, even if diaphragms are designed to #e elastic N0i#, /;;/O N0leischman and 0arrow, /;;2O% *.2.3. Di p$r /m Stru#tur l Inte/rit) 1 Structural integrity re(uires ade(uate anchorage of diaphragms to the primary lateral force*resisting system elements, including carrying superimposed gravity loads and accommodating imposed rotations from walls N9enegotto, /;;;O, maintaining seating of the precast units N9e$ia*9c9aster, -<<4O, and providing ade(uate ductility to $oint reinforcing details% "n the event of overloads, inelastic deformation demands will tend to concentrate in the $oint reinforcing details #etween precast units% "n the past, these reinforcing details were developed without full consideration of ductility re(uirements% "ndeed, a nonductile failure mode (shear failure of the we# reinforcement) is the li'ely controlling limit state in the event of inelastic diaphragm action N0arrow and 0leischman, /;;/O% &he potential for non*ductile failure modes must #e eliminated% &ensile deformation demands placed on the we# reinforcement in high in*plane #ending regions (e%g% @egion - in 0ig% 2a) #ecome significant if the chord steel yields and must also #e considered% Standard we# reinforcement (welded wire fa#ric and $oint mechanical connectors) possesses limited tensile deformation capacity and thus may fail% &he effectiveness of shear friction provided #y welded*wire fa#ric at $oints a) ( under tension or fle)ure is also an issue% Diaphragm detailing issues are more comple) for irregular floor plans% As an e)ample consider the #) par'ing structure diaphragm, an irregular floor plan studied e)tensively #y mem#ers of the research team% A typical par'ing structure diaphragm e)hi#its at least four failure*critical locations, one of which will control depending on the loading direction and lateral system layout% 0igure 4a shows e)amples of the deformation patterns that may causing comple) internal force com#inations% &he discretely*connected precast units themselves will not necessarily follow plane*sections assumptions of the simple horizontal #eam model (see 0ig% 4#)% ( &herefore, forces acting on individual $oint reinforcing details may not always #e accurately predicted #y calculations #ased on #eam theory, 0igure 4% "rregular diaphragm even if the internal force com#inations are properly estimated% response, (a) diaphragm in*plane *.*. Con#lusions for Developin/ n 'ppropri te Desi/n deformation modes. (#) precast unit 0et$o(olo/) for Pre# st Floor Di p$r /ms deformation patterns% "n summary, an elastic diaphragm design may #e difficult to achieve relia#ly and economically% &hus, precast diaphragms may see inelastic #ehavior, which is undesira#le #ut difficult to avoid, and thus $oint reinforcing details must #e detailed for ductility . &he multi*faceted conditions of strength, stiffness and ductility lends itself to a design approach #ased on comprehensive performance re(uirements N0leischman and 0arrow, /;;/O with appropriate design overstrength factors N@odriguez et al, /;;/O% A specific list of the design practice advances suggested #y the performance issues raised in the previous section appears in &a#le -%

3. CONCEPT OF T4E PROPOSED RESE'RC4

&o develop the design advances listed in &a#le -, closely integrated e)perimental and analytical simulations are proposed to develop the re(uired 'nowledge of precast floor diaphragm #ehavior and the needed information on the stiffness, strength, and ductility capacity of critical precast diaphragm elements%

-% /% 2%

4%

Estim tin/ Di p$r /m Desi/n For#es5 (a) Develop a methodology for determining diaphragm design forces #ased on a more appropriate pattern and the use of overstrength factors. (#) romote elastic response, #ut #e prudent in anticipating unintended ductility demand% Limitin/ Di p$r /m Fle2i"ilit)5 (a) "ncorporate a rational deflection calculation in diaphragm design% (#) @estrict diaphragm fle)i#ility within limits that ensure safe drift performance in a seismic event% (c) Account for diaphragm fle)i#ility effects on other performance (uantities, e%g% force or ductility% Di p$r /m Intern l For#e P t$s5 (a) Develop a simple yet effective method of calculating forces at a section #ased on the relative stiffness of diaphragm reinforcement elements% (#) rovide guidance on how to determine and com#ine shear and tension components in the analysis of floor systems to permit the design of reinforcement for resultant forces% (c) romote the use of rational methods, e%g% strut*and*tie or stringer* panel methods NHlaauwendraad, Googen#oom, -<<=O for irregular floor plan cases% 0 int inin/ Stru#tur l Inte/rit) 1 Develop a rational and unified method for treating reinforcing details including, (a) 1liminating the potential for nonductile failure in a internal force overload situations #y providing a capacity design for we# reinforcement with respect to the chord steel. (#) roviding recommendations for the tensile characteristics of we# reinforcement (strength, ductility or compliance) to provide the desired seismic #ehavior. &a#le -% Advances for design practice possi#le with 'nowledge gained #y proposed activity

3.1 R tion le Some of the research needed to address the critical issues identified in the previous section have #een underta'en previously, #y others NJood et al, /;;; Jood et al, -<<4O, and #y mem#ers of the research team (as evidenced #y the nine references in this proposal, one cited in the 31G@ provisions NHSSC, /;;;O and the 019A /?2 guidelines NHSSC, -<<?O)% Jhile these pro$ects have produced valua#le information, this previous research suffers from the limitation that diaphragm forces and force paths have #een estimated entirely through analytical simulation (see &a#le /)% &hese analytical simulations depended heavily on test results for individual $oint reinforcing details under highly idealized loading conditions% &he tests of individual $oint reinforcing details, Ne%g%, 9attoc', -<?5. inchiera et al, /;;;. 7liva, -<<8O, achieved their o#$ectives, and the resulting data is e)tremely valua#le, providing a #asis for analytical models and the capacity of individual details% Gowever, direct e)trapolation of these test results to estimate the capacity of an entire $oint is (uestiona#le, #ecause these details possess limited ductility and act in parallel% As a result, the actual $oint #ehavior depends on a comple) interaction of the force com#inations, the load history, and the state of other reinforcing details in the $oint (intact, softening, failed)% "n State*of*the*Art roposed @esearch reality, each individual reinforcement detail is su#$ected to a Level Analysis 1)periment Analysis 1)periment different force com#ination (e%g%, tension!shear, Structural System Q Q 7 Q Q Q compression! shear), and this force com#ination changes as Diaphragm recast Aoint Q 7 Q the stiffness and strength of near#y reinforcement details @einforcing Detail Q 7 degrade% &herefore, even recent am#ituous tests of $oint 3otes, Q * rimary, 7 * Secondary, "nterface * connectors in com#ined shear and tension N inchiera et al, &a#le /% Analytical and e)perimental wor', state* /;;;O cannot #e e)trapolated to accurately predict of*the*art versus proposed research diaphragm $oint #ehavior% 1ntire $oints #etween precast units have #een tested N9oustafa, -<8-O, N orter and Sa#ri, -<<;O, N9enegotto, -<<4O% &he test setups C typically full*scale precast concrete panels loaded with single actuators C impose artificial #oundary conditions (rigid planes, e(ual displacement constraints, etc%) that limit the e)tent to which the o#served #ehavior represents the actual #ehavior of a diaphragm $oint% &he $oint deformation patterns determined #y recent analytical studies (e%g%, 0ig% 5#) suggest that tests using these artificial #oundary conditions provide unrealistic estimates of the capacity of the entire diaphragm $oint, and the force!ductility demands that occur on the reinforcement details% @ecent tests have attempted load paths under more accurate displacement fields NGerlihy and ar', /;;;O% Gowever, the most direct approach is to apply accurate $oint forces in the se(uence, magnitude, and proportion as they might occur in an actual seismic event% &his is the main concept of proposed research% &he 'ey features of this approach are, (-) the use of a versatile load frame capa#le not only of standard cyclic load patterns #ut also force com#inations (either at full*scale for portions of a $oint or at reduced*scale for an entire $oint). (/) the use of detailed finite element (01) models of complete diaphragms from representative floor plans to determine critical force com#inations and deformation patterns. (2) the use of nonlinear time*history dynamic analyses (3&DA) of prototype structures to determine diaphragm force demands under earth(ua'e simulations. (4) the use of (uasi*static tests of the diaphragms and sha'ing ta#le tests of entire structures to verify the 01 and 3&DA results and guide their com#ination in creating critical load histories to which reinforcing details are su#$ected. (5)

reproducing these load histories in the versatile load frame to more closely represent the actual demands on the reinforcing details in an earth(ua'e (see &a#le /)% &hus, the pro$ect relies, as in previous pro$ects, on finite element analyses of precast diaphragms, #ut these analyses will #e verified #y system*level e)periments. and will provide realistic demands for $oint reinforcing detail e)periments% &he versatile test system will allow e)amination of the large num#er of important design parameters under consideration #y the precast industry (topped!untopped. hollow core!dou#le tee. chord, collector, we# reinforcement. anchorage, etc)% 3.2 Propose( Rese r#$ '#tivities &a#le 2 summarizes the proposed research activities% &hese activities provide the 'nowledge that ena#les the design advances listed in &a#le -, the research activities and delivera#les% 1ach university has individual research activities yet significant value is gained #y integrating these activities% -% /% Determine li'ely diaphragm force demands, and Determine li'ely diaphragm*induced drift demands #y, erform nonlinear time*history dynamic analyses on a representative set of precast structures under ground motions scaled to hazard levels for different regions of the country (UA, UCSD)% Merify the analyses through sha'ing ta#le test comparisons (UCSD)% 2% Determine the li'ely (i) force distri#ution #etween chord and we# reinforcement for different details at a general section. and (ii) force com#inations at critical sections of different representative floor plans. and (iii) chord*collector interaction for different seismic loading directions, erform finite element analyses on a set of representative precast floor plans and details under lateral loads from different angles of attac' (UA)% Merify the analyses #y a limited num#er of (uasi*static diaphragm tests and sha'ing ta#le tests that reproduce the diaphragm+s distri#uted horizontal geometry (UCSD)% Use the resulting force com#inations as loading histories for the full*scale e)periments in versatile load frame, allowing several details and locations to #e evaluated under an accurate representation of actual force conditions (LU)% 4% "nvestigate deformation patterns and ductility demand, determine characteristics of local deformations, Conduct sha'ing ta#le tests (UCSD)% 1)amine regular to irregular floor plans analytically to determine demand on details (UA)% erform load tests for 'ey regions of each set of representative floor plans using the load patterns o#tained in analysis to produce li'ely overload (ductility) conditions (LU)% &a#le 2% roposed @esearch Activities to 7#tain 3eeded >nowledge 3.*. Inte/r tion of 'n l)ti# l n( E2periment l Rese r#$ wit$ In(ustr) ,nowle(/e 0igure 5 shows a flow chart descri#ing the integrated approach proposed for the diaphragm research% (-) "ndividual $oint reinforcing detail (element) tests will #e performed on at full scale under simple (proportional) cyclic load com#inations% &he properties determined (in con$unction with prior wor') will #e used as input to create accurate diaphragm 01 models% (/) &he 01 models (of representative floor plans) will #e analyzed under different earth(ua'e loading conditions% &he 1 analytical models will #e verified or appropriately modified #y direct 4 / comparison to (uasi*static push tests (/a)% / (2) 1arth(ua'e simulations will #e a performed on models of representative structures at different levels of seismic 2 2 3 2 2 hazard% &hese analyses will #e verified or a appropriately cali#rated #y sha'ing ta#le tests (2a)% &he analyses esta#lish seismic 0igure 5, e)perimental and *0low chart of integrated * demands% analytical activities at the three consortium sites

(4) Hased on seismic demands o#tained in the structure analyses in (2), and force com#inations and deformation patterns o#tained in the diaphragm analyses in (/), realistic loading patterns are applied to portions of full*scale precast units and entire $oints at half*scale in the multi*component load frame% &hese patterns will correspond to histories at different critical diaphragm locations (ma)imum fle)ure, shear, ad$acent to wall anchorage, etc%)% As shown in the final column in 0igure 5, the research program is structured to produce distinct design delivera#les including, (-) an appropriate diaphragm design force pattern in terms of magnitude and distri#ution. (/) a procedure to determine the li'ely com#ination of internal forces at 'ey diaphragm sections. (2) a unified design for reinforcement in untopped and topped diaphragms. (4) structural integrity provisions including the re(uired ductility characteristics of the reinforcement. (5) the strength and ductility characteristics of typical diaphragm reinforcement and connection details relative to these provisions, including pre(ualification of e)isting details and a prototcol for (ualification testing for new details. (=) design and detailing recommendations for anchorage of the diaphragm to the vertical elements of the lateral (load*resisting) system. and (?) diaphragm elastic stiffness calculations and limits on diaphragm fle)i#ility% &o accomplish the integration of research, shown in 0igure 5, with industry needs and 'nowledge, specific interactions among the pro$ect team mem#ers are needed% &he team will ma'e use of two groups for industry interaction, An "ndustry Advisory anel ("A ) for #road oversight and a Diaphragm Seismic Design 9ethodology (DSD9) &as' 6roup, for specific tas's related to the research activity% 0ive types of interactions are planned, (-) #i* wee'ly conference calls or we# meetings of researchers from UA, UCSD, and LU with the participation of DSD9 &as' 6roup mem#ers. (/) (uarterly face*to*face meetings of the pro$ect team (UA, UCSD, and LU with the DSD9 &as' 6roup). (2) semi*annual meetings of the pro$ect team with the "A at C"+s fall convention and C"+s spring committee meeting days. (4) special*purpose visits of UA researchers to UCSD and LU for detailed discussions to integrate the analytical and e)perimental research and to o#serve e)periments. and (5) e)tended e)changes of the graduate student researchers among the universities during the summers% &he DSD9 &as' 6roup will #e instrumental in helping to guide the physical scope, including, (-) the selection of prototype structures in terms of lateral system types, story height, floor plan, and (/) the selection of representative floor plans in terms of configuration C dimension, framing and lateral system layout. reinforcement details and construction practice. and also at the end of the pro$ect to help transform the research results into an appropriate design methodology% &he o#$ectives of the 3S0+s 67AL" program re(uire special attention to industry participation in the research colla#oration% "ndustry will participate in three ways, (-) participation of the DSD9 &as' 6roup in regular pro$ect meetings. (/) participation of DSD9 &as' 6roup mem#er S%>% 6hosh, C"+s designated representative, as Co* " of the pro$ect. and (2) semi*annual meetings with the "A % &he DSD9 &as' 6roup is organized to provide regular, detailed guidance to the university researchers throughout the pro$ect% DSD9 &as' 6roup mem#ers, identified in Section ? Hroader "mpacts, are primarily precast #uilding design engineers and engineering consultants with in* depth 'nowledge of precast diaphragm design issues and e)perience with seismic #uilding code development processes% &he "ndustry Advisory anel is organized to provide #road industry input to the pro$ect, and includes precast producers, designers, and academics% &he mem#ers of the "A are identified in C"+s letter of commitment to the pro$ect% 3.3. Future Opportunities &he proposed colla#orative pro$ect of integrated e)perimental and analytical research represents the #est opportunity thus far to develop comprehensive understanding of diaphragm #ehavior% 0or this reason, the design methodology emerging from the proposed research should represent a significant advance over the state*of*the* practice% Gowever, diaphragm research will need to continue in the future to further understanding of the topic. increase the confidence in the design methodology developed #y the proposed research. point to areas that re(uire modification, and aid in the development of new systems or construction techni(ues, particularly those #rought on #y the new design methodology, for instance as Fproof of conceptB tests on an emerging design% "n this regard, the timing of this proposal is ideal #ecause the proposed pro$ect timeta#le coincides with the construction and the 7cto#er /;;4 commissioning of the 6eorge 1% Hrown 3etwor' for 1arth(ua'e 1ngineering Simulation (311S)% 6iven the e)pected capa#ilities of the 311S ortfolio, including large scale sha'ing ta#les and full*scale hy#rid testing, the promise for a new generation of structural system e)perimental research is great% &he research team is well*represented in 311S, including an award for the largest domestic sha'ing ta#le (UCSD) and a full*scale hy#rid testing site (LU)% &he seismic performance of precast diaphragms is an ideal candidate for future la#oratory simulations using the 311S testing facilities at UCSD and LU to accommodate the distri#uted nature of the floor system in near full*scale, to enforce realistic #oundary conditions, and to provide an accurate representation of the actual dynamic loading% &he proposed 3S0 activity, while directly adressing a pressing industry concern, also represents an uni(ue opportunity to develop a 'nowledge #ase for future 311S research #y, (-) suggesting the

<

appropriate simulations that should #e performed. (/) ensuring that the correct #oundary conditions are applied across su#structuring interfaces for hy#rid testing%

6. RESE'RC4 PRO-R'0
&he e)perimental program will ma'e use of e)isting infrastructure at the UCSD and LU testing la#oratories% reliminary design of the test setups has already #een initiated% "n particular, it is important to note that the team mem#er has performed nearly identical tests on another type of construction N0iliatrault, /;;/O, and that these tests are #eing heavily leveraged #y one of the consortium institutions (UCSD)% &he analytical program will rely on the team+s advanced state of 'nowledge on this topic to e)tend rather than develop models% All these factors tend to minimize ris' and start*up delays% &his is viewed as a significant advantage to allow the team to focus their creative energy on the research and design issues% 6.1 Des#ription of 'n l)ti# l 0et$o(s 9odeling the #ehavior of precast floor diaphragms is challenging, re(uiring detailed models to capture comple) deformation patterns, compati#ility*induced forces and non*traditional dynamic mode shapes% &hus, the endeavor re(uires realistic models that capture pertinent #ehavior through the use of the latest analytical tools and computational power, and must not only involve competent modeling (#oth nonlinear static and dynamic), #ut also advanced understanding of the modeling issues% At the same time, it must #e 'ept in mind that simple tools and models need to #e developed for practical use in design% &he two stage approach adopted in the team+s prior analytical research will #e e)tended, Detailed finite element (01) models of individual floor diaphragms are su#$ect to nonlinear static (pushover) analyses to determine service level stiffness and ultimate strength of the diaphragms (capacity step)% 9ulti*degree*of*freedom (9D70) models (created using the properties derived from the pushover analyses #ut at less detail to facilitate reasona#le analysis times) are su#$ect to suite of earth(ua'es through nonlinear transient dynamic analysis to esta#lished seismic demands for structures (demand step)% &he 01 discretization of the $oints #etween the precast units employs nonlinear springs and contact elements% &he characteristics of the reinforcing elements are #ased on empirical data% &he 9D70 models are developed using a generalized coordinate treatment NChopra, -<<5O% &he properties for these models are o#tained from the 01 pushover analyses% 6lo#al diaphragm demands o#tained in the dynamic analyses are used as reference points to loo' up local ductility demands #y e)amining the internal state of the 01 model% &his sym#iotic relationship #etween the two research stages illustrates the dependence of demand on capacity% 1arly in the effort, the team will evaluate refining of the approach, including e)amining the feasi#ility of three* dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis, and though its use certainly would enhance the wor', the a#ility to perform the research does not hinge on this feature% 6.2. Des#ription of Stru#tur l S)stem7Di p$r /m E2periment l Pro/r m A three*story one*(uarter scale #uilding will #e #uilt at UCSD% &his #uilding will #e constructed to o#serve system #ehavior under static and dynamic loading conditions% &he plan dimensions of the #uilding will #e = ft = in% wide #y -< ft = in% long, as shown in 0igure 8a% &he diaphragm in this #uilding will #e constructed using scaled precast concrete floor units and will incorporate connection details identical to those used in practice% &he diaphragm reinforcement will #e designed in accordance to the re(uirements of the -<<? edition of the Uniform Huilding Code N"CH7 -<<?O% 7ne floor will incorporate a untopped diaphragm whereas a cast*in*place topping will #e featured in the other two floors% 0loor units of different widths will #e used to #uild each of the topped floors to represent 2 ft dou#le*& units or 4 ft hollowcore units% &he #uilding will #e constructed on the -; ft #y -= ft uni*directional earth(ua'e simulator facility at the Charles Lee owell La#oratory% Structural walls will provide the lateral force resistance in the direction of loading% &he walls will #e supported on a stiff steel #ase with cantilever outriggers% A similar #ase was successfully used recently to test a full*scale woodframe house N0ischer, D% et al% /;;;. 0iliatrault et al% /;;/O% Characterization of the #uilding and diaphragm+s response will #e o#tained through (uasi*static and dynamic sha'e ta#le tests% &he (uasi*static tests will consist on the application of a point load at the center of a diaphragm to a#out ?5 percent of the in*plane load capacity% 0or this purpose, the floor diaphragm under consideration will #e attached to the reaction wall that is ad$acent to the sha'e ta#le, as shown in 0igure ?#% &he #ase of the #uilding will #e moved slowly #y the sha'e ta#le in order to induce the desired loading to the diaphragm% 1ach diaphragm will #e su#$ected to three complete cycles to /5, 5; and ?5 percent of the theoretical in*plane capacity% Displacement transducers will #e set in place to monitor the diaphragm in*plane deformations and to ena#le the decomposition of the shear and fle)ural deformations% Strains in different parts of the diaphragms and in the main reinforcement will also #e monitored during these tests% &he main advantage of this (uasi*static testing techni(ue using the complete structural system is the direct inclusion of realistic #oundary conditions along the edges of the diaphragms% &he

-;

ensem#le of records for the tests will include pulse*loading, #and*limited white noise and historic ground motions, S t ro n g J S at roll n g J a ll S t ro n g J a ll including a near*fault record%
C e ll Load Lo a d C L eo lla d Cell
L o a d C e ll

in , t y p %
&e s t C o n in , &e s t C o lu m n , = lu ft m C= ty p % ty p %

in , t y p %

in , t y p %

&

& ll

& L o a Ldo a Cd eC lle L o a d C e ll

&e s t H e a &e m s ,t H e a m , ty p % ty p % C 4

&e s t C o lu m n , ty p %
C @eaction Jall

C -

Side Jalls

C /

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&e s t H e a m , 0loor Diaphragms t y pC 2% C C4

Steel Hase with Cantilever 7utriggers

/ % ; / / 5 % ;m / 5 m

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0igure 8, a% Diaphragm lan Miew for UCSD System &est. ". Ruasi*static &esting of 2rd 0loor Diaphragm 6.*. Des#ription of Pre# st .nits7Joint Reinfor#ement Det il E2periment l Pro/r m A multi*component diaphragm (9CD) test fi)ture will #e #uilt at LU% &he 9CD testing will #e capa#le of investigating a variety of precast diaphragm $oint reinforcement details at full*scale including connections #etween individual precast units, connections #etween precast units and intermediate supports, and connections #etween precast units and collectors such as shear walls (See 0ig% <)% &hese tests will ena#le direct evaluation of a detail+s a#ility to transfer $oint forces, provide ade(uate anchorage to the vertical elements of the lateral system, and sustain the diaphragm+s structural integrity in e)treme seismic events%
? %2 < ; m

D. Dia phragm - Wall

E. Dia phra gm - Wa ll 3

!"##$ P"A%

C. Interm edia te Diaphra gm Support

B. Dia phra gm - Wall 1 A. Dia pragm (Pa nel to Pa nel Intera ction)

0igure <, 1)amples of locations in precast diaphragms to #e reproduced in the 9CD testing &he ma$ority of testing will focus on the performance of the connected precast units su#$ected to a com#ination of shear, a)ial load, and fle)ure across 'ey portions of $oints #etween precast units (0ig% -;a)% Jhile tests of full* scale panels with $oints under simple #oundary conditions do not capture all the conditions to which the diaphragm

--

$oints are su#$ected, a limited num#er of such F#aselineB tests will #e used to assist in interpreting the more comple) load cases% &he system will allow for future testing of conditions at walls or supporting #eams (See 0ig% -;#)% 0inally, entire panel $oints will #e tested for reduced*scale dou#le tees units and full*scale hollow core units (See 0ig% -;c)% &est su#*components will measure appro)imately /;ft% ) /;ft% in plan% &he setup will #e configured to accommodate #oth these types of units with and without topping sla#s and apply cyclic loading at (uasi*static displacement rates% &opped tests will #e staged to capture the in*service state and gravity load% &he 9CD fi)ture will first #e used to evaluate elements or panels under simple demands such as pure shear or a)ial force (#aseline tests)% &he purpose of these tests is to provide a performance #aseline for the su#se(uent precast $oint tests under more comple) loading conditions% An e)ample of a representative #aseline study the "A might consider is the e)amination of welded wire fa#ric shear friction capa#ilities under cyclic shear force as superimposed tension (or fle)ure) is increased%
Shea r Actuator

(e rtical Actua tor WW!

(ertical Actuator Beam or Wa ll Chord Ste el

A. Dia phra gm pa ne l-pa nel conne ction

B. Dia phra gm - &a ll or inte rm e dia te 'upport

C. Sca le d dia phra gm pa ne l-pa nel conne ction

0igure -;, lan views of 9CD fi)ture showing test configurations A, H, C 0ollowing the #aseline e)perimental program, tests will #e conducted using histories of varied levels of a)ial, shear, and moment determined in the analytical program to define the forces and displacements imposed #y the three actuators of the 9CD fi)ture% &hese tests will evaluate performance under more realistic load histories% 0or scheduling efficiency, hollow core tests will #e conducted in first followed #y the dou#le tee investigation% &he scheduling plan is summarized in section 5% 1)perimental evaluations of the design capacity for 'ey regions of topped and untopped precast diaphragms will occur through testing the selected reinforcement details in portions of precast units and entire precast units at full*scale . &hough the test matri) will #e developed in colla#oration with the "A , &a#le 4 shows a potential testing program involving appro)imately -= full*scale reduced length precast unit test specimens%
&est Description Simple anel* anel Connection &ests Gigh Shear @egion Gigh Shear and &ension Gigh Shear @egion Gigh Shear and &ension Diaphragm anel* anel Connection &ests Gigh 0le)ure @egion Gigh shear and 0le)ure 9ultiple Connection anel* anel &ests Gigh Shear, &ension, T 0le)ure @egion Gigh Shear, &ension, T 0le)ure @egion / Gigh Shear, &ension, T 0le)ure @egion 2
SS D * Dou#le tee, G * Gollow core, U * Untopped, & * &opped

Load Gistory

&est Configuration A A A A C C A A A

Dou#le &eeSS Untopped &opped A-DU A/DU A2DU- T A2DU/ A4DU- T A4DU/ C-DU C/DU A5DU- T A5DU/ A=DU- T A=DU2 A?DU- T A?DU4

Gollow CoreSS Untopped

9onotonic 9onotonic Cyclic Cyclic Cyclic Cyclic 0rom Analysis 0rom Analysis 0rom Analysis

* A-GU * A/GU A2D& A2GU- T A2GU/ A4D& A4GU- T A4GU/ C-D& C/D& A5D& A=D& A?D& * C/GU * * *

&a#le 4, otential $oint!unit test matri) 8. SC4ED.LE OF 9OR, &he research program is scheduled for a three*year duration% A detailed 6antt chart of the pro$ect is shown in 0igure --% &he program incorporates industrial and academic participation, analytical studies, and e)perimental testing into an integrated research program% Upon securing funding, the wor' will commence with finalization of the "ndustry Advisory Hoard ("A )% &he "A will provide #road oversight. activities will #e discussed and planned at #iannual @esearch 9eetings (@9s)% &he Diaphragm Seismic Design 9ethodology (DSD9) &as' 6roup is in place. no modifications to this group are anticipated at this time% &he common responsi#ilities of the DSD9 and the research team include, developing a target design philosophy. determining the physical scope, agreeing to test setups

-/

and programs, setting a testing protocol for research and one for (ualification. developing performance targets and appropriate metrics, and developing a uniform design methodology for precast concrete diaphragms% &as's regarding development and approval of test setups. and conception and approval of the test program will occur over fre(uent conference calls and emails and will #e finalized during the first two @9s%
TASK

0 1 2 ( '1 , / 0 1 3 4 10 '2 11 12 1(
TAS5

1( 1, 1/ 10 '( 11 13 14 ', 20
TAS5

20 21 22 '/ 2( 2, '0 2/ 57=>

PROJECT YEAR 1 NSF GOALI Program funding acquired Finalize IAP e!ie" de#ign code, #$a$e of %rac$ice Se$ agenda ) di#$ri*u$e $o IAP Fir#$ e#earc+ 'ee$ing efine Anal-$ical 'odel# EQ simulations on Prototype Structures LU Simple P !el-P !el C"!!e#$i"! Te%$% Plan .CS& S+a2e Ta*le Program Dynamic analysis of shake table structures FE analyses of Shake Table diaphragms Finalize .CS& S+a2e Ta*le Program Second e#earc+ 'ee$ing Produce In$erim e%or$ Produce #%ecimen# for S+a2e Ta*le $e#$# FE (diaphragm) analyses of prototype floor plans PROJECT YEAR 2 FE (diaphragm) analyses of prototype floor plans 6uild S+a2e Ta*le S%ecimen# &' %i-%$ $i# Te%$% "! (i p)* +m S) ,e T -le Te%$i!+ T+ird e#earc+ 'ee$ing Com%are #+a2e $a*le re#ul$# "i$+ F7 anal-#e# (i p)* +m P !el-P !el C"!!e#$i"! Te%$% Finalize loading %a$$ern# Four$+ e#earc+ 'ee$ing M'l$iple C"!!e#$i"! P !el-P !el Te%$% PROJECT YEAR 3 M'l$iple C"!!e#$i"! P !el-P !el Te%$%. #"!$/ 'odel# and Anal-#i# for un$o%%ed &e$ermine ;uan$ifica$ion me$ric#, $e#$ing %ro$ocol Fif$+ e#earc+ 'ee$ing &e!elo% &e#ign 'e$+odolog3D FE out of plane anchorage Si<$+ e#earc+ 'ee$ing Final e%or$ E0pe*ime!$% i! -"l1? !nalyses in "talics

TEAM
PT PT, PCI PT, &S&' PT PT,IAP .A,.CS& .A, .CS& L. .CS&,&S&' .CS& .A .CS& PT,IAP PT, &S&' P .A

10

11

12

OC1-3 OC4 Planning Se$u% Planning OC5

%re%are %re#en$

"ri$e $o%%ed 11

a%%ro!e

TEAM
.A .CS& .CS& .CS& PT,IAP .A, .CS& L. .A, L. PT,IAP L.

3 4 $o%%ed 8con9$:

10 un$o%%ed

12

TEAM
L. .A PT, &S&' PT,IAP .A, L. PT,IAP

10

11

12

un$o%%ed 8con9$:

PT @ %roAec$ $eam 8en$ire:? IAP @ Indu#$r- Ad!i#or- Panel 8include# Ta#2 Grou%:? &S&' @Ta#2 Grou%? P @ %roducer#? PCI @ Preca#$BPre#$re##ed Concre$e In#$i$u$e? L. @ Le+ig+ .ni!C, .CS& @ .ni!C CalC San &iego, .A @ .ni!C Arizona

0igure --, ro$ect schedule T s: 1. 'ssem"le In(ustr) '(visor) P nel C &he research team envisions finalizing the "ndustry Advisory anel ("A ) within 4 wee's of notification of the award% &he "A will meet with the research team two times annually, once during C" Committee Days (April) and once during the C" 3ational Convention (7cto#er)% &he DSD9 &as' 6roup will interact more fre(uently with the ro$ect &eam and will meet at least once at each site dependent on e)periment scheduling% T s: 2. Review n( ev lu te e2istin/ #o(e C&he code review, literature survey, and data#ase wor' will #e completed within the first two months ( &, DSD9)% 1valuation of e)isting code will commence at the first @9. code evaluation su#tas's will #e developed and assigned (DSD9), and consensus on the code evaluation!new directions is targeted for @9/% A data#ase of industry and proprietary testing will #e created% T s: *. Distri"ute p #:et for R01 C &he pac'et will contain lists of potential structures, floor plans and reinforcement details% &hese options will #e discussed and selections will #e made during @9U-% R01, @esearch meeting - will #e held in con$unction with a C" Committee Day meeting% &hree milestone goals will #e achieved during @9-, Milestone #1: Determine scope of study in terms of structural system and floor plans. Milestone #2: Select feasible subset of reinforcement details for the study. Milestone #3: Select (element) testing program for indi idual reinforcement details. As part of achieving these goals the DSD9 will review and approve or modify research program as needed. select set of prototype structures, floor plans, construction, structural systems, etc%. select geographical regions (seismic zones). select a set of reinforcement details, e)isting details, promising new details, state of construction in other countries. review state of testing on diaphragm reinforcement details and identify missing coverage. approve

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element testing program at LU ( hase ") including load com#inations and loading protocols. present initial plans for UCSD test structure, approve, modify scope as needed. initiate discussion on design methodology% T s: 3. Refine n l)ti# l mo(els ;.'% .CSD< C 1)tend e)isting analytical models will #e for use in this research% &his tas' involves the first interaction #etween graduate students at UA and UCSD% >nowledge will #e e)changed to allow the most efficient approach to #e selected% T s: 6. Perform e rt$=u :e simul tions on protot)pe stru#tures C Using selected floor configurations and structural systems, design parametric study for determining system level demands for rigid diaphragm (UCSD), and fle)i#el diaphragms (UA)% Select ground motions corresponding to multiple hazard levels for different geography% Select design parameters, Diaphragm strength, fle)i#ility, lateral system strength, etc% #ased on DSD9 guidance% Milestone # ! "sti#ate of Seis#ic De#ands on Protot$pe Structures. Desi%n Delivera&le #'! Desi%n Force Pattern( Li#its on Diap)ra%# Flexi&ilit$. T s: 8. + seline Element Tests ;L.< > &he needed #aseline tests on individual elements identified in @9U- will commence at LU% &he purpose of these tests in hase " is to provide accurate input data for analytical models of the diaphragm% &ests of connections in hollow core panels will #e conducted first followed #y dou#le tee connections% &ests will consist of single element su#$ected to com#inations of shear, tension, and compression loading% Milestone #*! Capacit$ of Individual +einforce#ent Details. Desi%n Delivera&le #,! -o#inal Stren%t) of Individual +einforce#ent. T s: ?>1@. Develop .CSD =u si>st ti#7s$ :e t "le tests C reliminary wor' will #e performed to assure the UCSD tests will provide the needed data including, 3onlinear finite element analyses of the (uasi*static tests (UA). Dynamic analysis of the sha'e ta#le tests (UCSD). &entative decision on the final test specimens (pending "A approval in @9/)% 6raduate students at UA and UCSD will wor' closely to assure each teams model is using appropriate #oundary conditions and element data% Consensus on the nature of the UCSD tests will #e reached #y the " and co* "s. construction and reinforcing details will #e determined #y the DSD9% R025 @esearch meeting / will #e held in con$unction with a C" Convention% During the meeting the following tentative tas's will #e accomplished, -) report on research progress of analytically defined seismic demands on prototype structures, and e)perimental determined capacity of individual reinforcement details. revisit selection of reinforcing details ("A ). approve. improve. re$ect. design of prototype structures to current code (DSD9). finalize UCSD test program, loading histories, review e)pected performance. propose LU multi*component test program guided #y analysis. estimate num#er of LU tests. develop design methodology. propose load pattern (initial). and propose drift limits% 7ne milestone goal will #e achieved during @9/, Milestone #!: "ppro e #$SD program% release producers to create specimens T s: 11% Report 9ritin/ * resent outcome of hase " wor' at /;;2 C" Convention. provide written report in 3ovem#er /;;2 (includes milestone in @9U/)% C" approves!modifies the testing program Decem#er /;;2% T s: 1*>13. Perform Di p$r /m 'n l)ses ;.'< * As Kear / is initiated, three parallel activities will occur at each consortium institution% Diaphragm analyses are performed on detailed finite element models representing the prototype floor plans under the demands esta#lished in the earth(ua'e simulations of the prototype structures% &he models will #e #uilt with the information provided in &as' = and loaded to levels o#served in &as' ?% &o #e successful on this tas' re(uires the strong interactions #etween the research teams at each institution% rototype floor configurations &opped!pretopped. Gollowcore!dou#le tees ushover. cyclic, 1arth(ua'e histories T s: 16>18. Perform Di p$r /m7Stru#tur l S)stem Level E2periments ;.CSD< * Ruarter*scale models of the topped and untopped prototype diaphragms will #e evaluated under (uasi*static testing and sha'ing ta#le tests% A site visit involving the entire research team and the DSD9 will occur at UCSD% R0*5 @esearch meeting 2 will #e held in con$unction with a C" Committee day meeting% During the meeting the following tentative tas's will #e accomplished, @eport on research program at UCSD, LU, and UA. select loading conditions for LU multi*component tests (#ased on 01 results to date). finalize floor plans and 'ey floor regions for study (DSD9). finalize loading orientation, intensity level, etc% 7ne milestone goal will #e achieved during @92, Milestone #.! Finali/e t)e LU #ulti0co#ponent pro%ra# Milestone #1! Decide on t)e load patterns2)istories for use as input to t)e MCD. T s: 1?5 Comp re to s$ :in/ t "le results ;.'% .CSD<> &he topped sha'ing ta#le tests and the 01 analyses will #e compared and evaluated #y researchers at UA and UCSD%

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T s: 1A. Di p$r /m P nel>P nel Conne#tion Tests ;L.< > System tests will #e conducted on full*scale panels% &he system #ehavior of the panels will #e evaulated using the load histories from the most demanding situation (high shear!fle)ure!a)ial in par'ing structure)% T s: 2@5 0ultiple Conne#tion P nel>P nel E2periments ;L.< C &ests on full*scale reduced length panels with multiple connections will #e conducted% &he 9CD will simulate the displacement demands on the connections found #y the analytical and sha'ing ta#le tests% A site visit involving the entire research team and the DSD9 will occur at Lehigh% Desi%n Delivera&le! Ductilit$ De#ands on Details R035 @esearch meeting 4 will #e held at a C" Convention% A report on final #aseline tests and initial multi* component tests will #e made% "n addition, (uantification metrics will #e developed% At this time, it is appropriate for the DSD9 and the research teams to formulate a preliminary framewor' for the design methodology% 7ne milestone goal will #e developed, Milestone #3! Develop 4ar%et De#ands( Desi%n Delivera&le! 5aseline Joint Capacit$ R065 At the 5th research meeting at the C" Committee Day, the DSD9 will present the -st draft design methodology and the (ualification testing protocol will #e discussed% Design methodology su#tas's will #e assigned% T s: 2*5 Development of t$e Desi/n 0et$o(olo/) 1 Heginning immediately after @95 and e)tending until the end of the pro$ect, the DSD9 will lead the effort to develop the design methodology including strategies to #ring this methodology into the code% T s: 235 *D Finite Element 'n#$or /e Stu() 1 Utilizing the e)perimental results detailed and simplified anchorage studies will #e conducted at LU and AU% R085 During the final research meeting at the annual C" Convention consensus on a final draft design methodology will #e achieved and the applica#ility of untopped construction will #e discussed% 0ollowing the meeting a final report will #e developed over the last two months incorporating all comments% ?. +RO'DER I0P'CTS &he pro$ect will directly impact seismic design practice and #uilding codes for precast concrete #uildings, and the pro$ect results, when put into practice, will advance the safety of precast concrete #uildings in seismic zones% &he interest of the pro$ect+s industry partner, C", is evident from their funding contri#utions, outlined in Section on page - of the ro$ect Description, as well as from C"+s commitment to financially support the activities of the DSD9 &as' 6roup and the "A % &he planned interactions and roles of the DSD9 &as' 6roup and the "A were outlined in Section 4%2 on page < of the ro$ect Description% &he mem#ership of the "A is given in the commitment letter from C"% &he mem#ership of the DSD9 &as' 6roup is as follows, S%>% 6hosh, DSD9 &as' 6roup Chair, ro$ect Co* ", resident, S% >% 6hosh Associates, "nc% S'o'ie "L% @oger Hec'er, Mice resident, Spancrete "ndustries, "nc%, Jau'esha J" 3ed Cleland, resident, Hlue @idge Design, "nc%, Jinchester MA &om D+Arcy, Chair of C" @esearch Committee, resident, Consulting 1ngineers 6roup, San Antonio &Q 3eil Gaw'ins, rofessor 1meritus, Univ% of "llionois aul Aohal, C" @esearch Director, C", Chicago, "L Aoe 9affei, @utherford T Che'ene 1ngineers, 7a'land, CA Susie 3a'a'i, 1ngineering Consultant, resident, &he 3a'a'i Hashaw 6roup, "nc%, "rvine, CA 1ach of the mem#ers is (uite active in this area% 3% Gaw'in+s presence on the DSD9 provides the team with direct information of ongoing C"*supported research on precast diaphragms at the 9id*America 1arth(ua'e Center at Ur#ana*Champaign and Dr% Gaw'ins has proposed that these efforts #e aligned% &he pro$ect team will e)plore these possi#ilities% &he pro$ect team is confident that the participation of the DSD9 &as' 6roup and interactions with the "A will result in an appropriate seismic design methodology for precast diaphragms, which is the pro$ect+s goal% Gowever, the full impact of the pro$ect will not #e realized unless this seismic design methodology is deployed into practice% &o this end, the pro$ect team is committed to ma'e regular presentations to design practitioners at C"+s annual fall convention and annual spring committee meetings, to wor' with C" to advance the pro$ect results into #uilding codes, and to participate in C"*sponsored regional seminars% Also, the pro$ect team will present the pro$ect results at national research conferences and disseminate the results through peer*reviewed pu#lications% &he pro$ect will also provide educational #enefits at the participating universities% &he pro$ect will financially support four graduate students, including - 9%S% and - h%D student at UA, - h%D% student at UCSD, and - h%D% student at LU% &hese students at each university will have the opportunity to travel to the other universities for

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meetings and e)tended stays% "n particular, tas's 4,8,< and -? involve strong interaction #etween graduate students at UA and UCSD. li'ewise tas's -8 and /; involve strong interaction #etween graduate students at UA and LU. and tas' -2 involves interaction #etween all three groups% &he students will #e educated through the research and the interactions with industry practitioners% 0inally, the pro$ect team will utilize pro$ect results in graduate curriculum at the participating universities, and in seminars and short courses for industry practitioners%

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