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Save energy and money with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs and fixtures.
Look for the ENERGY STAR� label. Did you know that energy efficient CFL�s:
- Last up to 10 times as long as regular incandescent bulbs? - Use up to 75% less
energy?
- Save you up to $65 in energy costs?
**CFL�s require proper disposal--they contain small amounts of mercury that can
harm the environment. Check your local recycling program for toxic waste disposal
centers.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED�s) are also becoming more popular. They last about 5x
longer than CFL�s; do not contain mercury; deliver 6x the light per unit of
electricity than incandescent; becoming more widely available.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductors. Layers of highly purified

chemicals are deposited in reactors on substrate �wafers.� These are diced (or the
material is lifted off) to create individual �chips� (die). The chemistry
determines the color.

When a typical light emitting diode (LED) is forward-biased light is emitted.�

When the voltage difference across the poles is reversed, so that the high voltage
is at the cathode and low voltage at the anode, it is reverse-biased and no light
is generated.� Meanwhile, LEDs act as normal diodes in that a small leakage
current is produced across the diode junction when it is connected in reverse.� In
fact, the leakage current is directly proportional to the amount of incident light
on the LED.� By measuring the time the internal capacitance takes to discharge
(i.e. change from a HIGH to LOW logic state) we can determine the extent of a
user's interaction with a particular LED or region of LEDs.
�
Through the precise measurement of incident light, the generic visualization
system is implemented as a touch-sensitize LED panel.� By integrating multiple LED
panels together a future implementation will be to implement an array of these LED
panels to form the Interactive LED (iLED) Wall.� iLED can then be used as a
visualization tool for engineering research and boundless other applications �
educational tool, games, or even as an aesthetic enhancement.

Energy savings
Safety
Maintenance cost
Accessibility for Obstruction Market
Government incentives
Flexibility of light source
Digital control for colour
Rugged light source

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays

The display of the future? Many think so.
OLEDs function like regular semiconductor LEDs
But with thin-film polymer construction:
Thin-film deposition of organic, light-emitting molecules through vapor
sublimation in a vacuum.
Dope emissive layers with fluorescent molecules to create color.
Not grown like a crystal, no high-temperature doping
Thus, easier to create large-area OLEDs

OLED pros:
Transparent
Flexible
Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight visible)
Large viewing angle
Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off)

Can be made lMore than 50 000 LED obstacle lights delivered since 1996 and only
few failure caused by LEDs or other componets
LED obstacle lights can survive even direct lightning strikes
arge or small
Maintenance free
Very long lifetime
Very low power consumption
Very low overall cost of ownership

the next few years should see the first effective LED solutions in specialised
areas of the office, such as, reception and meeting areas, where more decorative
effects are required.

INTRODUCTION

Due to recent and on-going power supply problems experienced in SA, regulatory
bodies have announced the use of a power rationing scheme to help reduce the
pressure on the national grid.

CHALLENGES

The main challenge confronting us is how to reduce the energy consumption with a
sustainable demand side management.

Temporary shutting down and implementation of pre-emptive load shedding has been
met with negativity from all consumers and it has harmful effects which damage our
economy and living standards.

WAY FORWARD

The only way to achieve a sustainable energy consumption reduction will involve
the implementation of energy efficiency programs in all sectors. These programs
typically aim at installing energy efficient devices that consume less energy but
still provide the same service levels.

This remaining slides will highlight a few of our energy efficiency programs and
campaigns ���..

Drawback
LED street lights are currently expensive, costing almost 5 times the amount of
our conventional (High Pressure Sodium) luminares.

Advantage
LED street lighting technology have the potential to use up to 50% less
electricity when compared to the HPS systems.

The cost of electricity is increasing rapidly and this is directly related to the
generation capacity constraint that we currently experience. This increased cost
affects businesses and ultimately affects the performance of the economy.

LED radiation properties changes with forward current and temperature. Some little
current fluctuations cause large result uncertainties
Detector SNR and ADC error provide additional uncertainty for result
Errors in LED positioning during measurement give an uncertainty that changes with
signal derivative in diagram region
LED angle value is the main factor that doesn't allow to receive equally precise
results for different LEDs

LED are solid state semi conductor devices that can convert electrical energy
directly into light. The inherent features of LED decide it to be the best
alternative to conventional light sources and provide a wide range of application.
It is used indoor and outdoor including parking points, street lights, highways,
corporate offices, hotels, public buildings, restaurants, gallery, lounge, cars,
sign boards etc.

HOW IT WORKS: LEDs are essentially tiny light bulbs that fit into an electrical
circuit, but they are lit solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconducting
material. A diode is the simplest semiconductor device. It is made by bonding a
section of a positively-charged material to a section of a negatively-charged
material with electrodes on each end so that it only conducts electricity (in the
form of free-moving electrons) in one direction whenever a voltage is applied to
the diode. Electrons move in a series of fixed orbits around the nuclei of atoms.
Whenever an electron absorbs extra energy from the added voltage, it jumps to a
higher orbital, and when it returns to a lower orbital, it emits the extra energy
as a photon -- a particle of light. LEDs are specially constructed to emit a large
number of photons, unlike ordinary diodes, in which the semiconductor material
absorbs most of the light energy before it can be released. LEDs are also housed
in a plastic bulb to concentrate the light in a particular direction.

BENEFITS: LED lighting consumes 50 percent less energy than traditional sources.
It is four times more energy efficient than regular light bulbs because more of
the energy is converted into light than is lost as heat. There is no glass or
filament, as in a light bulb, so LED tiles would last forever, and the tiles are
so rugged, someone can jump on them without breaking them. LED lighting also
covers the entire color spectrum of visible light so lighting can change from one
color, or tone, to another with just one touch of a control panel.There are
intrinsic reasons for the popularity of LEDs as they are high energy saver, are
pollution-free and have handsome payback period.
Due to non-emission of infra red and ultra violet rays, LEDs do not attract bugs
which other sources of light does. It also lasts 5 to 10 times longer than other
conventional products thus eliminating the chances of frequent replacement. LED
products do not contain mercury and do not have ballasts too.

LEDs are future solution to lighting problems. The prominent feature of LED is fit
and forget,� he said.
LED technology is already used in exit signs and traffic signals, as well as
digital clocks plasma TV screens, and remote controls

Philips Surpassing the limitations of conventional lamps and fixtures, Cellophane

House is a five-story, fully transparent and sustainable house illuminated solely
by LED sources as a provocation for the future possibilities of residential
lighting.
The development of led in last few years has been tremendous. The growth of led
will grow from $ 5.0 billion in 2006 to $10.8 billion in 2010 and reach $ 17.4
billion in 2013.

Our mission is to create a design with a significantly reduced carbon footprint,

and LED technology helps us achieve that
LED light will be the future of lighting , turely
Performance trends suggest that LEDs have the ability to become predominant light
sources, given their longer life, durability, non-toxic materials, lack of
radiated heat and UV, and flexibility to accommodate wide-ranging fixtures and
form factors.

It is with advantages:
1. Low power consumption, saving up 80% evergy than traditional halogen bulbs
2. Green, no pollution. It is solid state lighting
3. Long use life. Up to 100,000 hours
it is means that for years, there will be no any addtional maintenance cost

For the heating problem, there are many solution so solve it. The powe of LED
light is enough to light home, office, even street, it is no problem

The only problem now is the cost. Its cost is still high. For example, our 4.5W
LED Bulb (its lum equal to 24W halogen bulb), the cost will be about USD20
including freight charge form Hong Kong to the wolrd. How about this price? Can
afford? I hope LED COST could be down soon, so the world will use LED lighting,
that will make our earth more green and clean.

I have a report about LED LIght Vs Halogen bulb at website, http://www.elecosn-

led-display-screen.com/about/news_detail.asp?newsid=45

LEDs are available in a huge assortment of physical sizes, efficacy ratings, and
power ratings
Efficacy and output vary greatly amongst the different color LEDs
LEDs have many variables; there is no simple system to gauge relative output

The good news: huge selection of choice amongst cost, output, efficacy, light
quality, etc.
The bad news: Many ways to cheat output claims

Thanks to advances in physics, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) will soon move from
traffic lights and electronics panels to home lighting, bringing dramatic energy
savings, adjustable colors for ambiance, and light-shining furnishings.

ex.Lighting Science Group Corp. announced it has acquired Lamina Lighting Inc.,
which develops light emitting diodes (L.E.D.) engines and modules for $4.5 million
in cash.
Some lighting executives are convinced that new lower-cost L.E.D bulbs with
improved efficiency, will slowly substitute incandescent bulbs in homes, and that
compact fluorescents are just an interim technology because of their large size,
the unpleasant color of light, and the five milligrams of mercury in each bulb.
Waste Management recently launched an online program to deal with the possible
mercury leakage during recycling by offering a special bulb safe box for the price
of $14.95.

HOUSING

That means replacing everything from high-pressure sodium parking-lot lights to

the fluorescent tubes in offices and hallways to the spotlights on the flagpole
out front.The new LED lights use 48% less energy than the incandescent,
fluorescent and high-pressure sodium lights they replaced.

the combination of the energy savings, reduced maintenance and disposal costs and
the environmental savings demonstrate that LED lighting is now a real alternative
to traditional lighting solutions.

SPEECH
Among other things, they form the numbers on digital clocks, transmit information
from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are
turned on. Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen
or illuminate a traffic light.

Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical
circuit. But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that
will burn out, and they don't get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by
the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long
as a standard transistor.

LEDs started coming to the front due to their unique ability to use less power and
last long, opposed to traditional light sources that used a filament for
illumination.
LEDs are one of the world�s most energy efficient light sources and the newest
models deliver approximately 70 lumens per watt, using approximately 17% and 50%
of the energy consumption of incandescent and compact fluorescent (CFL) lamps,
respectively. The LED's, with a lifetime of over 50,000 hours, last more than 20
times longer than incandescent and 5 times longer than CFL bulbs, which lowers
maintenance costs.