1S ku|es of Grammar Lxp|a|ned

Leve|: L|ementary

Content

1. Who and Whlch

2. Comparlng Lhlngs wlLh 'as.as'

3. Comparlng Lhlngs wlLh '.er Lhan'

4. Comparlng Lhlngs wlLh 'Lhe .esL'

S. CuesLlon Lags

6. 1hls / LhaL & Lhese / Lhose

7. 1hls one / LhaL one & Lhese ones / Lhose ones

8. Word order: place & Llme

9. ossesslve - 's

10. LlLher or.. / nelLher .. nor

11. Myself / yourself / ourselves eLc.

12. A. Asklng quesLlons

13. 8. Asklng quesLlons

14. uenlal

1S. used Lo

16. Sources

1


1. Who & Wh|ch

Lxamples:



phoLo 1.

1. 1hls ls 8oberL ershlng Wedlow, who was Lhe LallesL man ln Lhe world.






phoLo 2.

2. 1hls ls a plcLure of hls shoes, wh|ch were abouL 48 cm long.




kole.

1. lf you wanL Lo say someLhlng exLra abouL people or a person, you can do Lhls by uslng Lhe word wbo.
1he senLence wlll Lhen have Lwo parLs. 1he lasL parL of Lhe senLence ls Lhe parL LhaL Lells LhaL someLhlng exLra.
?ou use who rlghL ln fronL of Lhls exLra lnformaLlon.

2. lf you wanL Lo Lell someLhlng exLra abouL a Lhlng, anlmal, clLy (eLc.), you can do Lhls wlLh Lhe word wblcb.
?ou also use whlch rlghL ln fronL of Lhls exLra lnformaLlon ln Lhe lasL parL of Lhe senLence.



2

2A. Compar|ng th|ngs 'as.as'


Lxamples



1. 1he Lall man ls as clevet as Lhe small man.



cllp arL 1.

2. 1he man wlLh Lhe orange sweaLer ls not as toll as Lhe man ln Lhe blue [ackeL.





kole.

lf we wanL Lo say LhaL Lwo Lhlngs, people, anlmals (eLc) are Lhe same we use os . os.
?ou puL Lhls ln Lhe mlddle of a senLence, beLween Lhe Lwo Lhlngs you are Lalklng abouL.
1he word LhaL says whaL ls allke beLween Lhe Lwo Lhlngs comes ln Lhe mlddle of os . os.

lf we wanL Lo say LhaL Lwo Lhlngs are noL Lhe same we use oot os . os.





3

28. Compar|ng th|ngs '.er than'


Lxamples



1. 1he deer ls o|der than Lhe cheeLah.



phoLo 3.

2. CheeLahs run faster than any oLher anlmal.






kole.

When we Lalk abouL Lhe dlfference beLween Lhlngs, anlmals, people (eLc) we use .et tboo.
?ou pasLe Lhls behlnd Lhe word LhaL explalns whaL ls dlfferenL abouL Lhe Lwo Lhlngs.
1hls word-et - tboo comes ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe senLence, beLween Lhe Lhlngs you are Lalklng abouL.

SomeLlmes words need an exLra leLLer:
8lg ! blgger Lhan
Sllm ! sllmmer Lhan
PoL ! hoLter Lhan

When a word ends wlLh an 'y':
lazy ! laz|er Lhan
happy ! happ|er Lhan







4

2C. Compar|ng th|ngs 'the .est'


Lxamples:


1. 1he boy ln Lhe mlddle ls the o|dest boy ln Lhe group.



cllparL 2.


3. 1he boy on Lhe lefL the sma||est of Lhem.





kole.

lf one person, group, anlmal, Lhlng (eLc) ls dlfferenL from all Lhe resL, we use tbe .est.
1he word LhaL explalns whaL makes lL dlfferenL from all Lhe resL, comes beLween tbe and .est.
?ou pasLe est Lo Lhe end of Lhe word.

lf a word ends wlLh an 'e', lL ls a llLLle dlfferenL:
nlce ! Lhe nlcest
safe ! Lhe safest

lf a word ends wlLh an 'y', Lhls leLLer changes:
lazy ! Lhe laz|esL
happy ! Lhe happ|esL

SomeLlmes words need an exLra leLLer:
8lg ! Lhe blggesL
Sllm ! Lhe sllmmesL
PoL ! Lhe hoLtesL




3

3. uest|on tags


Lxamples:



cllparL 3.


1. uncle Malcolm ls very fond of Lea, |sn't he?







+ -

Unc|e Ma|co|m |s very fond of Lea, |sn'L he?









2. uncle Malcolm lsn'L very fond of coffee, |s he?






- +

Unc|e Ma|co|m |sn'L very fond of coffee, |s he?










3. AunL Pelen makes Lea for uncle Malcolm every mornlng, doesn't she?








+ -


Aunt ne|en makes Lea for uncle Malcolm every mornlng, doesn'L she?












kole.

Add a shorL quesLlon aL Lhe end of a senLence lf you wanL people Lo agree wlLh you.

lf you make such a shorL quesLlon, you have Lo Lhlnk abouL Lhese Lhlngs:
1. lf Lhe senLence ls poslLlve, Lhe shorL quesLlon ls negaLlve (wlLh not or n't ln LhaL parL of Lhe senLence).
2. lf Lhe senLence ls negaLlve (wlLh noL or n'L), Lhe shorL quesLlon ls poslLlve.
3. SomeLlmes you need Lo use Jo/Joes ln Lhe shorL quesLlons. 1haL ls when Lhe senLence does noL have:
be, Jo, coo, bove, most ot wlll ln lL. ?ou use Joes ln case of: he, she or lL.

6

4a. 1h|s ] 1hat - 1hese ] 1hose


Lxamples:

























whaL abouL that Lree?






cllparL 4.

1h|s Lree has snow on lL,















































buL those Lrees don'L.






cllparL 6,7.

1hese Lrees have loLs of leaves,





















kole.

lf you polnL aL someLhlng you use Lhe words th|s or that.
?ou puL th|s or that rlghL ln fronL of Lhe word LhaL Lells whaL you are polnLlng aL.
When you polnL aL someLhlng LhaL ls close, use th|s.
When you polnL someLhlng LhaL ls furLher away, use that.

lf you polnL aL more Lhan one Lhlng you use Lhe words these or those.
?ou also puL these or those rlghL ln fronL of LhaL whaL you are polnLlng aL.
When someLhlng ls close, use these.
When someLhlng ls furLher away, use those.


7

4b. 1h|s one ] 1hat one - 1hese ones ] 1hose ones


Lxamples:






















whaL abouL that one?






cllparL 4.

1h|s Lree has snow on lL,









































buL those ones don'L.






cllparL 6,7

1hese Lrees have loLs of leaves,




















kole.

lf you polnL aL someLhlng you use th|s or that + the word LhaL Lells whaL you are polnLlng aL.

When lL ls clear whaL you are polnLlng aL, you can use th|s + one or that + one.
?ou use one lnsLead of Lhe word LhaL Lells whaL you are polnLlng aL.
lL ls clear whaL you are polnLlng aL when you already sald someLhlng abouL LhaL Lhlng / person / eLc. before.
When someLhlng ls close, you can use th|s one.
When someLhlng ls furLher away, you can use that one.

lf you are Lalklng abouL more Lhan one Lhlng / person / eLc. and lL ls clear whaL you are polnLlng aL,
you can use these ones or those ones.
When someLhlng ls close, you can use these ones.
When someLhlng ls furLher away, you can use those ones.

8

S. Word-order: p|ace and t|me


Lxamples:

1. l wenL shopplng ln London.
(ploce)

cllparL 8

2. l boughL ChrlsLmas glfLs early ln Lhe mornlng.
(tlme)

cllparL 9

3. l boughL new booLs aL Lhe ugg's sLore around Lwelve o'clock.
(ploce) (tlme)



kole.

lf you say where someLhlng happened (Lhe place), and/or when someLhlng happened (Lhe Llme),
you puL Lhls lnformaLlon aL end of Lhe senLence.

'lace' ls LhaL parL of Lhe senLence LhaL Lells you where lL happened.
'1lme' ls LhaL parL of Lhe senLence LhaL Lells you when and]or for how |ong someLhlng happened.

When you say someLhlng abouL Lhe place and abouL Lhe Llme ln one senLence, Lhen Lhe order ls:
flrsL place, Lhen Llme.

An easy way Lo remember Lhls:
Lhe 'p' (of place) comes before Lhe 'L' (of Llme) ln Lhe alphabeL.


9

6. ossess|ons - 's


Lxamples:

1. Llz, have you seen !oel's moblle?

(tbe moblle belooqs to Ioel)


2. !oel, have you looked ln Suus' bedroom?


(tbe beJtoom belooqs to 5oos)




cllparL 10


3. l Lhlnk l lefL my phone aL aunL Pelen's. (boose)


(tbe boose belooqs to ooot neleo)



kole.

1. lf you wanL say LhaL someLhlng belongs Lo a person (or people, anlmal or anlmals), you use 's.
?ou pasLe 's Lo Lhe word or name LhaL descrlbes Lhe person, people, anlmal or anlmals.
1he lLem LhaL belongs Lo Lhem ls placed afLer Lhe 's.

2. lf Lhls word or name ends wlLh Lhe sound of an 's' or a 'z' lL ls enough Lo [usL pasLe an ' afLer Lhls leLLer.

3. SomeLlmes you can leave ouL Lhe word, whlch descrlbes Lhe Lhlng LhaL belongs Lo LhaL person (or people,
anlmal(s)). 1hls ls only posslble when lL ls clear whaL you are Lalklng abouL.



10

7. L|ther .. or ] Ne|ther .. nor


Lxamples:









cllparL 11, 12


1. l have blue palnL and red palnL.
So, l can palnL Lhls door e|ther blue or red.


cllparL 13

2. l llke ne|ther blue nor red.
l wanL Lhls door Lo be whlLe.



kole.

1. lf you Lalk abouL a cholce you can make beLween Lwo Lhlngs, you use e|ther . or.
?ou puL e|ther rlghL ln fronL of Lhe flrsL Lhlng you can choose from, Lhen comes or + Lhe second Lhlng you can choose
from.

2. lf you Lalk abouL Lwo Lhlngs you mlghL have Lo choose from, buL you are noL lnLeresLed ln Lhem, you use
ne|ther . nor. 1he 'n' ln ne|ther . nor, means: not.
?ou puL ne|ther rlghL ln fronL of Lhe flrsL Lhlng you don'L wanL Lo choose, Lhen comes nor + Lhe second Lhlng you do noL
wanL Lo choose.


11

8. Myse|f ] yourse|f ] ourse|ves etc.


Lxamples:






l am looklng aL myse|f.

tbe some petsoo


cllparL 14




Pe fell and hurL h|mse|f.

tbe some petsoo



cllparL 13



Llsa boughL herse|f a glfL.
She boughL herse|f a glfL.

tbe some petsoo


cllparL 16







lL ls chaslng |tse|f.


tbe some Joq



cllparL 17



uld you really do your
homework yourse|f?

tbe some petsoo



cllparL 18



We en[oyed ourse|ves.


tbe some people



cllparL 19




Lnough for everyone!
?ou can all help yourse|ves.


tbe some people


cllparL 20




1hey lnLroduced themse|ves.

tbe some people


cllparL 21

kole.

1he person ln Lhe senLence who does someLhlng
(l, be, sbe, lt, yoo, we, yoo (mote tboo ooe petsoo) ot tbey),
ls/are also Lhe person(s) Lo whom / for whom / wlLh whom / eLc lL ls happenlng.

?ou make Lhls clear by uslng one of Lhese words:
myself (wlLh l)
hlmself (wlLh he)
herself (wlLh she)
lLself (wlLh lL)
yourself (wlLh you)
ourselves (wlLh we)
yourselves (wlLh you, lncase of more Lhan one person)
Lhemselves (wlLh Lhey)

?ou place Lhls word afLer Lhe acLlon LhaL ls descrlbed.
12

8a. Ask|ng quest|ons


Lxamples:


1. Pe swlms every day.




Does he swlm every day?










cllparL 22

2. 1he people of Lhe swlmmlng pool all know my name.

1bey




Do Lhey all know your name?






kole.

lf you wanL Lo ask a quesLlon abouL:
1. a hobby
2. a facL
3. someLhlng LhaL happens over and over agaln
you do so by puLLlng 'do' or 'does' aL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe senLence and placlng a ? aL Lhe end.

?ou use do when Lhe quesLlon ls abouL: l, yoo, we, yoo (mote tboo ooe petsoo) ooJ tbey.
?ou use does when Lhe quesLlon ls abouL: be, sbe, lt

normally, ln senLences where you Lalk abouL bobbles, focts ot tbloqs tbot boppeo oqolo ooJ oqolo,
and Lhe person you are Lalklng abouL ls a he, she or |t, you puL an 's' behlnd Lhe word LhaL descrlbes Lhls facL, hobby,
eLc. When you ask quesLlons wlLh do / does, you do noL do Lhls.



13

8b. Ask|ng quest|ons


Lxamples:


1. l wanL Lhe new Amy Wlnehouse album.
I can ask my moLher agaln.



Can I ask my moLher agaln?

















cllparL 23

2. 1h|s mus|c has goL a greaL basellne.




nas th|s mus|c goL a greaL basellne?





kole.

lf you wanL Lo ask a quesLlon abouL:
1. a hobby
2. a facL
3. someLhlng LhaL happens over and over agaln
and Lhe descrlpLlon of Lhls ls done wlLh one of Lhe followlng words:

8L (am]|s]are)
DC (or: does)
CAN
nAVL (or: has)
MUS1
WILL .

1hen Lhls quesLlon ls made by placlng Lhls word aL Lhe fronL of Lhe senLence and a ? aL Lhe end.
AfLer Lhls word comes Lhe person(s), anlmal(s) eLc. you are Lalklng abouL, followed by Lhe resL of Lhe senLence.



14


9. Den|a|


Lxamples:



cllparL 24


1. Cur dog doesn't llke lLs food.

2. l do not walk Lhe dog every day.
My faLher walks Lhe dog four Llmes a day.

3. kelly's faLher doesn't have a [ob.





kole.

lf you wanL Lo say LhaL someLhlng ls noL your hobby, ls noL Lrue, or ls noL happenlng ofLen, you do Lhls by uslng:
do + not or ln shorL: don't
does + not or ln shorL: doesn't

?ou use do not / don't when Lhe senLence ls abouL: l, yoo, we, yoo (mote tboo ooe petsoo) ooJ tbey.
?ou use does not / doesn't when Lhe senLence ls abouL: be, sbe, lt

?ou place Lhls aL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe senLence, rlghL afLer Lhe person, Lhlng, people, anlmals you are Lalklng abouL.

l, you, we, Lhey

do not
ot.
don't

Lhlnk .
love .
mean .
Lalk .

he, she, lL does not
ot.
doesn't
llke .
work .
go .
Lhlnk .
eLc.








13

10. Used to


Lxamples:



cllparL 23

1. 1amara used to work ln a offlce.
8uL noL anymore, she now works as a pollce offlcer.















cllparL 26

2. Ceorge 8ush used to be presldenL of Lhe uS.
8uL noL anymore, now 8arack Cbama ls.




kole.

lf you are Lalklng abouL a facL LhaL was Lrue before, buL ls now dlfferenL, you can make Lhls clear by uslng used to.
Used to means: lL ls over now.
?ou place Lhls aL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe senLence, afLer Lhe person, Lhlng, people, anlmal you are Lalklng abouL.







l, he, she, lL, we,
you, Lhey

used to

be .
have .
work
Lhlnk
llke
do

8e careful:
be afLer used to does never change lnLo am / ls / are.
have afLer used to does never change lnLo has.
do afLer used to does never change lnLo does.






2001 - 2008
16
Sources:


lmages ln Lhls documenL are all free downloadable lmages or belleved Lo be ln Lhe publlc domaln. 1hey are reLrleved
from:

" lboto 1 ooJ 2.
aranormal and sLrange world (n.d.). kobett petsbloq woJlow/tollest petsoo/tollest moo wotlJ. reLrleved on
20 uecember 2011, from hLLp://Lrulyparanormal.blogspoL.com/2011/06/roberL-pershlng-wadlow-LallesL-person.hLml

" cllpott 1, 2, J, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1J, 14 ooJ 15.
CllparLsalbum.com (n.d). 8eLrleved from: www.cllparLsalbum.com

" lboto J.
ureamsLlme (n.d.). cbeetob toooloq fost. 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.dreamsLlme.com/sLock-phoLos-cheeLah-runnlng-fasL-lmage20492363

" cllpott 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 2J, 24, 25, 26.
MlcrosofL Cfflce (2011). lmoqes ooJ mote. 8eLrleved from hLLp://offlce.mlcrosofL.com/en-us/lmages/?C11=97

" cllpott 17.
velma's 8eLro Cllp ArL and lmages (n.d.). 8eLrleved from hLLp://free-reLro-graphlcs.com/wp-
conLenL/uploads/2011/02/dog-chaslng-Lalls.[pg


Ver|f|cat|on sources:

1o check wheLher my lnformaLlon was correcL, l verlfled lL wlLh Lhe help of Lhe followlng sources:

1. Murphy 8aymond (2007). sseotlol qtommot lo ose. 1hlrd edlLlon. Cambrldge unlverslLy ress
2. Cleuren M., Schoonbeek 8., knegL C., and oLhers (2009). \cbooqe oqllsb 2vM8O-kC1. Second edlLlon.
PouLen: Ln
3. LasLwood !. (2003). OxfotJ leotoets qtommot, flnder. Cxford unlverslLy ress