Week 19 - Higher Partial Derivatives, and Optimization Hughes-Hallett Section 15.

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SUGGESTED PROBLEMS 1. Which of the points A, B , C in Figure 15.17 appear to be critical points? Classify those that are critical points.

Figure 15.17 A is not a critical point. B is (or is very near) a critical point. From the contours nearby, which are increasing towards 2, it is a local maximum. C is a critical point. It is a saddle point. For Exercises 2-11, nd the critical points and classify them as local maxima, local minima, saddle points, or none of these. 3. f (x, y ) = 400 3x2 4x + 2xy 5y 2 + 48y

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.1 Solutions

fx = 6x 4 + 2y If fx = 0 : If fy = 0 : 0 = 6x 4 + 2y

fy = 2x 10y + 48 y = 2 + 3x

0 = 2x 10y + 48 1 y = (x + 24) 5 For both derivatives to be zero simultaneously, we must have 1 2 + 3x = (x + 24) 5 10 + 15x = x + 24 x=1 Subbing back into an earlier equation, y=5

There is a single critical point at (x, y ) = (1, 5). To determine the type of critical point, we need the second derivative information. fxx = 6, fyy = 10, fxy = 2 D = fxx fyy (fxy )2 = 56 > 0 Since D > 0 and fxx < 0, the critical point at (1,5) must be a local maximum. 5. f (x, y ) = x3 3x + y 3 3y fx = 3x2 3 If fx = 0 : If fy = 0 : x2 = 1 y2 = 1 fy = 3y 2 3 x = 1 y = 1 We will have a critical point at four locations: (1, 1), (-1, 1), (1, -1), or (-1, -1). To determine the type of each critical point, we need the second derivative information. fxx = 6x, fyy = 6y, fxy = 0

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.1 Solutions

At (1,1), D = 36, fxx > 0 local minimum At (1,-1), D = 36, saddle point At (-1,1), D = 36, saddle point

At (-1,-1), D = 36, fxx < 0 local maximum 7. f (x, y ) = x3 + y 3 6y 2 3x + 9 fx = 3x2 3 If fx = 0 : If fy = 0 : x2 = 1

fy = 3y 2 12y x = 1

y = 0, 4

0 = 3y (y 4)

We will have a critical point at four locations: (1, 0), (-1, 0), (1, 4), or (-1, 4). To determine the type of each critical point, we need the second derivative information. fxx = 6x, fyy = 6y 12, fxy = 0 At (1,0), D = 72, saddle point

At (1,4), D = (6)(24) > 0, fxx > 0 local minimum At (-1,4), D = (6)(12) saddle point

At (-1,0), D = 72, fxx < 0 local maximum

1 9. f (x, y ) = 8xy (x + y )4 4

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.1 Solutions

fx = 8y (x + y )3 Setting both equations to zero gives

fy = 8x (x + y )3 (1) (2)

We can solve for (x + y )3 in both:

8x (x + y ) = 0

8y (x + y )3 = 0
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(x + y )3 = 8y (x + y )3 = 8x so 8y = 8x or x = y Subbing (3) into (1) gives 8y (1 y 2 ) = 0 8y (2y )3 = 0 (3)

Combining (4) and (3), the critical points are

So y = 0 or y = 1

(4)

(x, y ) = (1, 1), (0, 0) and (1, 1) To determine the type of each critical point, we need the second derivative information. fxx = 3(x + y )2 , fyy = 3(x + y )2 , fxy = 8 3(x + y )2 At (-1,-1), D = (12)(12) (8 12)2 = 128 > 0, fxx = 12 < 0 local maximum At (1,1), D = (12)(12) (8 12) = 128 > 0, fxx = 12 < 0 local maximum For Problems 16-18, use the contours of f in Figure 15.18.
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At (0,0), D = 64, saddle point

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.1 Solutions

16. Decide whether you think each point is a local maximum, local minimum, saddle point, or none of these. (a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S (a) P is a local maximum (middle of higher and higher contours) (b) Q is a saddle point (crossing of two contours) (c) R is a local minimum (this one is tricky: think of adding additional contour around the point: outside the circle of z = 1, we would have a contour at z = 0.5, which is higher. As we move locally towards the center, we are moving down, meaning the point at R should be a local minimum. (d) S is on a single contour, and so is not a critical point at all. Another check of this is asking can I draw a gradient at the point? (single vector perpendicular to the contour). If the answer is yes, then the point is not a critical point. 31. The behavior of a function can be complicated near a critical point where D = 0. Suppose that f (x, y ) = x3 3xy 2 Show that there is one critical point at (0, 0) and that D = 0 there. Show that the contour for f (x, y ) = 0 consists of three lines intersecting at the origin and that these lines divide the plane into six regions around the origin where f alternates from positive to negative. Sketch a contour diagram for f near (0, 0). The graph of this function is called a monkey saddle We start by taking derivatives to nd the critical points: fx = 3x2 3y 2 fy = 6xy

At (0, 0), fx = 0 and fy = 0, so it is a critical point. Also, f (0, 0) = 0, so the surface has height z = 0 at that point. The contours of z = 0 occur when x3 3xy 2 = 0

x(x2 3y 2 ) = 0 So either x = 0 or 3y 2 = x2 1 Taking roots, y = x 3

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.1 Solutions

Thus, any points along the lines x = 0, y = x/ 3 or y = x/ 3 all have level zero. These three contours cross at the origin. By checking the sign of f in between these lines, you can determine that the sign of f alternates from positive to negative as you move around the origin. A contour map is shown below.