Ashley Rocha

Period 2
Psychology AP
9/7/09
Pages 7-13

Key Terms

• Unconscious: Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below
the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great
influence on behavior.

• Psychoanalytic theory: Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and

mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.

• Humanism: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of

humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

• Applied psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with everyday,

practical problems.

• Clinical psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis

and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

• Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.

Key Individuals

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): An Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic

school of psychology. Sigmund Freud is best known for his theories of the
unconscious mind and the resistance mechanism of repression and for creating the
clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue
between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): An American psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for

social reform, and poet. He invented the operant conditioning chamber, innovated
his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism, and founded his own
school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior.
In late years he went on to become one of the most influential of all American
psychologists.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987): An influential American psychologist and among the

founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Rogers is widely measured to
be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his
revolutionary research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by
the American Psychological Association in 1956.
Abraham Harold Maslow(1908 1970): An American psychologist. Renowned for his
conceptualization of a "hierarchy of human needs", and is considered the founder of
humanistic psychology.

Major Concepts:
• Freud Bring the Unconscious into the Picture
Sigmund Freud’s approach to psychology grew out of efforts to treat mental
disorders. Freud treated people who were troubled by psychological problems such
as irrational fears, obsessions, and anxieties when an innovative procedure called
psychoanalysis. Freud also spent years examining his own anxieties, conflicts, and
desires. His work with patients and his own self-exploration persuaded Freud of the
existence of what he called the unconscious.
• Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism Flourishes
He emphasized animal research, a strict focus on observable behavior,
and the importance of environment.
• The Humanists Revolt
Perspective Principal Subject Matter Basic Premise
and Its
Contributors
Influential
period
Behavioral John B. Effects of Only observable events
Watson environment (Stimulus-
(1913-present)
Ivan Pavlov on the overt Response relations) can be
behavior
B. F. Skinner Studied scientifically.
of humans and
animals
Psychoanalytic Sigmund Unconscious Unconscious motives and
Freud
(1900-present) determinants of experiences in early
Carl Jung childhood
behavior
Alfred Adler govern personality and
mental

Disorders.
Humanistic Carl Rogers Unique aspects of Humans are free, rational
begins
(1950s- Abraham human experience
present) Maslow with the potential for
personal

growth, and they are

fundamentally different
 from

animals.
Cognitive Jean Piaget Thoughts; mental Human behavior cannot be
fully
(1950s- Noam processes
present) Chomsky understood without
examining
Herbert
Simon how people acquire, store,
and

process information.
Biological James Olds Physiological An organism’s functioning
bases of can be
(1950s- Roger Sperry
present) behavior in explained in terms of the
David Hubel
humans bodily
Torsten
and animals structures and biochemical
Wiesel
processes that underlie
behavior.
Evolutionary David Buss Evolutionary Behavior patterns have
bases of evolved
(1980s- Martin Daly
present) behavior in to solve adaptive
Margo Wilson
humans problems;
Leda
and animals natural selection favors
Cosmides
behaviors that enhance
John Tooby
Reproductive success.

• Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession

 • Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest on Cognition and
Physiology

1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986

1992 1996

• Psychology Broadens Its Horizons: Increased Interest in Cultural

Diversity