Magnetic Parameters as Indicator of Contamination Status in Leachate Sludge (Estevanus Kristian Huliselan) Akreditasi LIPI Nomor : 536/D/2007 Tanggal

26 Juni 2007

MAGNETIC PARAMETERS AS INDICATOR OF CONTAMINATION STATUS IN LEACHATE SLUDGE

Estevanus Kristian Huliselan1,2 and Satria Bijaksana1
1

Physics of Complex System, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bandung Institute of Technology Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40321 2 Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Pattimura University, Ambon e-mail: ekhuliselan@yahoo.com, satria@fi.itb.ac.id

ABSTRACT
MAGNETIC PARAMETERS AS INDICATOR OF CONTAMINATION STATUS IN LEACHATE SLUDGE. Rock-magnetic methods have become a useful tool in environmental issues; in particular, magnetic studies constitute an alternative way to study pollution in different media. The present contribution focuses on magnetic parameters as pollution indicators, especially from their relationship with contents of heavy metals. In this research, magnetic properties of leachate from the two MSW (municipal solid waste) disposal sites, namely Jelekong and Sarimukti, near Bandung, were studied. Several leachate sludge and soil samples were collected and studied in the laboratory using magnetic techniques (), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), hysteresis parameters such as coercivity of remanence (Bcr) and chemical techniques to determine contents of heavy metals. The results of magnetic parameters in bi-plots of SIRM/LF vs. Bcr show obvious grouping or clustering between leachate sludge and soils. In this plot, leachate sludge samples from Jelekong and Sarimukti are cluster polluted (P). The clustering can also be observed for the soil of Jelekong with high heavy metal content (I, Intermediate) and for the soil of Sarimukti, which is relatively unpolluted (U). Magnetic parameters are found to be quite sensitive in differentiating the degree of contaminate status in leachate sludge and soil. Key words : Leachate sludge, Soil, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Magnetic parameters, Contaminates status

ABSTRAK
PARAMETER MAGNETIK SEBAGAI INDIKATOR PENCEMARAN PADA LUMPUR LINDI. Kemagnetan batuan telah menjadi alat yang dapat digunakan dalam isu-isu mengenai lingkungan, teristimewa sebagai metode alternatif dalam studi mengenai pencemaran dalam bentuk media yang berbeda. Kontribusi dari parameter magnetik dalam studi ini digunakan sebagai indikator pencemaran khususnya yang berhubungan dengan kandungan logam berat. Dalam penelitian ini, dianalisis sifat-sifat magnetik pada lumpur lindi dan tanah pada dua Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) yaitu Jelekong dan Sarimukti yang berada dekat dengan kota Bandung. Sejumlah sampel lumpur lindi dan tanah diambil dan dianalisis di laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode magnetik yaitu magnetic susceptibility (), Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (SIRM), hysteresis parameters seperti coercivity of remanence (Bcr) dan analisis kimia untuk menentukan kosentrasi logam berat. Hasil analisis parameter magnetik pada plot SIRM/LF vs Bcr menunjukan perbedaan pola antara lumpur lindi dan tanah. Dalam plot ini, lumpur lindi yang berasal dari kedua TPA berada pada kelompok tercemar (P, Polluted). Kelompok lain seperti tanah yang berasal dari TPA Jelekong yang memiliki konsentrasi logam berat lebih tinggi berada pada kelompok diantara polusi dan tidak terpolusi (I, Intermediate) dibandingkan dengan tanah Sarimukti relatif tidak terpolusi (U, Unpolluted). Parameter-parameter magnetik ternyata sensitif untuk membedakan status tercemar pada lumpur lindi dan tanah. Kata kunci : Lumpur lindi, Tanah, Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA), Parameter magnetik, Status kontaminan

INTRODUCTIONS
Recently, magnetic measurements of various environmental materials, such as atmospheric particulates, roadside dust, soil, and vegetations, have been successfully applied to determine the extent and status of pollution in many urban and industrial areas. Moreover, it is possible to obtain qualitative or semi-quantitative data on pollutant, such as the level, extent and source of pollution. Even though chemical 9

Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia Indonesian Journal of Materials Science

Edisi Khusus Desember 2009, hal : 9 - 13 ISSN : 1411-1098

and geochemical analyses provide quantitative data on pollutant, they are fairly time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, the magnetic measurement in conjunction with a minimal chemical analysis can be the most effective method to trace pollution. This measurement is relatively simple, rapid, inexpensive and, above all, non-destructive, thus alternative later measurements of physical and/or chemical properties on pollution materials [1]. Compared with other analytical methods, environmental magnetism provides a compositional tool which is reliable, and sensitive to low detection levels. The use of magnetic measurements as proxy of heavy metal pollution is based on the fact that origins of heavy metals and magnetic particles are genetically related. Environmental magnetism studies have demonstrated the relationship between heavy metal contents and magnetic properties in soils [2-4], airborne particulates [5] and dust [6], sediments [7,8], fly ash [9] and vehicle emissions [11]. Leachate is a wastewater from the municipal solid waste (MSW) site and it is produced by percolation of water through decomposing wastes. It poses potential threat to urban water bodies, human health and ecosystem. Therefore, the levels of heavy metals content in leachates are important to recognize. Magnetic properties of leachate sludge correlate well with heavy metal content [1]. In this study, magnetic properties and heavy metal content of both leachate sludge and soils were examined. This study proposes that magnetic parameters are to be used as indicators of contaminate status in leachate sludge and soil samples.

Figure 1 . Map showing the location of the two municipal solid waste disposal sites (Jelekong and Sarimukti)

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Samples in the form of leachate sludge were taken from two municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal sites near the city of Bandung, Indonesia (Figure 1). The first site, Jelekong, is located in the southern part of the city, approximately 19 km from city center. This site was opened up in 1991 and after 15 years of operation, it was closed in 2006. It is located at S 7 01 54.8"; E107 40 13.6". The second site, Sarimukti, located 25 km west of city center, is a new site being opened only in 2006. Its geographic location is S 6 48 19.7"; E107 20 55.9". Samples were taken using a specially designed coring device made of PVC pipes that are 3 inches in diameter. Apart from leachate samples, soils samples were also taken from the vicinity of leachate ponds for comparison. For magnetic measurements, thirty leachate sludge samples from Jelekong (20 samples) and Sarimukti (10 samples) were prepared by taking a portion of residual solid of leachate sludge and placing it inside a tightly secured plastic cylindrical holder (2.54 cm in diameter and 2.2 cm in height). Similarly, thirty soil samples from Jelekong (15 samples) and Sarimukti (15 samples) were also prepared by taking about 10 g of 10

soil and placing it inside the same plastic holder. The samples were then subjected to volumetric magnetic susceptibility, measurement using an MS2 Susceptibility Meter (Bartington Instrument, Oxford, UK) operating at 470 Hz. The mass-specific low frequency susceptibility, , was calculated using the formula = [10"5 SI] 10 cm3/mass in grams. Later, leachate sludge and soil samples were also subjected to IRM (isothermal remanent magnetization) analyses by imposing them in increasing magnetic fields at room temperature using an electromagnet. The IRM acquired at 1000 mT is referred to as the saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM). The IRM measurements were carried out using a Minispin magnetometer (Molspin, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK). Lastly, the samples were also subjected to the measurement of magnetic hysteresis curve as well as the determination of the four hysteresis parameters (coercivity of remanence, Bcr) using the 1.2H/CF/HT vibrating sample magnetometer (Oxford Instruments, Oxfordshire, UK). To determine the heavy metal content in the samples, ten soil and ten leachate samples from each site were digested with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and perchloric acid in a microwave digestion oven. The contents of Fe, Cu, As, Hg, and Pb were analyzed using a Varian AA280FS Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, USA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Values of and SIRM are mainly proportional to the magnetic concentration [11,12]. They are listed in Table 1. The mean value of and SIRM for the leachate sludge from Jelekong were an order of magnitude larger than that of Sarimukti. Moreover, the general trend shows higher concentration of ferrimagnetic minerals in soil samples than in leachate sludge samples. The observed behavior of these two concentration-dependent parameters indicates high concentration of ferrimagnetic minerals at different samples and sites. Different results shown by the inactive Jelekong site compared to that

Magnetic Parameters as Indicator of Contamination Status in Leachate Sludge (Estevanus Kristian Huliselan)

by the active Sarimukti site suggesting that magnetic particles in leachate depends on the level of activity at the site. In order to quantify such differences among samples and to identify the main magnetite-like mineral in leachate sludge and soils from both MSW [1], the Thompson plot [13] was used. This is also supported by the mean values of coercivity of remanence (Bcr) in leachate and soil samples (Table 1). The Bcr parameter shows similar mineralogy for lower and higher magnetic concentration samples (leachate sludge and soil). In this case, values below 30 mT (Table 1) are characteristic of ferrimagnetic mineral such as magnetite (Fe3O4), which is the predominant magnetic phase [14]. In Figure 2, differences in magnetic concentration in the samples (0.01%, 0.010.1% and 1.0%) are noted. Leachate sludge samples from MSW Jelekong have concentration greater than from MSW Sarimukti, and soils samples have greater magnetic concentration than the leachate samples. Moreover, the SIRM/ ratio are grain size sensitive parameters. The low ratio of SIRM/ indicates the relatively high contribution of fine-grained SP/SD

Figure 2. Thompsons Plot ( vs. SIRM) for leachate sludge and soils samples. According to Thompson and Oldfield (1986), the scale of magnetite concentration (%) is displayed on the vertical axis (k-axis)

ferrimagnetic grains [12]. SIRM/ ratio of the soil samples from Jelekong have lower mean values of compared to the soil samples from Sarimukti indicating that the soil samples of Jelekong have higher proportion of SP particles, whereas, the leachate sludge sample from Jelekong has similar SP particle proportion with the

Table 1. Magnetic parameters and heavy metals of leachate and soil samples from Jelekong and Sarimukti

MSW Jelekong Parameters Range

Leachate sludge Magnetic 10-8 m3kg-1 SIRM 10-6 A.m2kg-1 Bcr (mT) SIRM/ (kA.m-1) Chemical Fe** Cu** As** Hg* Pb*

MSW Sarimukti Std. Dev. Range Mean Std. Dev.

Mean

198.8 349.0 14023.1 25806.8 20.81 27.90 6.60 8.86 195.40 5418.80 0.17 2.13 0.01 1.98 0.52 6.63 75.00 1246.00

262.1 20416.2 23.64 7.76

36.0 3568.3 2.11 0.58

64.8 223.0 4189.1 17697.6 21.74 33.73 6.47 8.91 161.60 1822.80 0.35 1.39 0.00 0.57 1.04 2.60 20.00 340.00

155.3 12538.7 25.19 8.01

50.2 4155.0 3.35 0.68

1553.46 0.79 0.36 2.85 373.00

1668.04 0.67 0.60 1.95 386.00

778.40 0.75 0.12 1.68 122.00

539.03 0.36 0.17 0.54 97.00

Soil Magnetic 10-8 m3kg-1 SIRM 10-6 A.m2kg-1 Bcr (mT) SIRM/ (kA.m-1) Chemical Fe*** Cu** As** Hg** Pb**

450.2 970.3 14025.0 40233.7 19.50 27.20 2.99 6.88 79.71 124.44 51.11 61.98 14.81 37.11 0.04 0.09 0.67 21.12

629.7 30360.7 22.67 4.91

138.3 6843.0 2.47 1.87

138.3 915.3 13948.2 70094.6 12.10 21.09 3.85 43.14 48.96 92.63 39.04 59.23 15.42 47.69 0.02 0.07 0.29 0.41

485.4 47547.9 16.25 15.33

279.9 17258.1 2.63 12.86

87.37 55.25 23.47 0.06 5.42

13.27 4.00 6.41 0.01 5.98

80.02 50.87 25.22 0.05 0.35

12.66 5.91 9.33 0.01 0.04

* g kg-1; ** mg kg-1; *** g kg-1

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Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia Indonesian Journal of Materials Science

Edisi Khusus Desember 2009, hal : 9 - 13 ISSN : 1411-1098

Figure 3. Bi-plot of SIRM/ versus Bcr of leachate sludge and soil samples from MSW Jelekong and MSW Sarimukti. Three groupings are identified as polluted (P), intermediate (I) and unpolluted (U) cases.

were found to be less magnetic than the topsoil taken from the vicinity of leachate ponds. Furthermore, leachate sludge and soil samples are dominated by ferrimagnetic minerals and especially, the main magnetic carrier is identified as a magnetite-like mineral. Further magnetic analyses show that the magnetic minerals in leachate sludge from both MSW and soil from MSW Jelekong could be explained by the high proportion of ultrafine magnetic grains than that the soils from MSW Sarimukti. The plots of SIRM/ versus Bcr has been shown to be effective as discriminating tool for contaminate status. Therefore, contamination in this area could be monitored by using a cost-effective and less time consuming approach; so the magnetic method should be continued in the future

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
leachate sludge sample Sarimukti. The SP particles for magnetite are typically < 30 nm in size [15]. Beside their magnetic parameters, the leachate samples from Jelekong also have higher heavy metal content than that from Sarimukti. Higher concentrations of heavy metals at Jelekong could be caused simply by the accumulation of heavy metal over prolonged period of time as Sarimukti is relatively newer than Jelekong. Moreover, compared to that in leachate samples, the heavy metal concentrations in soil samples from both sites are higher. As the concentration of soluble metals depends on the actual chemical conditions and speciation of the metals as well as on the degradation or disintegration of products in which the metals are embedded, heavy metals will slowly accumulate over time [1]. Since SIRM/ parameter can be interpreted either as magnetic mineralogy or as magnetic grain size, it is a useful parameter for assessing heavy metals content if it is combined with Bcr parameter. This kind of bi-plot was made for the samples (leachate sludge and soils) and it is displayed in Figure 3. B i-plots of SIRM/ vs. B cr show obvious grouping or clustering between leachate and soils. From this, three groupings are observed and have been labeled as polluted (P), intermediate (I), and unpolluted (U) cases. In such plot, leachate sludge samples from both Jelekong and Sarimukti are cluster polluted (P). The clustering could also be observed for the soil samples from Jelekong and Sarimukti. Moreover, compared to that in soil samples from Jelekong (I, Intermediate), the heavy metal concentrations in soil samples from Sarimukti are much lower (U, Unpolluted). The authors wish to thank the Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia for its financial support in the form of Hibah Pascasarjana to the secondary author. The authors are grateful to Muhammad Irvan and Erni Rahman for magnetic measurements. Hamdi Rifai and Khumaedi Sastrawiharja are thanked for sampling process.

REFERENCES
[1]. S. BIJAKSANA and E.K. HULISELAN, Environ. Earth Sci., DOI 10.1007/s12665-009-0184-4, (2009) [2]. D. JORDANOVA, V. HOFFMANN and F.K. THOMAS, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 221 (2004) 71-89 [3]. A. SCHMIDT, R.YARNOLD, M. HILL and M. ASHMORE, J. Geochem. Explor., 85 (2005) 109-117 [4]. S.G. LU and S.Q. BAI, J. Appl. Geophys., 60 (2006) 1-12 [5]. K.L. HAY, J.A. DEARING, S.M.J. BABAN and P.J. LOVELAND, Phys. Chem. Earth, 22 (1997) 207-210 [6]. S.L. NG, L.S. CHAN, K.C.LAM and W.K. CHAN, Environ. Monit. Assess., 89 (2003) 221-232 [7]. M.A.E. CHAPARRO, J.C. BIDEGAIN, A.M. SINITO, S.S. JURADO and C.S.G. GOGORZA, Environ. Geol., 45, (2004) 654-664 [8]. F. DESENFANT, E. PETROVSKY and P. ROCHETTE, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. , 152 (2004) 297-312 [9]. H.D. SHAN, S.G. LU, Acta Mineral. Sinica , 25 (2005) 141-146 [10]. S.G. LU, S.Q. BAI, J.B. CAI and C. XU, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci., 6(B) (2005) 731-735 [11]. X.S.WANG and Y. QIN, Environ. Geol., 50 (2006) 787-791 [12]. W. ZHANG, L. YU, M. LU, X. ZHENG and Y. SHI , Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 260 (2007) 86-97

CONCLUSIONS
The magnetic signals of leachate sludge samples from Jelekong are found to be more magnetic than that from Sarimukti. In both sites, leachate samples 12

Magnetic Parameters as Indicator of Contamination Status in Leachate Sludge (Estevanus Kristian Huliselan)

[13]. R. THOMPSON and F. OLDFIELD, Environmental Magnetism, Allen and Unwin Publishers Ltd., U.K., (1986) 227

[14]. C. PETERS and M. DEKKERS, Phys. Chem. Earth, 28 (2003) 659-667 [15]. B.A. MAHER, Contemp. Phys., 48 (2007) 247-274

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