WiMAX and End-to-End QoS Support

Mohammad Abdul Awal and Lila Boukhatem Univ. of Paris-Sud 11, C !S Bat "#$, #1"$% &rsa' Cede(. )awal, lila* + lri.fr 1. Introduction ,he -... /$0.11 2ireless Metro3olitan Area etwork 4MA 5 standard, u3on whi6h the 2orldwide -ntero3erabilit' for Mi6rowave A66ess 42iMA715 is based, took a bi8 ste3 forward with the 3ubli6ation in 9ebruar' 0$$1 of the /$0.11e amendment, Ph'si6al and Medium A66ess Control La'ers for Combined 9i(ed and Mobile &3eration in Li6ensed Bands. ,his ma' well announ6e the arrival of a rival in front of the :; o3erators, as it e(tends the metro3olitan broadband fi(ed-wireless a66ess standard to nomadi6 and full' mobile terminals, and it does it with an e(tensive ran8e of end-to-end 4.0.5 all--P <ualit' of servi6e 4=oS5 6a3abilities. 2iMA7 is based on the /$0.11d >1? 4or more formall' /$0.11-0$$" or .uro3ean ,ele6ommuni6ations Standards -nstitute 4.,S-5 @i3erMA 5 and /$0.11e >0? standards 3ublished in 0$$" and 0$$1, res3e6tivel'. ,he s6o3e of these standards is fairl' broad, but it is im3ortant to remember that the' address onl' La'ers 1 and La'er 0 of the network ar6hite6ture. @i8her la'er network ar6hite6tures and interfa6es are not defined b' these standards, unlike the situation in the :;PP and :;PP0 s3e6ifi6ations for :; mobile networks, for e(am3le. ,o address this 8a3, the 2iMA7 9orum 6reated the etwork 2orkin8 ;rou3 4 2;5 to s3e6if' the 6om3lementar' .0. intero3erable network ar6hite6ture. ,he 2iMA7 9orum >:? is a non-3rofit industr' 8rou3 devoted to the 8lobal ado3tion and intero3erabilit' of 2iMA7 s'stems. ,his is in addition to the well known work in develo3in8 intero3erabilit' and 6onforman6e test 3rofiles, and the asso6iated 2iMA7 e<ui3ment 6ertifi6ation 3ro8ram. So 2iMA7 is bein8 subAe6t to an essentiall' full s'stem-level standardiBation effort, es3e6iall' in relation to mobilit' and some of the more advan6ed a33li6ations that 2iMA7 is likel' to su33ort in the future. !e6entl', -nternational ,ele6ommuni6ations Union 4-,U5 has a33roved 2iMA7, a non-6ellular tele6ommuni6ation te6hnolo8', as a 3art of the unionCs :; standards for the 0.%;@B band. -n this wa', 2iMA7 6an be 6onsidered as an earl' version of the ne(t 8eneration of mobile wireless s'stems. 9i8ure 1 shows an evolution of several different mobile s'stems all 6onver8in8 on an air interfa6e based on &9DMA and on an all-3a6ket-swit6hed 6ore network. &n the radio 3oint-of-view, there is wides3read su33ort for ado3tin8 &9DMA in the Lon8-,erm .volution 4L,.5 of :;, for e(am3le, and at a hi8h level there are similarities between 2iMA7 and 3ro3osals for :; L,.. @owever, it is ne6essar' to be 6areful about 8rou3in8 all wide-area &9DMA te6hnolo8ies to8ether, for there are likel' to be substantial differen6es in detail between the different evolvin8 ne(t 8eneration wireless s'stems like 2iMA7 and L,..
1
,he term 2iMA7 and /$0.11E/$0.11e are used inter6han8eabl' in this 6ha3ter 2iMA7 is a re8istered trademark of 2iMA7 forum

9i8ure 1F Mi8ration to &9DMA G 9lat All--P 2ireless etworks &n the network side, there is also an industr'-wide interest for sim3lif'in8 mobile networks towards flatter, all--P ar6hite6tures, whi6h would redu6e 6osts, in6rease effi6ien6', and enhan6e the s6alabilit' of the mobile 6ore network. ,o this e(tent, 2iMA7 moves 6loser to this 8oal, it was desi8ned from the da' one, with -P from the base station, in 6ontrast to the ,DM 6ir6uit-swit6hed a33roa6h used in 6urrent 6ellular s'stems. 2iMA7 network tar8ets for the first time a .0. all--P ar6hite6ture o3timiBed for a broad ran8e of -P servi6es. ,he .0. all--P network ma' not be 6om3lete without the =oS 6a3abilities as it matters enormousl'. 2ithout so3histi6ated =oS su33ort, man' wireless servi6es, from le8a6' data servi6es to 6om3le( intera6tive -MS-based servi6es, donHt work as well as the' 6ould. But =oS in broadband wireless a66ess is a diffi6ult and 6om3li6ated 3ro6ess, as it adds an un3redi6table radio link and 3otentiall' heav' user 6ontention to the usual non-deterministi6 behavior of -P 3a6ket networks. Carriers therefore need to be aware of how =oS works, and what it 6an do, in the different flavors of 2iMA7, and how it relates to the more familiar :; te6hnolo8ies. ,his 6ha3ter des6ribes an ar6hite6tural solution and the related resour6e mana8ement a33roa6hes to inte8rate the 2iMA7 te6hnolo8' in an end-to-end =oS enabled multidomain -P ar6hite6ture, while limitin8 the dis6ussion here to onl' 3oint to multi3oint to3olo8ies. Se6tion two briefl' des6ribes all the 6om3onents of 2iMA7 etwork !eferen6e Model 4 !M5 whi6h is a lo8i6al re3resentation of all the 6om3onents to address .0. 6ommuni6ations. Se6tion three des6ribes the 2iMA7 .0. network ar6hite6ture with 3h'si6al 6om3onents and 3roto6ol s3e6ifi6ation, 6orres3ondin8 to the !M des6ribed in se6tion two. 2hile se6tion three fo6uses on the .0. 6onne6tivit' and 3roto6ols, se6tion four fo6uses on different strate8ies to ensure the .0. =oS re<uirements. 2. WiMAX Network Reference Model 2iMA7 is based on -... /$0.11e-0$$% standard and 2iMA7 9orum etwork 2orkin8 ;rou3 4 2;5 s3e6ifi6ation. -... /$0.11-0$$" and -... /$0.11e-0$$% standards s3e6ifies the P@I and MAC of the radio link. ,his alone is not ade<uate to build an intero3erable broadband wireless network. -ntero3erable network deals with

end-to-end servi6e su6h as -P 6onne6tivit' and session mana8ement, se6urit', =oS, and mobilit'. ,he 2iMA7 2; defines the 2iMA7 network ar6hite6ture >:, ", %, 1, J? whi6h is based on the followin8 desi8n 3rin6i3lesF 6an be de6om3osed into fun6tions and well-defined referen6e 3oints between fun6tional entities for multi-vendor intero3erabilit'. 3rovide modularit' and fle(ibilit' in de3lo'ment. su33ort fi(ed, nomadi6, 3ortable, and mobile o3eration and evolution 3ath to full mobilit'. su33ort de6om3osition of a66ess network and 6onne6tivit' network. su33ort sharin8 of the network with variet' of business models. internetworkin8 with :;PP, :;PP0, 2i-9i0, and wireline networks usin8 -.,9 3roto6ols.

9i8ure 0F etwork !eferen6e Model 9i8ure 0 shows the 2iMA7 network referen6e model 4 !M5 whi6h identifies ke' fun6tional entities and referen6e 3oints 4!P5 over whi6h a network intero3erabilit' framework is defined. ,he !M is 6om3osed of three lo8i6al entities, namel' Mobile Station 4MS5, A66ess Servi6e etwork 4AS 5 and Conne6tivit' Servi6e etwork 4CS 5. !M also 6ontains referen6e 3oints !1-!/ to e(3lain the intera6tions amon8 the lo8i6al entities. ,he details of fun6tional entities and !Ps are e(3lained below. 2.1. Mobile Station MS! ,he mobile station is a 8eneraliBed mobile e<ui3ment set 4some vendors mention it as Customer Premises .<ui3ment 4CP.55 3rovidin8 wireless 6onne6tivit' between one or more hosts and the 2iMA7 network. 2.2. Acce"" Ser#ice Network ASN! ,he AS re3resents the 3oint of entr' for 2iMA7 MS e<ui3ment into a 2iMA7 network usin8 &9DMA air link. AS 6om3rises base stations 4BS5 and a66ess 8atewa'
0 ,he term 2i-9i, 2LA and /$0.11e are used inter6han8eabl' in this 6ha3ter

named AS -;2. An AS must su33ort a 6om3lete set of network fun6tions re<uired to 3rovide radio a66ess to the MS throu8h BS. An AS should have the followin8 fun6tionsF a5 /$0.11 La'er-0 4L05 6onne6tivit' with a 2iMA7 MS, b5 ,ransfer of authenti6ation and authoriBation messa8es to 2iMA7 subs6riberHs home network for authenti6ation, authoriBation and session a66ountin8 for subs6riber sessions, 65 etwork dis6over' and sele6tion of the 2iMA7 subs6riberHs 3referred SP, d5 !ela' fun6tionalit' for establishin8 La'er-: 4L:5 6onne6tivit' with a 2iMA7 MS 4i.e. -P address allo6ation5, e5 !adio !esour6e Mana8ement, f5 =oS and 3oli6' mana8ement for admission 6ontrol, 85 AS -CS and AS -AS tunnelin8 to su33ort mobilit', 3a8in8 and lo6ation mana8ement. Additionall', the AS also su33orts the followin8 fun6tionsF a5 Multi6ast and broad6ast 6ontrol, b5 A66ountin8 and 6har8in8 assistan6e, 65 Servi6e flow authoriBation and data forwardin8. 2.$. %onnecti#it& Ser#ice Network %SN! ,he CS is defined as a set of network fun6tions that 3rovide -P 6onne6tivit' servi6es to the 2iMA7 subs6riber. A CS is t'3i6all' 6om3rised of several network elements su6h as routers, AAA >01? 3ro('Eservers, user databases and interworkin8 8atewa' devi6es whi6h 3rovide fun6tions su6h asF a5 MS -P address and end3oint 3arameter allo6ation for user sessions, b5 -nternet a66ess, 65 AAA servi6es, d5 Poli6' and Admission Control based on user subs6ri3tion 3rofiles, e5 AS -CS tunnelin8 su33ort, f5 2iMA7 subs6riber billin8 and inter-o3erator settlement, 85 -nter-CS tunnelin8 for roamin8, h5 -nter-AS mobilit', i5 Conne6tivit' to 2iMA7 servi6es su6h as -P multimedia subs'stem 4-MS5, lo6ation based servi6es, 3eer-to-3eer 4P0P5 servi6es and 3rovisionin8. .a6h fun6tion ma' re<uire intera6tion amon8 two or more fun6tional entities. Also, ea6h of the fun6tions identified within a lo8i6al entit' ma' be realiBed in a sin8le 3h'si6al devi6e or distributed over multi3le 3h'si6al devi6es. All su6h realiBations are 6om3liant as lon8 as the' meet the fun6tional and intero3erabilit' re<uirements a6ross e(3osed referen6e 3oints. At hi8h level the 2iMA7 !M differentiates between etwork A66ess Providers 4 APs5 and etwork Servi6e Provider 4 SPs5. A etwork A66ess Provider 4 AP5 is a business entit' that 3rovides 2iMA7 radio a66ess infrastru6ture that is im3lemented usin8 one or more AS s. etwork Servi6e Provider 4 SP5 is a business entit' that 3rovides -P 6onne6tivit' and 2iMA7 servi6es to 2iMA7 subs6ribers a66ordin8 to some ne8otiated servi6e level a8reements 4SLAs5 throu8h 6ontra6tual a8reements with one or more APs. ,he SP ma' have 6ontrol over the CS .

2.'. Reference (oint R(! -n the 2iMA7 !M, ea6h referen6e 3oint is a lo8i6al interfa6e a88re8atin8 the fun6tional 3roto6ols between different fun6tional entities on either side of it. Different 3roto6ols asso6iated with a !P ma' ori8inate at andEor terminate in different fun6tional entities a6ross that !P. ,he 2iMA7 !M defines the followin8 !PsF

!1F Consists of 3roto6ols and 3ro6edures between the MS and AS as the air interfa6e 4P@I and MAC5 s3e6ifi6ations 4-... /$0.11e-0$$% >0?, -... /$0.110$$" >1?. !1 ma' in6lude L: 3roto6ols and 3ro6edures related to 6ontrol and mana8ement 3lane. !0F Consists of 3roto6ols and 3ro6edures between the MS and the CS mainl' asso6iated with Authenti6ation, AuthoriBation and -P host 6onfi8uration mana8ement. ,his referen6e 3oint is lo8i6al in that it does not refle6t a dire6t 3roto6ol interfa6e between MS and CS . !:F Consists of the set of 6ontrol 3lane 3roto6ols as well as the -P bearer 3lane between the AS and the CS . ,his !P su33orts AAA, 3oli6' enfor6ement and mobilit' mana8ement 6a3abilities as well as ne6essar' tunnelin8 to transfer user data between the AS and the CS . !"F Consists of the set of 6ontrol and bearer 3lane 3roto6ols ori8inatin8Eterminatin8 in various fun6tional entities of an AS that 6oordinate MS mobilit' between AS -;2s. !" is the onl' intero3erable !P between similar or hetero8eneous AS s. !%F Consists of the set of 6ontrol and bearer 3lane 3roto6ols needed to su33ort roamin8 between the CS o3erated b' a home SP and that o3erated b' a visited SP.

,he followin8 referen6e 3oints are defined within an AS and the' are onl' a33li6able to, and normative with res3e6t to, a de6om3osed AS 6onfi8uration 3rofile.

!1F -n6ludes all 6ontrol and bearer 3lane 3roto6ols between the BS and the asso6iated AS -;2. ,he 6ontrol 3lane 6onsists of =oS, se6urit' and mobilit' related 3roto6ols su6h as 3a8in8 and data 3ath establishment, modifi6ation, release and it ma' in6lude radio resour6e mana8ement. ,he bearer 3lane re3resents the intraAS data 3ath between the BS and AS -;2. !JF Consists of an o3tional set of 6ontrol 3lane 3roto6ols within an AS -;2 for AAA and Poli6' 6oordination as well as the 6oordination between the two 8rou3s of fun6tions involved over !1. -t se3arates the De6ision Point 4DP5 and .nfor6ement Point 4.P5 fun6tions where DP and .P reside within the same AS -;2. !/F -s an o3tional referen6e 3oint between BSs to ensure fast and seamless handover throu8h dire6t and fast transfer of MAC 6onte(t and data between BSs involved in handover of a 6ertain MS. -f su33orted the handover 6onte(t and related 6ontrol 3lane messa8es on !/ should be 6onsistent with 3roto6ols defined in /$0.11E/$0.11e standards.

9i8ure :F AS !eferen6e Model 6ontainin8 multi3le AS -;2 9i8ure : shows that an AS ma' be 6om3osed of one or more BS and one or more AS -;2s. ,he 2iMA7 2; !elease 1 >1? defines three 3rofiles that 6lassifies the distribution of fun6tions amon8 BS and AS -;2F Profile A, Profile B, and Profile C. ,he BS and AS -;2 fun6tions 6an be des6ribed as followsF 2.). *a"e Station *S! ,he BS 3rimaril' 6onsistin8 of radio related fun6tions of AS . -t re3resents a full instantiation of the /$0.11E/$0.11e MAC and P@I features amended b' a33li6able inter3retations and 3arameters defined in 2iMA7 9orum S'stem 3rofiles. -n this definition ea6h BS re3resents one se6tor with one fre<uen6' assi8nment. A BS ma' also in6or3orate additional im3lementation s3e6ifi6 fun6tions su6h as downlink and u3link s6hedulers. ,'3i6all' multi3le BSs ma' be lo8i6all' asso6iated with an AS . Also a BS ma' be lo8i6all' 6onne6ted to more than one AS -;2 to enable load balan6in8 and redundan6'. 2.+. ASN ,atewa& ASN-,W! ,he AS -;2 re3resents an a88re8ation of 6ontrol 3lane fun6tional entities that are either 3aired with a 6orres3ondin8 fun6tion in the AS 4e.8. BS instan6e5, a resident fun6tion in the CS or a fun6tion in another AS . ,he AS -;2 is 3la6ed at the ed8e of AS and 3erforms bearer 3lane routin8 or brid8in8 fun6tions. AS -;2 6ontrol 3lane handles all the radio-inde3endent 6ontrol and it in6ludes authoriBation, authenti6ation, and a66ountin8 4AAA5, 6onte(t mana8ement, 3rofile mana8ement, servi6e flow authoriBation, 3a8in8, radio resour6e mana8ement, and handover. Data 3lane feature set in6ludes ma33in8 radio bearer to the -P network, 3a6ket ins3e6tion, tunnelin8, admission 6ontrol, 3oli6in8, =oS and data forwardin8. ,he ne(t 8eneration network is a 6onver8en6e of different te6hnolo8ies. -nter te6hnolo8' mobilit' is a must and it is bein8 desi8ned in 2iMA7, :;PP, :;PP0, Di8ital Subs6riber Line 4DSL5, and 2i-9i. -nterworkin8 of these te6hnolo8ies in6rease the im3ortan6e of AS -;2 sin6e, for instan6e in 2iMA7, 6onne6tivit' to :;PP, :;PP0,

DSL and 2i-9i is 3rovided via AS -;2. -nterworkin8 ma' 3rovide 6ommon billin8 and seamless inter-te6hnolo8' handover. $. WiMAX End-to-End Network Arc-itecture -n this se6tion, we dis6uss the .0. network ar6hite6ture of 2iMA7 with 3h'si6al view instead of the lo8i6al as we have seen in the 3revious se6tion. ,he network ar6hite6ture shown here 49i8ure "5 is able to deliver and su33ort an' t'3e of servi6es and a33li6ations to the end user, lo6ated inside the wireless ran8e. !e6ent works >/, #, 1$, 11, 10? on 2iMA7 .0. ar6hite6ture desi8nin8 shows the tenden6' of ado3tin8 "; s6enarios 3ro3osed in >#, 1:, 1", 1%?.

9i8ure "F All--P ar6hite6ture for 2iMA7E"; wireless 6ommuni6ation ,he ar6hite6ture 6an be seen as one-to-one ma33in8 of the network referen6e model 4 !M5, and is 6om3osed of some 3h'si6al entities named Subs6riber StationEMobile Station 4SSEMS5, 2iMA7 etwork 4analo8ous to the AS 5, Core etworks 4analo8ous to the CS 5. ,he 2iMA7 network 6om3rised of BS and ;atewa'-!outer, and the 6ore network 6om3rised of one or more 6ore routers and ed8e routers. ,he entities are well 6onne6ted either with some wired or wireless 6onne6tivit' links to fulfill the re<uirements of the referen6e 3oints 4!Ps5. @ere, -... /$0.11E-... /$0.11e is used as an e(tension of a66ess networks, 3rovidin8 hi8h bandwidth a66ess between the SSEMS and wired a66ess networksK this e(tension 6an then also be 6onne6ted to UM,S networks or to -... /$0.11e networks or to -... /$0.13 networks. ,he different 3h'si6al 6om3onents 6an be defined as below. $.1. Mobile Station MS! ,he MS im3lements the entire 3roto6ol sta6k to serve end-to-end 6onne6tivit'. Besides the mandator' 3h'si6al and MAC la'er of -... /$0.11E-... /$0.11e

standard, the MS also 6ontains the standard ,CPE-P la'er 3roto6ols. U3on re8isterin8 to the BS of the network, the MS 6an re6eive -P address usin8 D'nami6 @ost Confi8uration Proto6ol 4D@CP5 3roto6ol from the BS. ,he MS should im3lement some mobilit' mana8ement 3roto6ols su6h as Mobile -P and AAA 4Diameter >0J? or !adius >0/?5 to su33ort the mobilit' features while maintainin8 the end-to-end =oS 6onstraints. Some of the a33li6ations runnin8 in MS mi8ht im3lement Session -nitiation Proto6ol 4S-P5 >11? to su33ort mobilit' or a66ess to -P Multimedia Subs'stem 4-MS5 >1J?. 2hen the MS su33orts seamless mobilit' to other te6hnolo8' networks like UM,S as mentioned in >1/, 1#?, the MS also ma' have UM,S-s3e6ifi6 3roto6ols above the data link la'er that in6lude the Pa6ket Data Proto6ol 4PDP5, but these should be 6om3letel' inde3endent of the 2iMA7 3roto6ol sta6k. $.2. *a"e Station *S! ,he BS em3lo's non-line-of-si8ht &9DMA te6hnolo8' 6om3liant with the -... /$0.11E-... /$0.11e standard and 2iMA7 9orum Profiles to deliver -P broadband a33li6ations with 8uaranteed =oS levels a66ordin8 to servi6e-level a8reements 4SLAs5 established between o3erators and servi6e users. ,he BS air interfa6e is o3timiBed for trans3ortin8 -P traffi6 6onsistin8 of variable-siBed 3a6kets with burst' 3atterns. ,he BS mana8es the radio resour6es, definition of user 6lasses, and =oS differentiation on a 3er-user and 3er-6onne6tion basis alon8 with differentiation between u3link and downlink dire6tions. -t de3lo's 6entraliBed s6hedulin8 servi6es to maintain =oS. -n6omin8 frames and 3a6kets are 6lassified based on several -P and .thernet 6riteria su6h as -... /$0.13 3riorit' field, -... /$0.1< LLA -D, sour6e and destination MAC address, -P masked sour6e and destination address, differentiated servi6es 6ode 3oint 4DSCP5E-P t'3e of servi6e 4,oS5 field, and trans3ort 3roto6ol sour6e and destination 3ort. 9or =oS mana8ement the BS behaves like a DiffServ node 3erformin8 .thernet or -P 6lassifi6ation and im3lementin8 =oS ma33in8 between .thernetE-P 6lasses and -... /$0.11 6lasses. ,he BS o3timiBes -Pv" addressin8 b' im3lementin8 D'nami6 @ost Confi8uration Proto6ol 4D@CP5 server or Mobile -P Pro(' to 3rovide -P addresses d'nami6all' u3on MSESSECP. re8istration to the BS. $.$. ASN ,atewa& ,W! A standards-based me6hanism for ma33in8 radio =oS to -P trans3ort =oS is 6urrentl' bein8 defined in the 2iMA7 9orum. !e8ardless of the 2iMA7 9orumHs si8nalin8 me6hanism for ma33in8 =oS, a full set of te6hnolo8ies are su33orted b' ;2 >0$? for .0. =oS 6onne6tivit' a6ross -P-based trans3ort networks. A ;2 is a devi6e whi6h 3erforms the fun6tionalities of a 8atewa' and a router. -t 3rovides either la'er 0-based a66ess andEor la'er :-based a66ess to the network. ,he La'er 0 a66ess 3rovides brid8ed 6onne6tivit' 4uni6ast or multi6ast5 between the MS and the 6ore network. -t 3rovides a 6ombination of traffi6 a88re8ation at La'er 0

and =oS mana8ement at La'er 0 and :, resultin8 in fast la'er 0 swit6hin8 with =oS su33ort. ,he -PEMulti3roto6ol Label Swit6hin8 4MPLS5 a88re8ation router used enablin8 a66ess to the La'er : network. ,he La'er : a66ess 3rovides all the benefits of -P networks, in6ludin8 La'er : =oS mana8ement. ,he router also should have DiffServ 6a3abilities to 3rovide end-to-end =oS. ,he ;2 6onne6ts different a66ess te6hnolo8ies to the 6ore network in6ludin8 2iMA7, UM,S, -... /$0.11e et6. ,hrou8h the use of enhan6ed -P te6hnolo8ies su6h as multi6ast, =oS, and load balan6in8, the ;2 enables servi6es like video and radio broad6astin8 and 3rovides an o3timiBed, 6ost-effe6tive ba6khaul link towards the end users. ,oward the 6ore network, the a88re8ation router 3rovides a full sele6tion of hi8h-s3eed interfa6es 4in6ludin8 ;i8abit .thernet and A,M5 and effi6ient routin8 te6hnolo8ies su6h as MPLS. ,he AS -;2 ma' also in6lude AAA su33ort or have 6onne6tivit' with an AAA server 4runnin8 3roto6ols like !adius or Diameter5 to 3rovide authoriBation and validation, billin8 su33orts to the end users. ,he AS -;2 ma' also a6t as @ome A8ent 4@A5 or 9orei8n A8ent 49A5 to enable Mobile -P su33ort to the end users. $.'. %ore Network ,he 2iMA7 networks are 6onne6ted to -nternet throu8h a 6ore network whi6h 6onsists of ed8e and 6ore routers. -nside the 6ore network, the AS -;2 a6ts as an interfa6e to -nternet ba6kbone and works as an ed8e router. MPLS ar6hite6ture as well as the Differentiated Servi6es 4DiffServ5 model 6an be used to 3rovide =oS su33ort. ,he ed8e router 3rovides 6onne6tivit' to the AS -;2 or BS of an a66ess network while ed8e routers are 6onne6ted throu8h 6ore routers 49i8ure "5. As a 3rere<uisite for MPLS and DiffServ de3lo'ment, 6lassi6al -P routin8 3roto6ols su6h as B;P 4Border ;atewa' Proto6ol5 and &SP9 4&3en Shortest Path 9irst5 should be o3erational. An o3timal desi8n and 6onfi8uration of the -P network settin8s for all routin8 6om3onents is mandator'. ,he bandwidth mana8ement and allo6ation in the 6ore network should also be desi8ned a33ro3riatel' to meet 2iMA7 <ualit' of servi6e re<uirements. 9inall', for an o3timal network se6urit', 2iMA7 6ore network should in6or3orate advan6ed authenti6ation and en6r'3tion me6hanisms. $.). Ser#ice" 2ith the e(tensive =oS 6a3abilities of 2iMA7 network, a wide ran8e of servi6es 6ould be 3rovided to 6o-e(ist with other broadband wireless te6hnolo8ies. ,he 6urrent :; o3erators are 6om3etin8 to 3rovide servi6es like voi6e, voi6e 6onferen6in8, video streamin8, video 6onferen6in8, video streamin8, -nternet. 2iMA7 is hel3in8 the servi6e 3roviders to sta' one ste3 ahead to 3rovide -P servi6es like -MS, se6ured and reliable LP , 3eer-to-3eer 4P0P5 6ommuni6ation, video on demand 4LoD5, ondemand 6ontent, radio, broad6ast and multi6ast based servi6es. $.+. .t-er Network" ,he 6urrent develo3ment >0$? of intelli8ent ;2 hel3s 6onne6tin8 different a66ess te6hnolo8ies to the o3erator 6ore network and 6reatin8 a sin8le network. A66ess te6h-

nolo8ies that 6an be 6onne6ted to a ;2 in6lude /$0.11e, ;lobal S'stem for Mobile Communi6ations 4;SM5, Code Division Multi3le A66ess 4CDMA5, Universal Mobile ,ele6ommuni6ations Servi6e 4UM,S5, and more. ,his network inte8ration allows an o3erator to 6onsolidate the ne6essar' trans3ort networks. Some 3ortion of the 6ore network also 6an be owned b' a different o3erator and a6t as visited SP for some other o3erators. ,hese networks also ma' im3lement similar 3roto6ols and ar6hite6ture to ensure their .0. =oS 8oals with other o3erators. '. Qualit& of Ser#ice Support -n this se6tion, we dis6uss the =oS in 2iMA7 inherited from the standard and also from an end-to-end network view. Providin8 =oS between two end-3oints in broadband wireless networks like 2iMA7 re<uires 6onne6tin8 man' links with intermediate 6om3onents like routers, swit6hes, et6. ,he 6om3onents have their me6hanisms to 3rovide =oS usin8 various La'er 0 and La'er : te6hnolo8ies. 2e 3rovide a brief overview of the 8eneral re<uirements and me6hanisms for 3rovidin8 =oS in 3a6ket networks and fo6us on how this is done end to end usin8 emer8in8 la'er : -P =oS te6hnolo8ies. Sin6e 2iMA7 is envisioned to 3rovide end-to-end -P servi6es and will likel' be de3lo'ed usin8 an -P 6ore network, -P =oS and its intera6tion with the wireless link la'er are what is most relevant to 2iMA7 network 3erforman6e. ,he =oS 3rovided b' a network is a 3erforman6e level indi6ator, t'3i6all' s3e6ified in terms of throu8h3ut, 3a6ket loss, dela', and Aitter, and the re<uirements var', based on the a33li6ation and servi6e. ,he t'3e of assuran6e 6an also var' from a hard <uantitative measure, su6h as a 8uarantee that all voi6e 3a6kets will be delivered with less than 1$$ms dela' ## 3er6ent of the time, to a soft <ualitative 8uarantee that 6ertain a33li6ations and users will be 8iven 3riorit' over others. Limitations in resour6es are the main barrier to 3rovide =oS in a network. Althou8h for a wireless te6hnolo8', the most-6onstrained resour6e is the wireless link, the other intermediate nodes and links have resour6e limitations. 9or e(am3le, ea6h link has its own bandwidth-6a3a6it' limits, and ea6h node has limited memor' for bufferin8 3a6kets before forwardin8. &ver-3rovisionin8 the network resour6es is an e(3ensive and ineffi6ient wa' to 3rovide <ualit', 3arti6ularl' when the <ualit' re<uirements are ver' hi8h. ,herefore, more effe6tive methods for 3rovidin8 =oS must be devised and these methods must take into a66ount the 3arti6ular needs of the a33li6ation or servi6e and o3timiBe the resour6es used. Different a33li6ations have different resour6e re<uirements. 9or e(am3le, laten6'-intolerant a33li6ations re<uire faster a66ess to bandwidth resour6es and not memor', whereas laten6'-tolerant a33li6ations 6an use memor' resour6es to avoid 3a6kets bein8 dro33ed, while waitin8 for a66ess to bandwidth resour6es. -n short, a =oS-enabled network should 3rovide 8uarantees a33ro3riate for various a33li6ation and servi6e t'3es while makin8 effi6ient use of network resour6es. '.1. Nati#e QoS in WiMAX -n 2iMA7, MAC la'er =oS is 3rovided usin8 a 6onne6tion-oriented a33roa6h. .a6h frame that is sent over the air interfa6e is asso6iated with a Servi6e 9low 4S95 that defines the transmission orderin8 and s6hedulin8 on the air interfa6e and some =oS

3arameters, like throu8h3ut, Aitter and laten6'. Servi6e flows e(ist in both u3link and downlink dire6tion and the' are identified b' a :0-bit S9-D that is uni<ue between a BS and a SSEMS. A servi6e flow 6an be 3rovisioned, admitted or a6tivated. -n the first 6ase the servi6e flow is onl' 3rovisioned via network mana8ement s'stem, but resour6es are not reserved or allo6ated. 2hen a servi6e flow is admitted, BS and SS reserve soft-resour6es but the servi6e flow 6annot be used to deliver traffi6. &nl' an a6tive servi6e flow 6an forward frame usin8 the allo6ated resour6es.

9i8ure %F Mobile 2iMA7 =oS Su33ort An admitted or an a6tive servi6e flow is asso6iated with a 11-bit C-D that identifies the MAC trans3ort 6onne6tion. ,he ma33in8 between frames and their trans3ort 6onne6tions is done throu8h a Classifier 49i8ure %5 6ontainin8 some rules to 6lassif' the frames. Several t'3es of 6lassifiers 6an be ado3ted >#?, su6h as -Pv", -Pv1, .thernet, A,M 4As'n6hronous ,ransfer Mode5, or a 6ombination of them. ,he S9 6reation, modifi6ation and deletion are 3erformed throu8h the e(6han8e of D'nami6 Servi6e Addition 4DSA5, D'nami6 Servi6e Chan8e 4DSC5, and D'nami6 Servi6e Deletion 4DSD5 MAC mana8ement messa8es between BS and SSEMS >1?. ,he standard defines the BS-initiated servi6e flow 6reationEmodifi6ationEdeletion as a mandator' model. 2iMA7 ar6hite6ture 3rovides five different 6lasses of servi6e to assure that the re<uired =oS is obtained. 9our 6lasses of servi6e 4U;S, rtPS, nrtPS and B.5 are defined in -... /$0.11d, and -... /$0.11e introdu6es another =oS 6lass 6alled .(tended !eal-,ime Pollin8 Servi6e 4ertPS5. ,able 1F Mobile 2iMA7 A33li6ations and =ualit' of Servi6e
QoS %ate/or& U;S Unsoli6ited ;rant Servi6e rtPS !eal-,ime Pollin8 Servi6e 0efinition !eal-time data streams 6om3risin8 fi(edsiBe data 3a6kets at 3eriodi6 intervals. !eal-time data streams 6onsistin8 of variablesiBed data 3a6kets that are issued at 3eriodi6 Application" Lo-P, ,1E.1, A,M CB! Streamin8 Audio or Lideo QoS Specification" Ma(imum Sustained !ate Ma(imum Laten6' ,oleran6e Mitter ,oleran6e Minimum !eserved !ate Ma(imum Sustained !ate Ma(imum Laten6' ,oleran6e ,raffi6 Priorit'

nrtPS on-!eal-,ime Pollin8 Servi6e B. Best-.ffort Servi6e .rtPS .(tended !eal,ime Pollin8 Servi6e

intervals. Dela'-tolerant data streams 6onsistin8 of variable-siBed data 3a6kets for whi6h minimum data rate is re<uired. Data streams for whi6h no data minimum servi6e level is re<uired. !eal-time servi6e flows that 8enerate variablesiBed data 3a6kets on a 3eriodi6 basis.

9ile ,ransfer Proto6ol 49,P5

Minimum !eserved !ate Ma(imum Sustained !ate ,raffi6 Priorit'

Data ,ransfer, 2eb Browsin8, et6. Loi6e with A6tivit' Dete6tion 4Lo-P5

Ma(imum Sustained !ate ,raffi6 Priorit' Minimum !eserved !ate Ma(imum Sustained !ate Ma(imum Laten6' ,oleran6e Mitter ,oleran6e ,raffi6 Priorit'

.a6h of these 6lasses has its =oS s3e6ifi6ation as shown in ,able 1 >1, 0?. Ma(imum sustained traffi6 rate defines the 3eak information rate of the servi6e e(3ressed in bits 3er se6ond. ,his is to s3e6if' the ma(imum bound, not a 8uarantee that the rate is available. Similarl', minimum reserved rate s3e6ifies the minimum rate reserved for a servi6e flow e(3ressed in bits 3er se6ond. Ma(imum toleran6e s3e6ifies the ma(imum laten6' between the re6e3tion of a frame b' the BS or SS on its network interfa6e and the forwardin8 of the 3a6ket to its !9 interfa6e. Mitter toleran6e defines the ma(imum dela' variation for the 6onne6tion. ,raffi6 3riorit' s3e6ifies the 3riorit' assi8ned to a servi6e flow. ;iven two servi6e flows identi6al in all =oS 3arameters besides 3riorit', the hi8her 3riorit' servi6e flow should be 8iven lower dela' and hi8her bufferin8 3referen6e. ,he advanta8es of the =oS te6hni<ues are es3e6iall' im3ortant in Lo-P a33li6ation su33ort. .(tended rtPS builds on the effi6ien6' of both U;S and rtPS b' allowin8 real-time servi6e flows that 8enerate variable-siBed data 3a6kets on a 3eriodi6 basis. ,he use of the ertPS 6lass with Lo-P enables silen6e su33ression me6hanisms and better use of header 6om3ression. '.2. En"urin/ 1a&er 2 E2E QoS La'er 0 =oS 3rovisionin8 6an in6or3orate a variet' of 3roto6ols and me6hanisms >:%?. ,he first wired te6hnolo8' to offer =oS was .thernet 4-... /$0.:5. ,he la'er 0 =oS 3rovisionin8 is 3ro3osed in -... /$0.1d whi6h 6onsiders the user 3riorit'. @owever, the standard does not s3e6if' the detailed me6hanism. ,he details are e(3lained in -... /$0.1<, whi6h is a subset of -... /$0.1d >01?. -... /$0.1< e(tends the 6on6e3ts of filterin8 servi6es and MAC brid8in8 to su33ort the definition and mana8ement of Lirtual LA s 4LLA s5 >01?. -... /$0.1< in6ludes the definition of a LLA Hs frame format 49i8ure 15 that 6arries LLA -dentifi6ation -nformation 4L-D-5 and User Priorit' -nformation 4UP-5 over -... /$0.:. ,he 3ro6ess is handled b' insertin8 these L-D- and UP- information as a N,a8 @eaderO, Aust after the destination MAC address, and sour6e MAC address of the ori8inal -... /$0.: frame, as a 3art of the -... /$0.: frame 49i8ure 15. ,he ,a8 Proto6ol -dentifier 4,P-D5 field is a two b'te field whi6h 6onfirms with the value /1$$ that this frame 6arries the ta8 -... /$0.1< E-... /$0.13 in the ,a8 Control -nformation 4,C-5 field.

J 1 1 1 0 Preamble S9D DA SA ,P-D

0 ,C-

0 ,'3e Len8th

"0-1"#1 Data

" b'tes C!C

: User Priorit'

1 10 bits C9- Bits of LLA -D 4L-D-5 to identif' 3ossible LLA s

9i8ure 1F -... /$0.: frame format 4u35 and -... /$0.1< frame format 4below5 ,he -... /$0.13 is an e(tension of the -... /$0.1< 4LLA s ta88in85 standard and the' work in tandem. ,he -... /$0.1< standard s3e6ifies a ta8 that a33ends to an .thernet MAC frame. ,he LLA ta8 has two 3artsF ,he LLA -D 410-bit5 and PrioritiBation 4:-bit5. ,he 3rioritiBation field was not defined and used in the -... /$0.1< LLA standard. ,he -... /$0.13 defines this 3rioritiBation field. -... /$0.13 establishes ei8ht 3riorit' levels 6alled Class of Servi6e 4CoS5. Althou8h the -... has made broad re6ommendations, network mana8ers must determine the a6tual ma33in8s, as shown in ,able 0. 2"er (riorit& $ 4default5 1 0 : " % 1 J ,able 0F -... /$0.13 ,raffi6 t'3e to user 3riorit' ma33in8 3raffic 3&pe %o44ent" WiMAX Ser#ice" Best .ffort 4B.5 Default LA ,raffi6 B. Ba6k8round 4BP5 .(6ellent .ffort 4..5 Controlled Load 4CL5 Lideo 4L-5 Loi6e 4L&5 etwork Control 4 C5 S3are 9or valued 6ustomer ,raffi6 will have to 6onform to some form of hi8her la'er admission 6ontrol Q 1$$ ms dela' and Aitter Q 1$ ms dela' and Aitter

nrtPS nrtPS rtPS U;S, ertPS

,he hi8hest 3riorit' is seven, whi6h mi8ht 8o to network-6riti6al traffi6 su6h as !outin8 -nformation Proto6ol 4!-P5 and &3en Shortest Path 9irst 4&SP95 table u3dates. Lalue si( mi8ht be used for dela'-sensitive a33li6ations like voi6e ma33ed to 2iMA7 U;S 6lass. ,he -... /$0.13 does not s3e6if' an' dro3 3referen6e of traffi6 6lass. @en6e, the ertPS 6lass traffi6 is also ma33ed to the same CoS value si(. ,he CoS value five is ma33ed to 2iMA7 rtPS 6lass to handle dela'-sensitive and losstolerant intera6tive a33li6ations su6h as video 6onferen6in8 and streamin8. ,he CoS value four is used for 6ontrolled-load a33li6ations su6h as 9,P, or business-6riti6al traffi6 and ma33ed to nrtPS 6lass of 2iMA7. ,he CoS value three is used for s3e6ial and value 6ustomer traffi6 like LP traffi6 6arr'in8 bank transa6tions data and ma33ed to nrtPS 6lass of 2iMA7. ,he Bero value is used as a best-effort default, invoked automati6all' when no other value has been set. '.$ En"urin/ 1a&er $ E2E QoS

@ere we des6ribe some of the widel' used 3roto6ols and ar6hite6ture for deliverin8 =oS in an -P network. ,raditional -P networks were desi8ned for best-effort servi6es and did not in6lude an' =oS 3rovisionin8. Some form of =oS 6an be 3rovided b' rel'in8 on different .0. trans3ort la'er 3roto6ols that run over -P. 9or e(am3le, ,rans3ort Control Proto6ol 4,CP5 ensures that data is transferred .0. reliabl' without errors. Similarl', !eal ,ime ,rans3ort Proto6ol 4!,P5 ensures that 3a6kets are delivered in se<uen6e and in a manner that allows for 6ontinuous 3la'out of multimedia streams. ,hese trans3ort la'er 3roto6ols, however, do not have an' me6hanism for 6ontrollin8 the .0. dela' or throu8h3ut that is 3rovided b' the network. 9or ensurin8 .0. laten6' and throu8h3ut, =oS me6hanisms need to be in 3la6e in the network la'er. ,he -nternet .n8ineerin8 ,ask 9or6e 4-.,95 develo3ed a number of new ar6hite6tures and 3roto6ols for deliverin8 end-to-end =oS in an -P network. ,hree of the more im3ortant develo3ments are 415 -nte8rated Servi6es 4-ntServ5, 405 Differentiated Servi6es 4DiffServ5, and 4:5 Multi3roto6ol Label Swit6hin8 4MPLS5. 2e briefl' des6ribe ea6h of these now. a! Inte/rated Ser#ice" IntSer#! ,he -ntServ ar6hite6ture 3rovides ri6h end-to-end =oS 8uarantees on a 3er-flow basis with si8nifi6ant 8ranularit' b' usin8 end-to-end d'nami6 si8nalin8 and resour6e reservation and admission 6ontrol throu8hout the -P network. ,he ar6hite6ture su33orts three t'3es of =oS. a5 ;uaranteed servi6eF throu8h3ut and dela' 8uarantees b5 Controlled-load servi6eF throu8h3ut 8uarantees 65 Best-effort -ntServ uses the !esour6e !eservation Proto6ol 4!SLP5 for si8nalin8 .0. =oS re<uirements and makin8 .0. resour6e reservations. !SLP messa8es 6arr' information on how the network 6an identif' a 3arti6ular flow, <uantitative 3arameters des6ribin8 the flow, the servi6e t'3e re<uired for the flow, and 3oli6' information, su6h as user identit' and a33li6ation. A flow is defined as an individual, unidire6tional data stream between two a33li6ations, and is uni<uel' identified b' the %-tu3le 4sour6e -P address, sour6e 3ort number, destination -P address, destination 3ort number, and the trans3ort 3roto6ol5.

9i8ure JF -ntServHs Ar6hite6ture in @ost and !outer 4ada3ted from ,arik Ci6i6, -ntServ and !SLP5 ,he sender and re6eiver ar6hite6tures of -ntServ are shown in 9i8ure J, whi6h indi6ates that the si8nalin8 is done throu8h !SLP 3ro6esses. ,he !SLP me6hanism is e(3lained here >0#?. ,he transmittin8 a33li6ation sends a PA,@ messa8e toward the re6eivers. PA,@ messa8es in6lude a ,raffi6 S3e6ifi6ation 4,S3e65 des6ri3tion of the data the transmitter wishes to send and follows the 3ath that the data will take. ,S3e6 is the standard whi6h is used to des6ribe the <uantitative 3arameters 4e.8. mean throu8h3ut, ma(imal burst siBe and 3er-ho3 dela'5 of a flow. All !SLP-aware nodes in the data 3ath establish state for the flow and forward it to the ne(t router if it 6an su33ort the re<uest. !SLP states are soft and need to be 3eriodi6all' refreshed. !e6eivers res3ond to the PA,@ messa8e b' sendin8 an !.SL messa8e with a =oS re<uest ba6k to the sender via the same 3ath. Althou8h the -ntServ ar6hite6ture with !SLP 3rovides the hi8hest level of -P =oS 8uarantee, it does have some maAor limitations, and it be6omes worst in wireless networks. 9irst, -ntServ re<uires e(3li6it reservation messa8es to 3ro3a8ate throu8h the entire 3ath between the two end-3oints to set u3 the 3ath and reserve the ne6essar' bandwidth. ,his adds more si8nalin8 overhead and ma' be detrimental to 3rovidin8 seamless mobilit'. Se6ond, maintainin8 soft-state b' the intermediate routers for nodes that are mobile is not effi6ient be6ause the state ma' be re<uired to fre<uentl' be set u3 and torn down. Also, with the inherentl' unreliable nature of wireless medium, si8nalin8 messa8es needed to maintain the state ma' be lost, and 6ause the state to be timed-out. A se3arate me6hanism to re6over from this situation will be re<uired. And ,hird, !SLP, the si8nalin8 3roto6ol used b' -ntServ, is a re6eiver-initiated 3roto6ol. ,he mobile node ma' not alwa's be the re6eiver. !SLP ma' be used onl' within the network and alwa's initiated b' the mobile node or the network 6ore. @owever, this onl' 3rovides =oS within the network. An alternative ar6hite6ture, DiffServ, over6omes some of the issues with -ntServ. b! 0ifferentiated Ser#ice" 0iffSer#! DiffServ relies on a88re8ate traffi6 handlin8, not the 3er flow traffi6 handlin8 used in -ntServ. DiffServ divides the traffi6 into a small number of 6lasses and treats ea6h

6lass differentl'. DiffServ uses the 3reviousl' i8nored ,'3e of Servi6e 4,&S5 field in the -P header for markin8 the 3a6kets to a 3arti6ular 6lass. ,he markin8 is a 1-bit label 6alled DiffServ 6ode 3oint 4DSCP5, as shown in 9i8ure /. ,he first : bits of DSCP 4bits $ to 05 are used for 6lass sele6tor, and the other : bits of DSCP 4bits : to %5 are used for dro3 3riorit'. ,hese fields are more e(3lained in later se6tion.

9i8ure /F Differentiated servi6es network and DSCP >00? 9i8ure / also shows a 6olle6tion of routers that make u3 a DiffServ network domain. ,'3i6all', a user or an a33li6ation sendin8 traffi6 into a DiffServ network marks ea6h transmitted 3a6ket with the a33ro3riate DSCP. ,he in8ress-ed8e router 6lassifies the 3a6kets based on the DSCP, and kee3s them into a33ro3riate <ueues. ,he router then measures the <ueued traffi6 and 6he6ks the 6orres3ondin8 a8reed-on 3rofiles. -f 3a6ketHs DSCP is not a66ordin8 to the a8reed-on 3rofile, the router 6han8es the DSCP of the offendin8 3a6kets. ,he in8ress-ed8e router ma' also do traffi6 sha3in8 b' dela'in8 or dro33in8 the 3a6kets as ne6essar'. -n a DiffServ network, the ed8e router does admission 6ontrol and ensures that onl' a66e3table traffi6 is inAe6ted into the network. All other routers within the DiffServ network sim3l' use the DSCP to a33l' s3e6ifi6 <ueuin8 or s6hedulin8 behavior, known as a 3er ho3 behavior 4P@B5, a33ro3riate for the 3arti6ular 6lass. A number of P@Bs ma' be defined and enfor6ed throu8hout a DiffServ network. 9or e(am3le, a P@B ma' 8uarantee a minimum fra6tion of available bandwidth to a 3arti6ular 6lass. ,he -.,9 has standardiBed two P@Bs named Assured forwardin8 4A95 >0:? and .(3edited 9orwardin8 4.95 >0"?.,he A9 P@B is nearl' e<uivalent to Controlled Load Servi6e available in the -ntServ model. An A9 P@B defines a method b' whi6h flows 6an be 8iven different forwardin8 assuran6es. 9or e(am3le, network traffi6 6an be divided into the followin8 6lassesF

;oldF ,raffi6 in this 6ate8or' is allo6ated %$ 3er6ent of the available bandwidth. SilverF ,raffi6 in this 6ate8or' is allo6ated :$ 3er6ent of the available bandwidth. BronBeF ,raffi6 in this 6ate8or' is allo6ated 0$ 3er6ent of the available bandwidth.

&f 6ourse these 6lassifi6ations with different 3er6enta8e of resour6es 6an be 6onfi8ured a66ordin8l' b' network administrators of ever' network. 9urther, the A9 P@B defines four A9 6lassesF A91, A90, A9:, and A9", ea6h havin8 three dro3 3re6eden6e levels 4,able :5. .a6h 6lass is assi8ned a s3e6ifi6 amount of buffer s3a6e and interfa6e bandwidth, a66ordin8 to the SLA with the servi6e 3rovider or 3oli6' ma3, but none are 8uaranteed. -f buffers allo6ated for a 8iven 6lass 8et filled u3, 3a6kets will be dis6arded from that 6lass, based on the level of dro3 3re6eden6e. ,able :F DSCP for A9 A5 1 A5 2 Low Dro3 Pre6eden6e $1$$$$ $11$$$ Medium Dro3 Pre6eden6e $1$$1$ $11$1$ @i8h Dro3 Pre6eden6e $1$1$$ $111$$ A5 $ 1$$$$$ 1$$$1$ 1$$1$$ A5 ' 1$1$$$ 1$1$1$ 1$11$$

As seen before 49i8ure /5, the si( bits of the DSCP are divided into two RfieldsHF ,he first field 4: bits5 is the A9 6lass number 4de6imal 0, :, " or %5 and the se6ond field 4: bits5 is the dro3 3re6eden6e 4de6imal $, 0 or "5 >0%?. ,he numeri6al orderin8 of the DSCP 4A9 6lass number5 im3lies an orderin8 of the servi6e delivered. -f 6ode3oint4(5 Q 6ode3oint4'5 then 6lass4'5 has at least as man' forwardin8 resour6es 4buffers and bandwidth5 allo6ated to it as 6lass4(5. Likewise, the orderin8 of the dro3 3re6eden6e fields im3lies an orderin8 of dro3 ratiosF if 6ode3oint435 Q 6ode3oint4<5 then the dro3 ratio of 3a6kets within an A9 6lass with dro3 3re6eden6e 3 must be at least as small as the dro3 ratio of 3a6kets marked with dro3 3re6eden6e <. ,he 6ode3oint with value $$$$$ is 6onsidered as default hen6e used for best effort traffi6s. ,he .9 P@B, a ke' in8redient of DiffServ, is assured b' 3rovidin8 low loss, low laten6', low Aitter, and assured bandwidth servi6e. Pa6kets marked for .9 are 8iven the hi8hest 3riorit'. .a6h router is re<uired to allo6ate a fi(ed minimum bandwidth on ea6h interfa6e for .9 traffi6 and forward the 3a6kets with minimal dela'. .9 is t'3i6all' used to emulate a virtual 6ir6uit for dela'-sensitive a33li6ations. ,o avoid .9 traffi6 bein8 dro33ed or dela'ed, the ed8e router should ensure that suffi6ient resour6es are available before admittin8 the traffi6 inside the DiffServ network. Pa6kets ma' be dro33ed if a user e(6eeds the a8reed-on 3eak rate. ,he re6ommended DSCP value for .9 P@B is 1$111$. 2hile traffi6s from a 2iMA7 network traverse throu8h a DiffServ network, the 8atewa' in the 2iMA7 network should have the 6a3abilities to ma3 La'er 0 2iMA7 traffi6 into La'er : DiffServ traffi6, and vi6e-versa. ,able " shows the ma33in8 between 2iMA7 network traffi6 and DiffServ network traffi6 >:"?. ,he U;S 6lass of 2iMA7 network ma3s to the .9 6lass of DiffServ 4as U;S 6lass 6arries traffi6 with minimum dela' and Aitter re<uirements5, hen6e it re<uires hi8her 3riorit' than other kinds of traffi6. As rtPS 6lass of traffi6 is real time, loss tolerant and 6an have traffi6 3rioritiesK this 6lass is ma33ed to A9: and A90.

&n the other hand, nrtPS 6lass traffi6 has hi8her dela' toleran6e, makes it better 6andidate to ma3 to the A91 6lass. Usuall', the reliabilit' of nrtPS 6lass traffi6 is maintained b' hi8her la'er 3roto6ols 4e.8. ,CP5 with end-to-end a6knowled8ement me6hanism. Ma33in8 nrtPS traffi6 to lower DiffServ 6lass like A91 ma' in6rease dro3 3referen6e hen6e in6rease the end-to-end retransmission, and 6an result de8radin8 the end-to-end =oS. -f the network is dominated b' non real-time traffi6 instead of realtime traffi6, this kind of situation 6an be avoided b' markin8 nrtPS traffi6 with lower dro3 3referen6es or hi8her A9 6lasses. As e(tended rtPS 6lass is a 6ombination of U;S and rtPS 6lass, the ertPS traffi6 is ma33ed to hi8her A9 6lass like A9". ,he best effort 6lass is ma33ed to default DiffServ 6lass. ,able "F Ma33in8 !ules for DiffServ Servi6es 2iMA7 MAC La'er Servi6es DiffServ Class U;S .9 rtPS A90, A9: nrtPS A91 B. Default ertPS A9" Sometimes .0. =oS is more 6riti6al while some 6or3orate owned DiffServ domains are isolated b' non-DiffServ domains. ,he -P 3a6ket is inserted in an .thernet frame and the DSCP field is ma33ed onto the -... /$0.13 field. ,hen the frame is forwarded to the a66ess network a66ordin8 to the user 3riorit' value. An e(am3le of the re6ommended ma33in8 between DiffServ 6lasses and .thernet user 3riorities 6an be e(tra6ted from ,able 0 and ,able ". Moreover, an' La'er : 3roto6ol runnin8 over .thernet 6an be marked with an -... /$0.13 valueF this is an advanta8e of -... /$0.13 over DiffServ, sin6e DiffServ is onl' useful in -P-based networks. c! Multiprotocol 1abel Switc-in/ M(1S! Multi3roto6ol Label Swit6hin8 4MPLS5 >:$? is used as a traffi6 en8ineerin8 tool and as a me6hanism to offer differentiated servi6es. MPLS is bein8 widel' used and re3la6in8 e(istin8 te6hnolo8ies in the market3la6e like frame rela' and A,M, mostl' be6ause it is better ali8ned with 6urrent and future te6hnolo8' needs. MPLS 3rovides a 6onne6tion-oriented servi6e for trans3ortin8 data a6ross 6om3uter networks. Conne6tions are si8naled between end3oints, 6onne6tion state is maintained at ea6h node in the 3ath, and en6a3sulation te6hni<ues are used to 6arr' data a6ross the 6onne6tion. ,he idea behind MPLS is to insert a fi(ed-len8th NlabelO between the la'er 0 and -P headers of a 3a6ket to be re6o8niBed and treated a66ordin8l' within the MPLS network 4see 9i8ure #5. 2ithin an MPLS network, 3a6kets are not routed usin8 -P headers but instead are swit6hed usin8 the information in the label.

9i8ure #F MPLS network and 6om3onents >00? 9i8ure # shows the 6om3onents of an MPLS network. ,he router at the in8ress ed8e of an MPLS network is 6alled the in8ress label-ed8e router 4L.!5 and is res3onsible for insertin8 the label into ea6h in6omin8 3a6ket and ma33in8 the 3a6ket to an a33ro3riate forward e<uivalen6e 6lass 49.C5. All 3a6kets belon8in8 to an 9.C are routed alon8 the same 3ath, 6alled the label swit6hed 3ath 4LSP5 and 8iven the same =oS treatment. ,he intermediate routers, 6alled label swit6hin8 routers 4LS!5, maintain a forward information base 49-B5 and forward MPLS 3a6kets b' lookin8 u3 the ne(t ho3 in the 9-B. ,he LS! 6han8es the label with a new label as 3a6kets are forwarded from one node to another node alon8 the LSP. ,he label 6han8in8 and forwardin8 6ontinue until the 3a6ket rea6hes the e8ress-ed8e router, where the label is deleted before forwardin8 to a non-MPLS node.

9i8ure 1$F Different wa's of =oS ma33in8 between different te6hnolo8ies in an endto-end 3ath

9i8ure 1$ shows an e(am3le of different wa's to ma3 various te6hnolo8ies for an end-to-end =oS su33ort. '.'. En"urin/ 1a&er ' E2E QoS

9i8ure 11F 2iMA7 with -MS -P Multimedia Subs'stem 4-MS5 is the first standards-based ne(t-8eneration ar6hite6ture that full' e(3loits the fle(ibilit' offered b' -P and Session -nitiation Proto6ol 4S-P5 >11?. Develo3ed for :; wireless networks b' the ,hird ;eneration Partnershi3 ProAe6t 4:;PP5, -MS is inde3endent of a66ess networks and is bein8 de3lo'ed b' fi(ed-line 3roviders as well as 2iMA7 o3erators. 9i8ure 11 shows similar -MS inte8ration s6enario with 2iMA7 network. ,he -MS ar6hite6ture divides the network into three la'ersF a media and end-3oint la'er that trans3orts the -P bearer traffi6, a S-P-based session-6ontrol la'er, and an a33li6ation la'er that su33orts o3en interfa6es. ,he 2iMA7 A66ess network de3lo's some BS with the 6a3abilit' to 3rovide a66ess to e(ternal networks and a6t as Poli6' De6ision Points 4PDP5. ,his additional 6a3abilit' hel3s to determines if the ne6essar' resour6es are available. ,he media and end-3oint-la'er network elements are S-P-enabled SS, Media ;atewa' 4M;5 to su33ort media 6onversion and 3ro6essin8 46ode6s5, Media ;atewa' Control 9un6tion 4M;C95, whi6h maintains 6all states and 6ontrols multi3le media 8atewa's. ,he mandator' elements in the session 6ontrol la'er network are the Call Session Control 9un6tions 4CSC95, whi6h are essentiall' S-P servers used for 6ontrollin8 the sessions, a33l'in8 3oli6ies, and 6oordinatin8 with other network elements. ,he 3ro(' CSC9 4P-CSC95 is the entr' 3oint to -MS for devi6es, interro8atin8 CSC9 4-CSC95 is the entr' 3oint to -MS from other networks, and the servin8 CSC9 4S-CSC95 is the ultimate session 6ontrol entit' for end 3oints. ,he a33li6ation la'er elements 6ould in6lude S-P a33li6ation servers. A ke' element of the -MS network is the home subs6riber server 4@SS5, a 6entraliBed database that stores user authoriBation and 3rofile information. An @SS is similar to the home lo6ation re8ister 4@L!5 in a ;SM network. Additionall', a33li6ation servers 4AS5 6an be 6onne6ted to the -MS to 3rovide advan6ed servi6es. ,he SS 8ains a66ess to the -MS via the 2iMA7 network, whi6h is res3onsible for 3rovidin8 a66ess for mobile stations and mana8in8 terminal mobilit'. ,o 3rovide the L" .0. =oS su33ort, the =oS 3ro6edures in the SS are tri88ered b' the S-P a33li6ation la'er 3roto6ol. ,he

SBCEPSCSC9 4Session Border ControllerES-P Pro('SCall Session Control 9un6tion5 ma3s S-P reservation messa8es into Diameter messa8es in order to send the 3oli6' setu3 information to the PD9 4Poli6' De6ision 9un6tion5. ,his information is used b' the PD9 for servi6eSbased lo6al 3oli6' de6isions. ,his information is used b' the PD9 for servi6eSbased lo6al 3oli6' de6isions. ,he SBC sends a Diameter messa8e to the BS to a6hieve =oS over the air when .0. 6all establishment is done. '. En"urin/ Inter-3ec-nolo/& E2E QoS Larious s6enarios arise where 2iMA7 network 6ould be used as ba6khaul 6ore and some other networks like UM,S andEor 2i-9i 6ould be used as end networks. -n the absen6e of other broadband te6hnolo8ies in some 8eo8ra3hi6 area 4sa' rural5, 2iMA7 is itself used as last mile network to deliver the various broadband 6ontents to the end users. ,he 3la6e where the 6ommuni6ation infrastru6ture is alread' established, the most 3o3ular te6hnolo8' 6ould be ;SM like UM,S network even thou8h the bandwidth 6ould be mu6h less than the 2iMA7 network. ,his 6ommuni6ation area in6ludes a wide area like 6it' but this is limited to the 6ir6uit swit6hed te6hnolo8ies. &n the other hand, small offi6es and residential areas have 6om3arativel' fewer mobile nodes like PCs, notebooks whi6h use 2i-9i te6hnolo8ies. 9or the ubi<uit' of 6ommuni6ation we have observed various works 8oin8 on for the 6onsisten6e and inter-workin8 of 2iMA7 and UM,S, 2i-9i networks. a! WiMAX to 2M3S Mappin/ .0. inter-workin8 method between 2iMA7 and UM,S are studied in >1:, 1/, ::?. ,here e(ist two inter-workin8 ar6hite6ture a33roa6hesF ti8ht 6ou3lin8 and loose 6ou3lin8 >1:, 1/?. -n the ti8htl'-6ou3led s6enario, the 2iMA7 8atewa' is 6onne6ted dire6tl' to the :; 8atewa' router 4;;S for UM,S and PDS for CDMA0$$$5 and a33ears to the router as another internal :; router and be6omes a 3art of the :; network. -n other words, it makes two different radio a66ess te6hnolo8ies work to8ether with a sin8le 6ore network. -n the loosel'-6ou3led s6enario, the two networks are 6onne6ted via the -nternet and at the hi8hest level of their res3e6tive networks. ,wo a66ess networks have nothin8 in 6ommon, but the 6ore networks are 6onne6ted to8ether. -n the ti8htl'-6ou3led s6enario, the 2iMA7 8atewa' is enhan6ed with the e(tended 6a3abilities of a6tin8 as a :; 8atewa'. ,his kind of enhan6ed 8atewa' im3lements the =oS 6lass ma33in8 between 2iMA7 and UM,S networks. UM,S defines four different 6lasses of =oS servi6e, based on the different a33li6ation re<uirements. A66ordin8 to the 6hara6teristi6s of ea6h 6lass, the UM,S =oS 6lasses and 2iMA7 servi6e 6lasses 6an be ma33ed as shown in 9i8ure 10.

9i8ure 10F Ma33in8 between UM,S and 2iMA7 =oS 6lasses ,he 6onversational 6lass of the UM,S network and U;S 6lass of the 2iMA7 network are for 6onstant bit-rate real-time a33li6ations su6h as un6om3ressed voi6e. -f the 6onversational 6lass uses voi6e traffi6 with talk and silen6e s3urt dete6tion, this traffi6 6an be ma33ed to ertPS 6lass of 2iMA7 network. ,he streamin8 and rtPS 6lasses are for variable bit-rate real-time a33li6ations su6h as 6om3ressed video. @owever, while both the UM,S and the 2iMA7 networks ea6h define two 6lasses for non-real-time servi6es, the 6lassifi6ations are different. -n the UM,S network, the intera6tive 6lass is for medium bandwidth a33li6ations su6h as 2eb browsin8 and file transfers, while the ba6k8round 6lass is for low bandwidth a33li6ations that 8enerall' run in the ba6k8round, su6h as email. -n the 2iMA7 network, the nrtPS 6lass is for hi8h bandwidth a33li6ations su6h as lar8e file transfers and the B. 6lass is for all other a33li6ations, in6ludin8 2eb browsin8 and email. ,hus, a dire6t one-to-one ma33in8 is not 3ossible. A man'-to-one and one-to-man' ma33in8 a33roa6h is 3ro3osed >1/? as shown in ,able %. ,able %F on-real-time =oS 6lass ma33in8 A33li6ation Bandwidth .(am3le A33li6ation UM,S !e<uirements @i8h 9ile transfer -ntera6tive Medium 2eb browsin8 -ntera6tive Low .mail Ba6k8round b! WiMAX to IEEE 672.11e Mappin/ -... /$0.11e is an e(tension of the -... /$0.11 famil' in whi6h =oS fun6tionalit' has been built into the s'stem usin8 6lass differentiation. -n -... /$0.11e networks, =oS is 3rovided usin8 .(tended Distributed Coordination 9un6tion 4.DC95 me6hanism b' allowin8 the MAC la'er to 3rioritiBe traffi6 into one of four <ueues, whi6h are 6alled A66ess Cate8ories 4ACs5 as shown in ,able 1. .a6h AC has three 3arameters that 6an be adAusted to 8ive it a different 3riorit'F the minimum and ma(imum Contention 2indow 4C25 siBe, the Arbitration -nterframe S3a6e 4A-9S5, and the ,ransmission &33ortunit' 4,(&35. A hi8her 3riorit' AC has smaller C2, shorter A-9S and lon8er ,(&3. Smaller C2 means that the AC sele6ts its random ba6koff from a set of smaller numbers. ,he A-9S determines how lon8 an AC must 2iMA7 nrtPS B. B.

wait before it transmits. ,he ,(&3 is a bounded duration durin8 whi6h the sender has the freedom to send as man' 3a6kets it 6an to maintain its bit-rate 6onstraint. ,able 1F Ma33in8 between a66ess 6ate8ories and a33li6ation t'3es A66ess Cate8or' A33li6ation AC$ Ba6k8round AC1 Best .ffort AC0 Lideo AC: Loi6e 2iMA7 and 2i-9i have some fundamental differen6es in their MAC la'ers. 2hile 2iMA7 has a frame-based 6entrall' 6oordinated MAC 3roto6ol, 2i-9i has a 6ontention-based distributed medium a66ess. Moreover, 2iMA7 and 2i-9i 4-... /$0.11e5 have a similar &9DM-based transmission s6heme. Additionall', 2i-9i 6an also o3erate in a 6ontention free mode with 6entrall' 6ontrolled a66ess to the 6hannel. ,hese 6ommon features fa6ilitate the inter-workin8 between these te6hnolo8ies. .0. inter-workin8 method to 8uarantee =oS mentioned in >1$, 11, 10, :1, :0? introdu6e te6hni<ues toward a 6om3lete inter-workin8 strate8'. ,he initial effort is to enhan6e the 2iMA7 8atewa' with the e(tended 6a3abilities of a6tin8 as a 2i-9i a66ess 3oint. ,his kind of enhan6ed 8atewa' ar6hite6ture was 3ro3osed in >11? but do not 3rovide details of the ma33in8 fun6tion. A @-P.!LA E@-P.!MA intero3erabilit' initiative >:0? 3ro3osed various me6hanisms of intero3erabilit' between the two standards. A novel 6onver8en6e based intero3erabilit' strate8' between 2iMA7 and 2i-9i has been 3ro3osed >10? with a detailed user 3lane and 6ontrol 3lane ma33in8 of =oS re<uirements. ,he resultin8 ar6hite6ture works as a h'brid of two different kinds of networks. ,he detail of inte8ratin8 2iMA7 and 2LA with =&S servi6es ma33in8 is 3rovided in >1$?. ,he AC: 6lass 6arries traffi6 of voi6e related a33li6ations, and both US; and ertPS 6lasses are ma33ed to this AC: 6ate8or' as shown in 9i8ure 1:. Similarl', the AC0 6lass is ma33ed with rtPS 6lass of 2iMA7 network. ,he AC $ 6lass 6an have a hi8h dro3 3re6eden6e and the AC1 6lass 6an have a low dro3 3re6eden6e. ,hese 6lasses are the B. and nrtPS servi6e 6lasses in 2iMA7.

9i8ure 1:F Ma33in8 between 2iMA7 and -... /$0.11e =oS 6lasses

). %onclu"ion8 2iMA7Cs -P 6a3abilit' enables it to 3rovide a wide ran8e of servi6es to a wide variet' of users. 2ith the 8radual de3lo'ment of different 2iMA7 te6hnolo8' all over the world, 2iMA7 are 8oin8 throu8h the evolution and ada3tive 3ro6esses to sustain with other te6hnolo8ies. A 2iMA7 network 6onne6ted to -nternet has to 6oo3erate with different a66ess te6hnolo8ies and determine the 3ro3er la'er 0 and la'er : ma33in8s to 3rovide .0. =oS servi6es to the end users. ,he 2; of 2iMA7 forum 3rovides a network ar6hite6ture model named !M e(3lainin8 the fun6tionalities and 6ommuni6ations amon8 different entities. -n this 6ha3ter we addressed the 3h'si6al 6onne6tivit' re<uirements and te6hni<ues with res3e6t to the !M mentioned in 2;. ,he set of 3ossible re<uired 3roto6ols to enable the .0. =oS su33ort has been dis6ussed. 2e also 3resented the ma33in8 of =oS 3arameters between 2iMA7 and different a66ess te6hnolo8ies like UM,S and 2i-9i to 3rovide assured =oS to the end users. 2hile in a network, the distin6t means of =oS 6a3abilities are 3resent in different la'ers, the network mana8ement is be6omin8 more 6om3le( and diffi6ultK and the network o3erators re<uire a stron8 6oordination of =oS 6a3abilities amon8 different la'ers. Reference >1? -... /$0.11-0$$", N-... Standard for Lo6al and metro3olitan area networksF Part 11F Air -nterfa6e for 9i(ed Broadband 2ireless A66ess S'stemsO. >0? -... /$0.11e-0$$%, N-... Standard for Lo6al and metro3olitan area networksF Part 11F Air -nterfa6e for 9i(ed Broadband 2ireless A66ess S'stems. Amendment 0F Ph'si6al and Medium A66ess Control La'ers for Combined 9i(ed and Mobile &3eration in Li6ensed BandsO. >:? 2iMA7 9orum S 2iMA7 @ome, htt3FEEwww.wima(forum.or8, 0$$/. >"? 2iMA7 9orum 2hite Pa3er, NMobile 2iMA7 - Part 1F A ,e6hni6al &verview and Performan6e .valuationO, 2iMA7 9orum, Mune 0$$1. >%? 2iMA7 9orum etwork 2orkin8 ;rou3 2hite Pa3er, N2iMA7 .nd-to-.nd etwork S'stems Ar6hite6ture, 4Sta8e 0F Ar6hite6ture ,enets, !eferen6e Model and !eferen6e Points5O, 2iMA7 9orum, Mar6h 0$$1. >1? 2iMA7 9orum etwork 2orkin8 ;rou3 2hite Pa3er, N2iMA7 .nd-to-.nd etwork S'stem Ar6hite6ture, 4Sta8e :F Detailed Proto6ols and Pro6edures5O, 2iMA7 9orum, Au8ust 0$$1. >J? P. -'er, . ataraAan, M. Lenkata6halam, A. Bedekar, .. ;onen, P. .temad, P. ,aa8hol, NAll--P network ar6hite6ture for mobile 2iMA7O, Mobile 2iMA7 S'm3osium, USA, Mar6h 0$$J. >/? B. An8ori, . Mi8nanti, C. Landi, . Ser8io, N.(tendin8 2iMA7 te6hnolo8' to su33ort .nd to .nd =oS 8uaranteesO, 3ro6eedin8s of the 2.-!D worksho3, Ma' 0$$J. >#? L. Mar<ues, !. L. A8uiar, C. ;ar6ia, M. -. Moreno, C. BeauAean, .. Melin, M. Liebs6h, NAn -P-based =oS ar6hite6ture for "; o3erator s6enariosO, -... 2ireless Communi6ations, vol. 1$, 33. %"-10, 0$$:. >1$? @. @affaAee and @. A. Chan, TLow-6ost =oS-enabled 2ireless etwork with -nterworked 2LA and 2iMA7T, 3ro6eedin8s of the 1st -... -nternational Conferen6e on 2ireless Broadband and Ultra 2ideband Communi6ations 4Aus2irelessC$15, Australia, Mar6h 0$$1.

>11? P. ;akhar, A. ;rave', A. Lero', N-!&-S.F A ew =oS Ar6hite6ture for -... /$0.11 and -... /$0.11e -nterworkin8O, -... 3ro6eedin8s of the -nternational Conferen6e on Broadband etworks, 33. 1$J-110, USA, &6tober 0$$%. >10? !. Pumar, L. Sa8ar, S. kumar, A. Lele, D. Das, TA ovel -nterfa6e ;atewa' Ar6hite6ture for Seamless -ntero3erabilit' between /$0.11e and /$0.11e,T -... 3ro6eedin8s of the :rd -nternational Conferen6e on Communi6ation S'stem Software and Middleware 4C&MS2A!.5 -ndia, Manuar' 0$$/. >1:? =. ,. . Luon8, L. 9iat, and . A8oulmine, TAn Ar6hite6ture for UM,S2-MA7 -nterworkin8T, 3ro6eedin8s of the 1st -nternational 2orksho3 on Broadband Conver8en6e etworks 4-... B6 5, Canada, A3ril 0$$1. >1"? I. Chen8, @. Mian8, 2. Uhuan8, U. iu and C. Lin, N.ffi6ient !esour6e Allo6ation for ChinaHs :;E"; 2ireless etworksO, -... Communi6ation Ma8aBine, 33. J1-/:, Manuar' 0$$%. >1%? M. @illebrand, C. Prehofer, !. Bless, and M. Uitterbart, N=ualit'-of-Servi6e Si8nalin8 for e(t ;eneration, -P-based Mobile etworksO, -... Communi6ations Ma8aBine, 33. J0-J#, Mune 0$$". >11? M. !osenber8, @. S6hulBrinne, ;. Camarillo, A. Mohnston, M. Peterson, !. S3arks, M. @andle', .. S6hooler, NS-PF Session -nitiation Proto6olO, -.,9 !9C :011, Mune 0$$0. >1J? :;PP ,S 0:.00/F N-P Multimedia Subs'stem 4-MS5K Sta8e 0,O !elease J, Mune 0$$1. >1/? D. Pim and A. ;anB, TAr6hite6ture for :; and /$0.11 2ireless etworks -nte8ration with =oS Su33ortT, 3ro6eedin8s of the 0nd -nternational Conferen6e on =ualit' of Servi6e in @etero8eneous 2iredE2ireless etworks 4=ShineH$%5, USA, Au8ust 0$$%. >1#? 9. 7u, L. Uhan8, and U. Uhou, T-nterworkin8 of 2ima( and :;PP etworks based on -MS >-P Multimedia S'stems 4-MS5 -nfrastru6ture and Servi6es?T, -... Communi6ations Ma8aBine, Mar6h 0$$J. >0$? Cis6o S'stems 2hite Pa3er, N@ow to -m3lement 2iMA7 in a Mobile etworkO, ovember 0$$%. >01? -... /$0.13F LA La'er 0 =oSECoS Proto6ol for ,raffi6 PrioritiBation, htt3FEE www.Aavvin.6omE3roto6ol/$01P.html, 0$$/. >00? M. ;. Andrews, A. ;hosh, !. Muhamed, T9undamentals of 2iMA7F Understandin8 Broadband 2ireless etworkin8T, Prenti6e @all P,!, 1st edition, Mar6h 0$$J. >0:? M. @einanen, 9. Baker, 2. 2eiss, M. 2ro6lawski, TAssured 9orwardin8 P@B ;rou3T, -.,9 !9C 0%#J, Mune 1###. >0"? L. Ma6obson, P. i6hols, P. Poduri, TAn .(3edited 9orwardin8 P@BT, -.,9 !9C 0%#/, Mune 1###. >0%? P. 9. Chimento, N,utorial on =oS su33ort for -PO, C,-, ,e6hni6al !e3ort 0:, Universit' of ,wente ,De3artment of Com3uter S6ien6e, 1##/. >01? M. Lollbre6ht, P. Calhoun, S. 9arrell, L. ;ommans, ;. ;ross, B. de BruiAn, C. de Laat, M. @oldre8e, D. S3en6e, NAAA AuthoriBation 9ramework,O -.,9 !9C 0#$", Au8ust 0$$$. >0J? P. Calhoun, M. Lou8hne', .. ;uttman, ;. Uorn, NDiameter Base Proto6ol,O -.,9 !9C :%//, Se3tember 0$$:. >0/? C. !i8ne', S. 2illens, A. !ubens, 2. Sim3son, T!emote Authenti6ation Dial -n User Servi6e 4!AD-US5T, -.,9 !9C 0/1%, Mune 0$$$. >0#? !. Braden, L. Uhan8, S. Berson, S. @erBo8, S. Mamin, T!esour6e !eSerLation Proto6ol 4!SLP5T, -.,9 !9C 00$%, Se3tember 1##J.

>:$? .. !osen, A. Liswanathan, !. Callon, TMulti3roto6ol Label Swit6hin8 Ar6hite6tureT, -.,9 !9C :$:1, Manuar' 0$$1. >:1? L. Berlemann, C. @o'mann, ;.!. @iertB, S. Man8old, TCoe(isten6e and -nterworkin8 of -... /$0.11 and -... /$0.11 4e5T, 3ro6eedin8s of the Lehi6ular ,e6hnolo8' Conferen6e, L,C 0$$1-S3rin8, Ma' 0$$1. >:0? S. 9rattasi, D. Aalbor8, .. Cian6a, !. Prasad, T-nterworkin8 between 2LA and 2MA F an ethernet-based inte8rated devi6eT, 3ro6eedin8s of the 1th 2ireless Personal Multimedia Conferen6e 42PMC5, &6tober 0$$:. >::? M. Pen8 and 2. 2an8, TA Unified Ar6hite6ture and Pe' ,e6hni<ues for -nterworkin8 between 2iMA7 and Be'ond :;E"; S'stemsT, 2ireless Personal Communi6ations, Lolume "%, A3ril 0$$/. >:"? M. Chen, 2. Miao and =. ;uo, NAn -nte8rated =oS Control Ar6hite6ture for -... /$0.11 Broadband 2ireless A66ess S'stemsO, -... ;lobe6omH$%, USA, ovember 0$$%. >:%? P. &. Lee, M. @. @ahm, I. S. Pim, T&3eratorHs =oS Poli6' in 2iBro -m3lementationT, L CS "$$:, 3ro6eedin8s of the 1th -nternational Conferen6e on e(t ;eneration ,eletraffi6 and 2iredE2ireless Advan6ed etworkin8 4 .20A C$15, !ussia, Ma' 0$$1.