TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS 1 History of Lamp Technology

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History o& La0/ Te1hnolo%y'

Introduction.

Compiled by Alastair Sherry.

The history of the light bulb can certainly be traced back to Messrs Swan & Edison, but it is e ually certain that they would not ha!e made their respecti!e leaps without the benefit of Michael "araday#s researches in to electricity. $is disco!eries in the %&'(s of the electric motor and the dynamo allowed for the continuous supply of usable currents of electricity to make usable light a !iable option. Although gas lighting predominated, and indeed continued until after the end of the Second )orld )ar, the first appearance of electric lighting was around %&&( and followed the Edison and Swan first usage of the incandescent lamp. These were !ery crude de!ices as were the materials a!ailable to them. This resulted in efficacies of a !ery low le!el *less than + lm,)- at a correspondingly high cost. .n the main this form of lighting was restricted to the !ery well off and to some commercial and retail establishments. The %/0(s had impro!ed the lamp by the introduction of tungsten

filament and filling the bulb !oid with gas to increase the life of the filament by reducing the tungsten e!aporation. 1esearch at the turn of the century was ongoing into the area of gas2 filled lamps, as it was anticipated that the ne3t generation of lamps would need impro!ements in the areas of efficacy and longe!ity, but the restricting factor here was the lack of a suitable current limiting de!ice. )ork continued for many years in this field and the first commercial installation of low pressure sodium lamps was installed at 4urley )ay, Croydon in %/'0. 5amp efficacy was now increased to some +( lm,). .n the same year the $igh 4ressure Mercury lamp saw its introduction as street lighting in )embley Middlese3 with efficacies around '6 lm,). .t is interesting to note that 4hilips had its head uarters in Croydon and The 7EC *as it was then known- had its offices in )embley. Though these ad!ances were pushing forward barriers in technical de!elopment, colour rendering was at a !ery poor le!el. The ne3t de!elopment took place in the 8nited States and the low pressure mercury lamp *commonly known as the fluorescent tube- was launched9 this produced useful efficacies around uantities of light with '( lm,). A great leap forward was made in %/:0 with the

disco!ery of the halophosphate phosphors bringing greater stability in light output and further increasing lumen output to around ++ lm,). .t is interesting to note that in the 8nited States they ha!e until recently remained steadfast in their use of the '&mm diameter lamp9 Europe changed with much greater enthusiasm. .t is likely that our much higher energy costs played a ma;or role in this. To this day it is still the norm to see the older technologies in use in the ma;ority of States. Contents. .n %/<' the first of the fluorescent triphosphor lamps were de!eloped9 this produced an increase of +(= in lumen output with the added ad!antages of e3tra life and the birth of the technology that was to result in the compact fluorescent lamp. .t was the de!elopment of this range of lamps which heralded the possibility of making ma;or reductions in a huge !ariety of installations. Sa!ings of the magnitude of +(= were easily achie!ed and lighting design was gi!en a new light source, significantly smaller than anything that had been pre!iously a!ailable. Commerce and industry fell o!er themsel!es to use this lamp but the >ritish public were not interested in this ugly new light source. .ndeed it must be said that for domestic use they were not cost

effecti!e, as many manufacturers priced them at a le!el that was ne!er going to encourage their use. This, linked with !irtually no acceptable domestic fittings, could ha!e easily ha!e sounded their death with the public. .t took se!eral campaigns from groups such as the Energy Sa!ing Trust to get the slightest glimmer of interest. .t was only when some of the big d.i.y. operations started doing some serious deals with the manufacturers that they started mo!ing with the public. The range of compact fluorescent lamps e3tends in many shapes ranging from + watt to +& watt, though it may well be felt by some that the enormous choice has led to some confusion. .n the main there are ' main choices to make o!er and abo!e the choices necessary with a standard fluorescent type.. *i- 4hysical si?e of lamp re uired to fit the luminaire. *ii- )hether standard wire wound or electronic ballast#s are to be used. *iii- )hether retrofitting a !ersion that has the control gear incorporated within it. )e are already e3periencing a general downward trend in the pricing of this range of lamps, and it is a strong possibility that this will copy a similar route that standard fluorescent lamps did. The ad!ent of the electronic ballast for use with fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps should not be o!erlooked. There were se!eral ad!antages in increasing the fre uency of modulation through the lamps. *i- "luorescent lamps lost their @flickerA, and this bought with it huge sa!ings in labour as the incidence of headaches and general debility caused by the +( $ert? flicker in some of the longer fluorescent lamps disappeared and with it absenteeism from work was reduced. There is an elimination of the cause of many cases of epilepsy, as this form of flicker has been instrumental in bringing out the complaint. .n fact there is an instance that a 5ocal Authority has done a deal with its "acility Mangers that fluorescent tubes replaced in planned maintenance are being re2cycled in local schools, a practice that in no way can be condoned. *ii- 1eductions in energy used to operate the lamp were made due to ballast losses being reduced from some %+= down to about 0=. .t was also possible that lower wattage lamps could be manufactured offering further energy reductions. *iii- Birtually all noise was eliminated from the control gear. Tungsten $alogen lamps entered the market place about %/6( and made use of the de!elopment of first using chlorine back in the %&&(s then in %/'' the use of iodine was ad!anced. This type of lighting was initially used mainly for floodlighting and although the first lamps were %((( watts, lower2 powered !ersions soon followed and are widely used around the world today.

The %/6(s saw the introduction of the metal halide lamp these were de!eloped independently both in Europe and the 8SA with a different make up of elements. .n both cases starting !oltages in e3cess of %:(( !olts were re uired with large and hea!y associated control gear ha!ing to be either part of the luminaire or within a ma3imum distance of 0 meters from the lamp. The benefits of this lamp were a further leap forward but there were !arious control restrictions associated with the lamp. .n the early days that the lamp became commercially a!ailable there were many !ariations in lamp colour, e!en with lamps from the same batch. There were many disappointments with this lamp and it was not until %//: that this lamp could be used without fear by means of an electronic ballast. .n fact during the first '( years of the lamps history lamp reliability had always been a serious bone of contention. The main or controlling feature of this lamp is current and it was the inability to totally control the current that caused the wild fluctuations in colour rendering. 5inked with this problem was that of short lamp life. .t was generally but incorrectly belie!ed by many lighting designers that this lamp had a life of around 6((( hours, but certainly in the early days the many lamps seemed to be failing in the first '((( hours. This was due to slight changes in the operating !oltage,current that ga!e the white lamp that greenish tinge that predicted imminent failure. .t may be that a !ast number of these so called failures were in fact the result of unstable !oltage,current. Although up to ' years ago the nominated !oltage in the 8C was 0:( !olts D %( = 26=, it was a working reality that supply !oltage was sometimes in e3cess of the ma3imum. The ceramic metal halide first introduced by 4hilips in %//: and was one route by which consistency of colour was returned. >y %/// both 7E and Esram had working alternati!es and an increase in length of life to /((( hours was being claimed. .t could be suggested that there is insufficient e!idence for this to be considered certain yet. Fimming has only recently been achie!ed with the metal halide lamp and with it an increase in life to in e3cess of %(,((( hours, a consistency of colour and a serious reduction of start up times9 these can be in e3cess of 6 minutes. .n %/6+ the high pressure sodium lamp was released bringing with it a ;ump in efficacy to some /( lm,) and colour rendering that ga!e the lamp may more uses. The much warmer colour than metal halide or mercury made it a winner with e3ternal lighting designers. .n %/&6 the sodium lamp took a step forward with the introduction

of )hite Sodium lamps, generically to be known as white SEG. This was a !ery much smaller !ersion and allowed greater fle3ibility, and found great popularity with designers in the retail sector .n %/66 the first dichroic e3tra low !oltage lamps were released these lamps in the main operated at %0 !olts and ga!e luminaire manufacturers se!eral decades in which to design deli!ery systems that became @de rigeurA. .t has to be said that they opened up the ne3t generation of lighting but unfortunately o!er the years became one of the most misused lamps of this generation. 4eople not only lighted alco!es and specific features with them but it became the fashion to use them to light entire areas, nay it has e!en been used to illuminate the entire groups of shops. . gi!e two e3amples *i- )oolworth decided to de!elop a range of superstores, a well known designer was bought in and in his enthusiasm he illuminated the entire shed with low !oltage M+( dichroic lamps. The Sunday Times Gewspaper, which had ;ust launched a colour section did a full article on it. There were o!er '((( lamps used in the installation. .t looked the !ery epitome of all that was chic. Three months later o!er 0((( lamps had failed. The shed was closed down and fluorescent battens were hung throughout the store. *ii- Another well known group of o!er 06( shops relied totally on low !oltage lighting as its only source of lighting. After the initial refits air conditioning had to be installed ;ust to keep the shops at a comfortable working le!el. The le!el of maintenance needed is high and o!erall it is e3pensi!e. 5ow !oltage lighting offers the lighting designer probably his most useful tool due to the precision of control with which this range of lamps allows. The introduction of the electronic transformer allowed the addition of se!eral new facilities. *i- The !irtual elimination of noise or hum particularly when lamps are dimmed. *ii- The often added soft start option meant that lamp filaments were not sub;ected to pre!ious pressures and resulted in significantly longer life. *iii- Si?es of the electronic transformer were further reduced allowing e!en greater fle3ibility. *i!Electronic transformers emit less heat . Arri!ing at the present day we ha!e the .nduction lamp, Early reports howe!er are !ery good. .ts e3ception length of life *some 6(,((( hours- will ensure that it will always be needed for those areas of difficult or dangerous access. .t has an output of some 6+ lm,), and internally works at relati!ely low temperatures, about 0+(#C. This range all work at high fre uency in e3cess of M$?. There are added ad!antages of no apparent stroboscopic effects. .ts control gear is electronic and if

there are short falls to this lamp it my be within the control bo3. This is not a low price alternati!e but the superiority of performance will certainly ;ustify this lamp type. "ibre optics seemed at one time that it was going to o!ertake SE5B systems in popularity. Although a most effecti!e system it was let down by the inability to match the M+( dichroic lamp which had taken on the mantle of the industry standard. This system works on the principal of a metal halide lamp within a @light bo3A and fibre optic cable transmitting the light to a dichroic type emitter. .t is still not possible to get any more light than one would hope to get from a wide beam '+ watt Fichroic lamp. .t has the huge ad!antage of being safe, as there is no passage of electricity only light, this makes for a superb underwater fitting at any depth. The losses in the cable are insignificant and theoretically allow cables to be run for long distances with no apparent diminution of light output, it can e!en go around corners. The only daunting item is the !ery high price of the cable. An interesting system of dimming has been much used in the past, it utilises a spinning disc with sections cut out. The light from the metal halide lamp passes through this on its way to the cable, and speeding up or slowing down the speed of re!olution can achie!e different le!els of dimming. There are nowadays more sophisticated systems of electronic dimming, but they are more e3pensi!e, e!en if more effecti!e. Se!eral of the clearing banks ha!e used fibre optics at their banking tills, with the added ad!antage of negligible heat transfer, hence less air conditioning yet more cost sa!ings. .t may be that light emitting diode *5EF- will take on the uni!ersal mantle. This lamp was first used in traffic signals in %//+. )e are all now familiar with them as information signs on the 8C motorway network. )ith energy sa!ings around 6(= and e3tremely long life, there again is the added ad!antage of minimal heating. The light bulb has come a long way since %&&(. Fe!elopment of new lamps will arri!e in uicker succession9 they will become safer more energy efficient and more adaptable than those of today. Gew sources will undoubtedly be utilised. Control systems will be honed to greater degrees . .n 0( years time . ha!e no doubt that our @newA technologies will appear @old hat.A

References.
%- ..".Fa!ies and E.T.7lenny, Light Sources over 50 years, The Lighting Journal, volume 39/ no 2 (197 !" 2!#$%S& #o'e (or interior Lighting" 199 , u)'ate' 1997 '- H. 7ordon Cook. Lives to remem*er, +ichael ,ara'ay" 19-3