MAA 5228 and MAA 4226 Introductory Analysis I (Fall 2013)

Practice Problems Set 4 1. Find the following limits: (a) lim 1 k + 2 k + + nk , where k > 0. n nk+1
n

(b) lim (c) lim

1 1 1 + + + . n+1 n+2 2n n2 1 2 n . + 2 + + 2 2 2 +1 n +2 n + n2 lim ln(1 + xt) =x t 0 t

2. Prove that for every real number x. 3. Prove that 4. Prove that

x < ln(1 + x) < x < (1 + x) ln(1 + x) for x > 0 and ex 1 + x for all x 0. x+1 1 1+ x
x

<e<
x

1 1+ x 1 1+ x = ex

x+1

for all x > 0. Show that

x +

lim

1 1+ x lim

x+1

= lim x n

x + n

= e.

5. Prove that
n

1+

for every real number x. In particular, we have lim 1 1+ n

n

= e.

6. For every positive integer n, dene an = 1 1+ n

n

and bn =

1 1+ n

n+1

Show that {an } is increasing and {bn } is decreasing and that both converge to the number e. 7. For each positive integer n, dene xn = 1 + 1 1 1 + + + ln n. 2 3 n

Prove that xn > 0 and xn > xn+1 for all n. The limit of the sequence is called Eulers constant, which is a number between 0 and 1.

8. Show that if 0 x a and n N, then x x x2 xn x2 xn ea xn+1 x 1+ + + + e 1+ + + + + . 1! 2! n! 1! 2! n! (n + 1)! Using this result, show that if n 2, then 0 < en! 1 + 1 1 1 + + + 1! 2! n! n! e < 1. n+1

9. Prove that the number e is irrational. Hint: Use the previous results. 10. Show that lim 11. Show that xn = 0 for every real number x. n n! ex = lim 1+

x2 xn x + + + n 1! 2! n! for every real number x, and show that the convergence is uniform on any bounded interval.

12. Let f : R R be a dierentiable function such that f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) for all real numbers x and y . Prove that there exists a constant c such that f (x) = cx for all x. 13. Let f : R R be a function such that f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) for all x, y R. (a) Show that there exists a constant c such that f (x) = cx for every rational number x. (b) Show that if f is continuous at one point then it is continuous everywhere. (c) Show that if f is continuous then there exists a constant c such that f (x) = cx for all x R. 14. Suppose that f : (0, +) R is dierentiable and that there exists a constant R such that xf (x) = f (x) for all x > 0 and f (1) = 1. Prove that f (x) = x for all x > 0. 15. Suppose that M : (0, +) R is dierentiable and that M (xy ) = M (x) + M (y ) for all x > 0 and y > 0. Prove that if M is not the zero function then there exists a constant a > 0 such that M (x) = loga x for all x > 0, where loga x is the logarithm with base a. 16. Let f and g be real-valued dierentiable functions on R. Suppose that f (x) = g (x) and g (x) = f (x) for all x R and that f (0) = 1 and g (0) = 0. (a) Prove that f 2 (x) g 2 (x) = 1 for all x R. (b) Let e x + e x e x e x , sinh(x) = 2 2 all x R. Prove that f (x) sinh(x) = g (x) cosh(x) for all x R. cosh(x) =

(c) Prove that f (x) = cosh(x) and g (x) = sinh(x) all x R. 17. Prove that if x > 0 then 1 where C (x) is dened by C ( x) =
n=0

x 2 x4 x6 x2 x4 + C ( x) 1 + , 2! 4! 6! 2! 4!

(1)n

x2n . (2n)!