Dayanand

Saraswati

(12

February

1824

30

October

1883)[1] was

an

important Hindure i!ious eader o" #is time$ He is we %nown as t#e "ounder o" t#e &rya 'ama() a Hindu re"orm mo*emento" t#e +edic tradition$ He was a pro"ound sc#o ar o" t#e +edic ore and 'ans%rit an!ua!e$ He was t#e "irst to !i*e t#e ca "or Swarajya as ,-ndia "or -ndians, in 18./) ater ta%en up by 0o%manya 1i a%$[2][3]2enouncin! t#e ido atry and ritua istic wors#ip pre*a ent in Hinduism at t#e time) #e wor%ed towards re*i*in! +edic ideo o!ies$ 'ubse3uent y t#e p#i osop#er and 4resident o" -ndia) '$ 5ad#a%ris#nan) ca ed #im one o" t#e ,ma%ers o" 6odern -ndia), as did 'ri &urobindo$[4]
[7][/]

He remains a in" uentia "i!ure$ 1#ose w#o were in" uenced by and "o owed #im inc uded 6adam 8ama) 4andit 9uru 2utt +idyart#i) [.] +inaya% 2amodar 'a*ar%ar) 0a a Hardaya ) 6adan 0a 2#in!ra) 5am 4rasad :ismi ) :#a!at 'in!#) 6a#ade* 9o*ind 5anade[8] 'wami '#radd#anand) 6a#atma Hansra() 0a a 0a(pat 5ai[;][10] and ot#ers$ One o" #is most in" uentia wor%s is t#e boo% Satyarth Prakash) w#ic# contributed to t#e -ndian independence mo*ement$ He was a sanyasi (ascetic) "rom boy#ood) and a sc#o ar) w#o be ie*ed in t#e in"a ib e aut#orityo" t#e +edas$

6a#ars#i 2ayananda ad*ocated t#e doctrine o"<arma (<armasidd#anta in Hinduism) and5eincarnation (4unar(anma in Hinduism)$ He emp#asi=ed t#e +edic idea s o" bra#mac#arya(ce ibacy) and de*otion to 9od$ 1#e 1#eosop#ica 'ociety and t#e &rya

'ama( were united "rom 18.8 to 1882) becomin! t#e 1#eosop#ica 'ociety o" t#e &rya 'ama($[11] &mon! 6a#ars#i 2ayananda>s contributions are #is promotin! o" t#e e3ua ri!#ts "or women) suc# as t#e ri!#t to education and readin! o"-ndian scriptures) and #is intuiti*e commentary on t#e+edas "rom +edic 'ans%rit in 'ans%rit as we word o"'wades#i on! be"ore 6a#atma 9and#i$[12] asHindi so t#at t#e common man mi!#t be ab e to read t#em$ 2ayanand was t#e "irst to !i*e t#e

Early life 2ayanand 'araswati was born on 10) February) 1824 in 1an%ara) near 6or*i in t#e <at#iawadre!ion (now 5a(%ot district o" 9u(arat)$ His ori!ina name was 6oo '#an%ar$ His "at#er>s name was <ars#an(i 0a (i 1iwari and mot#er>s name was ?as#odabai$ 1#eirs was a :ra#min "ami y$ & ta@ co ector) #is "at#er was a ric#) prosperous and in" uentia person$ He was t#e #ead o" an eminent :ra#min "ami y o" t#e *i a!e$ A#en 6oo '#an%ar was ei!#t years o d) ?a(nopa*ita 'ans%ara) or t#e in*estiture wit# t#read o" t#e ,twiceBborn, were per"ormed$ His "at#er was a "o ower o" '#i*a and tau!#t 2ayanand 'araswati t#e ways to impress t#e 0ord$ 2ayanand was a so to d t#e importance o" %eepin! "asts$ On t#e occasion o" '#i*ratri) 2ayanand #ad to sit

awa%e t#e w#o e ni!#t in obedience to 0ord '#i*a$ One suc# ni!#t) #e saw a mouse eatin! t#e o""erin!s to t#e 9od and runnin! o*er t#e ido >s body$ &"ter seein! t#is) #e 3uestioned #imse ") i" t#e 9od cou d not de"end #imse " a!ainst a itt e mouse t#en #ow cou d #e be t#e sa*ior o" t#e massi*e wor d$ 'ince #e was born under 6u Ca%s#atra) #e was named ,6oo s#an%ar,) and ed a com"ortab e ear y i"e) studyin! 'ans%rit) t#e +edas and ot#er re i!ious te@ts to prepare #imse " "or a "uture as aHindu priest$[13][14] 1#e deat#s o" #is youn!er sister and #is unc e "rom c#o era caused 2ayananda to ponder t#e meanin! o" i"e and deat# and #e started as%in! 3uestions w#ic# worried #is parents$ He was to be married in #is ear y teens) as was common in nineteent#Bcentury -ndia) but #e decided marria!e was not "or #im and in 184/ ran away "rom #ome$[17][1/] 2ayananda 'aras*ati spent near y twentyB"i*e years) "rom 1847 to 18/;) as a wanderin! ascetic) searc#in! "or re i!ious trut#$ &n ascetic is someone w#o !i*es up materia !oods and i*es a i"e o" se "Bdenia ) de*oted to spiritua matters$ He i*ed in (un! es) in retreats in t#e Hima ayan 6ountains) and at a number o" pi !rima!e sites in nort#ern -ndia$ 2urin! t#ese years 2ayananda 'aras*ati practiced *arious "orms o" yo!a$ He became a discip e) or "o ower) o" a we B%nown re i!ious teac#er) +ira(anand 2andees#a (sometimes spe ed :ira(ananda)$ +ira(anand be ie*ed t#at Hinduism #ad strayed "rom its #istorica roots and t#at many o" its practices #ad become impure$ 2ayananda 'aras*ati promised +ira(anand t#at #e wou d de*ote #is i"e to restorin! t#e ri!#t"u p ace o" t#e +edas in t#e Hindu "ait#$[1.] Dayanand's mission[edit]

&um or Om is considered by t#e &rya 'ama( to be t#e #i!#est and most proper name o" 9od$

2ayananda mission was not to start or set up any new re i!ion but to te t#e #uman%ind "or Dni*ersa :rot#er#ood t#rou!# nobi ity as spe t out in +edas$ For t#at mission #e "ounded &rya 'ama( enunciatin! t#e 1en Dni*ersa 4rincip es as a code "or Dni*ersa ismKrinvanto Vishwaryam meanin! t#e w#o e wor d be an abode "or Cob es (&ryas)$ His ne@t step was to ta%e up t#e di""icu t tas% o" re"ormin! Hinduism wit# dedication despite mu tip e repeated attempts on #is persona i"e$ He tra*e ed t#e country c#a en!in! re i!ious sc#o ars and priests to discussions and won repeated y on t#e stren!t# o" #is ar!uments based on #is %now ed!e o" 'ans%rit and +edas$ [18] He be ie*ed t#at Hinduism #ad been corrupted by di*er!ence "rom t#e "oundin! princip es o" t#e +edas and t#at Hindus #ad been mis ed by t#e priest#ood "or t#e priests> se "B a!!randi=ement$ Hindu priests discoura!ed t#e aity "rom readin! +edic scriptures and encoura!ed ritua s) suc# as bat#in! in t#e 9an!es 5i*er and "eedin! o" priests on anni*ersaries) w#ic# 2ayananda pronounced as superstitions or se "Bser*in! practices$ :y e@#ortin! t#e nation to re(ect suc# superstitious notions) #is aim was to educate t#e nation to Go back to the Vedas$ He wanted t#e peop e w#o "o owed Hinduism to !o bac% to its roots and to "o ow t#e +edic i"e) w#ic# #e pointed out$ He e@#orted t#e Hindu nation to accept socia re"orms) inc udin! t#e importance o" 8ows "or nationa prosperity as we as t#e adoption o" Hindi as t#e nationa an!ua!e "or nationa inte!ration$ 1#rou!# #is dai y i"e and practice o" yo!a and asanas) teac#in!s) preac#in!) sermons and writin!s) #e inspired t#e Hindu nation to aspire to Swarajya (se " !o*ernance)) nationa ism) and spiritua ism$ He ad*ocated t#e e3ua ri!#ts and respects to women and ad*ocated t#e education o" a !ir c#i d i%e t#e ma es$ 'wami 2ayanand did o!ica ) we scienti"ic as and o" critica ot#er ana yses -ndian o" "ait#s "ait#s

i$e$ 8#ristianity E -s am as

i%e Fainism) :udd#ism and 'i%#ism$ -n addition to discoura!in!ido atry in Hinduism) as may be seen in #is boo% Satyarth Prakash$[1;] He was a!ainst w#at #e considered to be t#e corruption o" t#e true and pure "ait# in #is own country$ Dn i%e many ot#er re"orm mo*ements o" #is times wit#in Hinduism) t#e &rya 'ama(>s appea was addressed not on y to t#e educated "ew in -ndia) but to t#e wor d as a w#o e as e*idenced in t#e si@t# princip e o" t#e &rya 'ama($ -n "act #is teac#in!s pro"essed uni*ersa ism "or t#e a bein!s and not "or any particu ar sect) "ait#) community or nation$ i*in!

&rya 'ama( a ows and encoura!es con*erts to Hinduism$ 2ayanandaGs concept o" d#arma is stated in t#e ,:e ie"s and 2isbe ie"s, section o" Satyartha Prakash$ He saidH ,- accept as 2#arma w#ate*er is in "u con"ormity wit# impartia (ustice) trut#"u ness and t#e i%eI t#at w#ic# is not opposed to t#e teac#in!s o" 9od as embodied in t#e +edas$ A#ate*er is not "ree "rom partia ity and is un(ust) parta%in! o" untrut# and t#e i%e) and opposed to t#e teac#in!s o" 9od as embodied in t#e +edasJt#at - #o d as ad#arma$, ,He) w#o a"ter care"u t#in%in!) is e*er ready to accept trut# and re(ect "a se#oodI w#o counts t#e #appiness o" ot#ers as #e does t#at o" #is own se ") #im - ca (ust$, J 'atyart# 4ra%as# 2ayananda>s +edic messa!e was to emp#asi=e respect and re*erence "or ot#er #uman bein!s) supported by t#e +edic notion o" t#e di*ine nature o" t#e indi*idua di*ine because t#e body was t#e temp e w#ere t#e #uman essence (sou or ,atma,) #ad t#e possibi ity to inter"ace wit# t#e creator (,4aramatma,)$ -n t#e ten princip es o" t#e &rya 'ama() #e ens#rined t#e idea t#at ,& actions s#ou d be per"ormed wit# t#e prime ob(ecti*e o" bene"itin! man%ind,) as opposed to "o owin! do!matic ritua s or re*erin! ido s and symbo s$ 1#e "irst "i*e princip es spea% o" 1rut# and t#e ot#er "i*e o" a society wit# nobi ity) ci*ics) coB i*in! and discip ined i"e$ -n #is own i"e) #e interpreted mo%s#a to be a ower ca in! (due to its bene"it to one indi*idua ) t#an t#e ca in! to emancipate ot#ers$ 2ayananda>s ,bac% to t#e +edas, messa!e in" uenced many t#in%ers and p#i osop#ers t#e wor d o*er$[20]

Arya Samaj[edit] 'wami 2ayananda>s creations) t#e &rya 'ama() une3ui*oca y condemns practices o" di""erent re i!ions and communities) suc# as ido wors#ip) anima sacri"ice) ancestor wors#ip) pi !rima!es) on t#e !rounds t#at a priest cra"t) o""erin!s made in temp es) t#e caste system) untouc#abi ity) c#i d marria!es) meat eatin! and discrimination a!ainst women t#ese ac%ed ori!ina Hinduism$ 1#e &rya 'ama( discoura!es

do!ma and symbo ism and encoura!es s%epticism in be ie"s t#at run contrary to common sense and o!ic$ 1o many peop e) t#e &rya 'ama( aims to be a ,uni*ersa society, based on t#e aut#ority o" t#e +edas$ Howe*er) in popu ar cu ture) it is considered a s#ort cut way o" !ettin! married "or runaway o*ers$ 6arria!e certi"icate issued by &rya sama( is *a id "or /0 days a"ter w#ic# it needs to be rati"ied by t#e concerned 5e!istrar o" marria!es w#ic#) in turn) issues t#e "orma certi"icate o" marria!e$[21] Howe*er) 'wami 2ayananand s#owed e@treme rationa ism and parado@ica y made many assumptions w#i e interpretin! t#e +eda$ He a so partia y accepted t#e aut#ority o" t#e '#astrasand t#e commentaries o" 'ayana$ 1#e '#astras) muc# i%e t#e +edas accordin! to t#e 'anatana d#arma) are correct because o" t#e yo!a(a pramana o" t#e ris#is$ 1#e !ods cannot eit#er be disco*ered by t#e senses or by reason$

Death[edit] 2ayananda was sub(ected to many unsuccess"u attempts on #is i"e because o" #is e""orts to re"orm t#e Hindu society suc# as %i in! dan!erous sna%es wors#iped in temp es across -ndia$[22]-n 1883 2ayananda was in*ited by t#e 6a#ara(a o" Fod#pur to stay at #is pa ace$ 1#e 6a#ara(a was ea!er to become #is discip e and earn #is teac#in!s$ One day 2ayananda went to t#e 6a#ara(a>s rest room and saw #im wit# a dance !ir named Can#i Fan$ 2ayananda bo d y as%ed t#e 6a#ara(a to "orsa%e t#e !ir and a unet#ica acts and "o ow d#arma i%e a true &ryan$ 2ayananda>s su!!estion o""ended t#e dance !ir and s#e decided to ta%e re*en!e$[1] '#e bribed 2ayananda>s coo% to poison #im$ 2awayanda was poisoned on 2;t# 'eptember 1883) w#en #e was t#e roya !uest o" Faswant 'in!# -- by 2ayananda>s own coo%) w#o was bribed by t#e court dancer$ [23] &t bedtime) t#e coo% brou!#t #im a ! ass o" mi % containin! poison and powdered ! ass$ 2ayananda dran% t#e mi % and went to s eep on y to wa%e up ater wit# a burnin! sensation$ He immediate y rea i=ed t#at #e #ad been poisoned and attempted to pur!e #is di!esti*e system o" t#e poisonous substance) but it was too ate$ 1#e poison #ad a ready entered #is b oodstream$ 2ayananda was bedridden and su""ered e@cruciatin! pain$ 6a#ara(a was 3uic% to arran!e

ser*ices o" doctor 6any doctors came to treat #im but a was in *ain$ His body was co*ered a o*er wit# ar!e b eedin! sores$ On seein! 2ayananda>s su""erin! t#e coo% was o*ercome wit# unbearab e !ui t and remorse$ He con"essed #is crime to 2ayananda$ On #is deat#bed) 2ayananda "or!a*e #im and !a*e #im a ba! o" money and to d #im to " ee t#e %in!dom est #e be "ound out and e@ecuted by t#e 6a#ara(a>s men$ [1] 0ater 6a#ara(a arran!ed "or 'wami(i to be sent to 6ount &buupon ad*ice o" 5esidency) #owe*er) a"ter stayin! some time in &bu) 'wam(i was sent to &(mer "or better medica care on 2/t# October) 1883$[23] 1#ere was no impro*ement in #is #ea t# and #e died on t#e mornin! o" 30t# October) 1883 at /H00 am) c#antin! mantras$ 1#e day coincided wit# Hindu "esti*a o" 2iwa i[23] ,& man o" spirit #as passed away "rom -ndia$ 4andit 2ayananda 'araswati is !one) t#e irrepressib e) ener!etic re"ormer) w#ose mi!#ty *oice and passionate e o3uence "or t#e ast "ew years raised t#ousands o" peop e in -ndia "rom) et#ar!ic) indi""erence and stupor into acti*e patriotism is no more$, 8o Henry 'tee O cott$[24] ,'wami 2ayananda 'araswati is certain y one o" t#e most power"u persona ities w#o #as s#aped modern -ndia and is responsib e "or its mora re!eneration and re i!ious re*i*a $, Subhas Chandra Bose.[27]

Works[edit] 2ayananda 'araswati wrote more t#an /0 wor%s in a ) inc udin! a 1/ *o ume e@p anation o" t#e si@ +edan!as) an incomp ete commentary on t#e &s#tad#yayi (4anini>s !rammar)) se*era sma tracts on et#ics and mora ity) +edic ritua s and sacraments and on criticism o" ri*a doctrines (suc# as &d*aita +edanta) -s am and 8#ristianity)$ 'ome o" #is ma(or wor%s are 'atyart# 4ra%as#) 'ans%ar*id#i) 5i!*edadi:#as#ya:#umi%a) 5i!*ed :#as#yam (up to .K/1K2)and ?a(ur*ed :#as#yam$ 1#e 4aropa%arini 'ab#a ocated in t#e -ndian city o" &(mer was "ounded by t#e 'wami #imse " to pub is# and preac# #is wor%s and +edic te@ts$

Works 1$ 'and#ya (Dna*ai ab e) (18/3) 2$ :#a!wat <#andnam O5 4aa%#and <#andan O5 +ais#na*mat <#andan (18//) 3$ &d*aitmat <#andan (Dna*ai ab e) (18.0) 4$ 4anc#ma#aya(ya +id#i (18.4 E 18..) 7$ 'atyart# 4ra%as# (18.7 E 1884) /$ +edanti2#want Ci*aran (18.7) .$ +ed*irudd# mat <#andan O5 +a ab#ac#arya mat <#andan (18.7) 8$ '#i%s#a4atri 2#want Ci*aran O5 'wamiCarayan mat <#andan (18.7) ;$ +ed:#as#yam Camune %a 45&1H&6 &n% (18.7) 10$+ed:#as#yam Camune %a 2A-1-?& &n% (18./)

HISTOR O! ARTI!I"IA# SATE##ITES

'putni% 1H 1#e "irst arti"icia sate ite to orbit Lart#$ 1#e "irst arti"icia sate ite was 'putni% 1) aunc#ed by t#e 'o*iet Dnion on October 4) 1;7.) and initiatin! t#e 'o*iet 'putni% pro!ram) wit# 'er!ei <oro e* as c#ie" desi!ner (t#ere is a crater on t#e unar "ar side w#ic# bears #is name)$ 1#is in turn tri!!ered t#e 'pace 5ace between t#e 'o*iet Dnion and t#e Dnited 'tates$ 'putni% 1 #e ped to identi"y t#e density o" #i!#atmosp#eric ayers t#rou!# measurement o" its orbita c#an!e and pro*ided data on radioBsi!na distribution in t#e ionosp#ere$ 1#e unanticipated announcement o" Sputnik 1's success precipitated t#e 'putni% crisis in t#e Dnited 'tates and i!nited t#e soBca ed 'pace 5ace wit#in t#e 8o d Aar$ Sputnik was aunc#ed on Co*ember 3) 1;7. and carried t#e "irst i*in! passen!er into

orbit) a do! named 0ai%a$[;] -n 6ay) 1;4/) 4ro(ect 5&C2 #ad re eased t#e 4re iminary 2esi!n o" an L@perimenta Aor dB8irc in! 'paces#ip) w#ic# stated) ,& sate ite *e#ic e wit# appropriate instrumentation can be e@pected to be one o" t#e most potent scienti"ic too s o" t#e 1wentiet# 8entury$,[10] 1#e Dnited 'tates #ad been considerin! aunc#in! orbita sate ites since 1;47 under t#e :ureau o" &eronautics o" t#e Dnited 'tates Ca*y$ 1#e Dnited 'tates &ir Force>s 4ro(ect 5&C2 e*entua y re eased t#e abo*e report) but did not be ie*e t#at t#e sate ite was a potentia mi itary weaponI rat#er) t#ey considered

it to be a too "or science) po itics) and propa!anda$ -n 1;74) t#e 'ecretary o" 2e"ense stated) ,- %now o" no &merican sate ite pro!ram$,[11] On Fu y 2;) 1;77) t#e A#ite House announced t#at t#e D$'$ intended to aunc# sate ites by t#e sprin! o" 1;78$ 1#is became %nown as 4ro(ect +an!uard$ On Fu y 31) t#e 'o*iets announced t#at t#ey intended to aunc# a sate ite by t#e "a o" 1;7.$ Fo owin! pressure by t#e &merican 5oc%et 'ociety) t#e Cationa 'cience Foundation) and t#e-nternationa 9eop#ysica ?ear) mi itary interest pic%ed up and in ear y 1;77 t#e &rmy and Ca*y were wor%in! on 4ro(ect Orbiter) two competin! pro!ramsH t#e army>s w#ic# in*o *ed usin! aFupiter 8 roc%et) and t#e ci*i ianKCa*y +an!uard 5oc%et) to aunc# a sate ite$ &t "irst) t#ey "ai edH initia pre"erence was !i*en to t#e +an!uard pro!ram) w#ose "irst attempt at orbitin! a sate ite resu ted in t#e e@p osion o" t#e aunc# *e#ic e on nationa te e*ision$ :ut "ina y) t#ree mont#s a"ter'putni% 2) t#e pro(ect succeededI L@p orer 1 became t#e Dnited 'tates> "irst arti"icia sate ite on Fanuary 31) 1;78$[12] -n Fune 1;/1) t#reeBandBaB#a " years a"ter t#e aunc# o" 'putni% 1) t#e &ir Force used resources o" t#e Dnited 'tates 'pace 'ur*ei ance Cetwor% to cata o! 117 Lart#Borbitin! sate ites$[13] Lar y sate ites were constructed as ,oneBo"", desi!ns$ Ait# !rowt#

in !eosync#ronous (9LO)sate ite communication) mu tip e sate ites be!an to be bui t on sin! e mode p at"orms ca edsate ite buses$ 1#e "irst standardi=ed sate ite bus desi!n was t#e H'B333 9LO commsat) aunc#ed in 1;.2$ 1#e ar!est arti"icia sate ite current y orbitin! t#e Lart# is t#e -nternationa 'pace 'tation$