Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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tkyfa& (500)
Zefe0g&D / 2007 ckESpf
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Khitpyaing Publishing House
P.O. Box 115, Raminthra P.O.
Bangkhen, Bangkok
Thailand 10220
kp2004@ksc.th.com
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19
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20
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22
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od&wJh ‘0rfc’ pcef;ukd oGm;zdUk qH;k jzwfc]hJ uygw,f? autef
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ygw,f? a'gufwmpifoD,marmifuawmh pxGufvmcJhpOf
23
a'gufwmpifoD,marmif usKduf'Hka&ab;wGifulnDpOf? (1992)
24
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wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;awGeJU ywfoufwJh ulnDaxmufyHh
r+awG EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udpPawGrSm tultnDay;zkdU
awmif;qkdvmwJhtwGuf olru tultnDay;zkdU oabmwl
nDcJhygw,f? tJ'DudpPawGrSm yg0ifulnDaqmif&Guf&if;yJ
aq;0g;bufykdif; enf;enf;yg;yg; ulnDaqmif&GufcJh&mu
vkyif ef;awGeUJ xdawGYqufpyfr&+ v dS mcJyh gw,f? e,fpyfa'o
ausmif;om;pcef;awGtwGuf aq;0g;&&Szd Udk &dumQ axmufyzhH Udk
aqmif&GufwJhtcg olr[m NGO av;awG xdkif;rSm&SdwJh vlr+
toif;tzJYGav;awGeUJ qufpyfvmcJ&h ygw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh
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aemufykdif;rSmawmh aq;0g;&duQm&&Sda&;twGufom r[kwf
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26
aemufykdif; ppftpkd;&wyfawGeJU autef,lwyfawG ausmif;
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rJaqmufrSm rjzpfrae aq;cef;uav;wcktjzpf ajcukyf
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w,fqkdayr,fh 0kdif;0ef;yHhykd;]uwJh tultnDawGuawmh
trsm;}uD;&SdcJhygw,f? ABSDF xJrSm yg0ifvmcJhwJh q&m0ef
27
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28
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wyfzYGJawGeUJ e,fpyfawGrmS aq;cef; aq;±kaH v;awGxm;Edik zf Ukd
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t}uD;tuJrsm;eJU qufoG,faqmif&GufcJh_yD; e,fvSnhf
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oifwef;awGudkvnf; oif]um;ykdUcsay;cJh&ygw,f? e,fpyf
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olr &&SdcJhygw,f? wcsKdUusef;rma&;vkyfom;awGuawmh
r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU usef;rma&;vkyfief;awGrSmyJ wpkduf
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r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU tcef;u¾[m ta&;yg us,jf yefv U mcJh
ygw,f? txl;ojzihf jrefrmEkdifiHppftpkd;&&JU zdpD;ESdyfpufr+
trsKd;rsKd;a]umifh jrefrmEkdifiHuae xGufajy;vmcJh]uwJh 'kuQ
onfawG/ jynfwiG ;f rSm vkyu f idk pf m;aomufr+ tqifrajy]u
vdkU xkdif;EkdifiHe,fpyfa'oawGrSm vma&muftvkyfvkyfukdif
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ukozkUd aiG a]u;rwwfEidk ]f uwJh r&Sq d if;&Jom;awG[mvnf;
olw&Ukd aUJ 0'emawGudk ukozkUd r,fawmfaq;cef;&S&d mukd a&muf
29
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r,fawmfaq;cef;&JU *k%fowif;[m tEdkifEkdifiHtxd ysH>ESHU
xif&mS ;vmcJ_h yjD zpfovdk apwem&Siaf wG/ NGO awGeUJ vlra+ &;
ulnaD xmufyahH &;toif;tzJYG / bmoma&;toif;tzJYG awG&UJ
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apwem0efxrf;q&m0efawG vma&mufaexkid f ukoay;wm
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]um;a&;twGufyg aqmif&Gufay;zkdU vkdtyfvmwJhtwGuf
1994 ckESpfrSm rl¯udausmif;uav; pwifwnfaxmifay;cJh
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rlvwef;ausmif;jzpfvmcJhygw,f? aemufykdif;rSmawmh rsm;
jym;vmwJhausmif;om;OD;a&a]umihf ausmif;ukd ESpfausmif;
cJGvkduf_yD; wausmif;ukd rl¯udausmif;tjzpf jyefxm;_yD; usef
wausmif;uawmh twef;}uD;vm]uwJhtwGuf ajcmuf
wef;txd oif]um;ay;wJhausmif;jzpfvmcJhyg_yD?
wu,fawmh tpydkif;rSm a'gufwmpifoD,marmif[m
ynma&;bufrSm pdwf0ifpm;r+odyfr&SdcJhygbl;? ukd,fwkdifu
ukoa&;ukd tajccHoif,lvmcJh&_yD; usef;rma&;apmihf
a&Smufr+/ ukor+ukdyJ vkyfvmcJh&wJhtwGuf ukoa&;buf
rSmyJ pdwf0ifpm; tm;oefcJholjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlxk&JU
30
usef;rma&; apmihfa&Smufr+twGuf vlxkukd usef;rma&;
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31
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32
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awmh bwfpuufabmukd ESpo f ufoabmuscJyh gw,f?
33
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34
w,f? olr ESpfoufpJGvrf;rdwJh wD;0kdif;eJU tqkdawmfuawmh
tkdif;&if;ca&mh (Iron Cross) aw;*DwtzJGYeJU av;jzLjzpfyg
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oDcsif;awGudk olru ESpo f ufcpH m;wwfygw,f?
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orD;taeuawmh rif;om;ausmf[def;eJU rif;orD; e0&wfwkdU
jzpfygw,f? aemuf olr ESpfouf]unfh±+cJhwJh ±kyf&Sifum;
awGuawmh rif;orD; cifoef;Ek yg0ifo±kyfaqmifwJhum;
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olreJ‹ bmoma&;
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ukd ,Hk]unfukd;uG,fol wa,mufjzpfygw,f? i,fpOfb0
35
rdbawGeJU aexkdifcJhpOfwkef;u bk&m;ausmif;eD;wJhtwGuf
bk&m;&Sdckd;csdefawGrSm bk&m;ausmif;ukd t_rJoGm;a&mufcJhol
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aeUrSm bmtvkyfrS rvkyfbJ tem;,lwmrsKd; bmoma&;xHk;
wrf;pOfvmt& aexkdifvkyfukdifwmrsKd;awG vkyfcJhygw,f?
touft&G,f&vmcsdefrSmawmh bmoma&; xHk;wrf;pOf
vmawGay:rSm odyfpl;pkdufwmrsKd;r&Sdawmhygbl;? 'gayr,fh
,Hk]unfjcif;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;eJU cspfjcif;arwWmawGay:rSmawmh
tav;teufxm;&Sq d jJ zpfygw,f? txl;ojzifah wmh olru
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&Sd&Sd cspfjcif;arwWmr&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkt&mrsKd;rSmrqkd _yD;
ajrmufatmifjrifr+ r&Ekdifbl;vdkU ,Hk]unfxm;ygw,f?
olrESit
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cJhzl;ygbl;? rdcifjzpfwJholuvnf; orD;awGtay:rSm tcspf
a&;a]umifh rSm;oGm;rSm ausmif;ynma&; r_yD;qHk;ao;cif
rSm tdrfaxmif&ufom;usoGm;rSmrsKd;awG jzpfrSm odyfpkd;&drf
pdwf}uD;cJhygw,f? roifhavsmfwJholrsKd;awGeJU tdrfaxmifus
oGm;rSmukdvnf; rjzpfapcsifwJhtwGuf olrwkdU nDtpfrawG
tay:rSm enf;enf; wif;wif;usyfusyfuav; apmihf]unfh
wmrsKd;awG vkyfcJhawmh olrtaeeJU cspfolxm;vkdpdwf r&SdcJh
ygbl;? aq;ausmif;olb0a&mufwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; tcspf
36
a&;bufukd rpOf;pm;tm;atmifukd ynma&;bufrSm
tvkyfrsm;aecJhawmh aemufqHk;ausmif;_yD;vkdU q&m0efjzpf
vmwJt h csdexf d olrrSm cspfo&l ,fvUdk r&Scd yhJ gbl;?
'gayr,fh vlom;wa,mufjzpfwJhtwGuf olrtaeeJU
tcspfukdawmh vHk;0ra&Smif&Sm;EkdifcJhygbl;? r,fawmfaq;
cef;&,fvkdU pwifzGihfvSpfcJh_yD;wJhtcsdefeJU r]umcifrSmbJ ppf
tpdk;&u e,fpyf autef,lpcef;awGeJU ausmif;om;pcef;
awGudk xk;d ppfqifwu dk cf u
dk v
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tcsdefrSmawmh 0rfcpcef;rSm&SdwJh ABSDF wyfzJGY0ifawGxJu
toufenf;enf;i,fao;vkdU wkdufckdufzdkU roifhao;wJh
ausmif;om;i,fawGeJU wkdufckdufa&;ukd tm;roefwJholawG
olreJt
‹ rd af xmifa&;
cspfjcif;arwWmukd wefzkd;xm;_yD; wvifwr,m;pepf
tay: ,Hk]unfouf0ifcJhwJh olr[m tcktcsdeftxd olr&JU
cifyeG ;f onf ukad usmf[ed ;f / om;}uD; _idr;f csrf;armif (11) ESp/f
orD;i,f aroefZU ifarmif (10) ESpfwkdeU Jt U wl r,fawmfaq;
cef;rSmyJ OruJoG u kd rf ysuf aexkid af e]uygw,f? olr[m olr
&JU om;orD;&if;awGtjyif tck av;ESpft&G,fa&mufae_yD
jzpfwhJ arpy,fausmfeþUJ ig;vom;t&G,&f adS o;wJþh a,musfm;
av;wa,muf olrwkdU&JUom;orD;rsm;tjzpf arG;pm;cJhyg
w,f? waeukef aq;cef;udpP/ oifwef;udpP/ ynma&;eJU
38
ulnDapmihfa&Smufa&;udpPawGeJU rtm;Ekdif&SmwJh olr[m
rdom;pktwGuf tcsdefay;Ekdifr+uawmh enf;yg;cJh&ygw,f?
nbuf tdy, f mr0ifcif tcsdeaf v;ukyd J rdom;pktwGuf ay;
Ekid &f mS ygw,f?
41
vnf; ukd,fhtzJGYtpnf; t&nftaoG;jr‡ihfwifzdkU ¯ud;pm;ae±kH
eJU rvHkavmufbJ vlUtzJGYtpnf;wckvHk;&JU t&nftaoG;ukd
jr‡ihfwifay;zdkU ¯ud;pm;zdv
kU kdr,fvdkU olru xifygw,f?
e,fpyfa'orSm&SdwJh tzJGYtpnf;awG/ 'kuQonfpcef;u
jynfov l x
l ak wG/ a&$Yajymif;tvkyo f rm;awG]um;rSm tcsif;
csif;odjrifem;vnfEkdifr+ enf;yg;aeqJjzpf_yD; tajctae
t&yf&yfukd yl;aygif;n‡dE+dif;ajz&Sif;zdkU tcuftcJtrsm;}uD;
&Sdaew,fvdkU olrem;vnfxm;ygw,f? tJ'DvlawGtcsif;
csif; xdpyfr+&SdzkdU/ oabmxm;tjrifcsif;zvS,f_yD; yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr+&Sdvmatmif vkyfaqmifzdkU vkdtyfaeqJjzpf
w,f? ukd,fhwkdif;jynfukd tvkyftau|;«ycsifwJholawG/ «ypk
ysKd;axmifcsifwJholawG trsm;}uD; jynfwGif;jynfyrSm &Sdae
ayr,fh tquftpyfvkyfEkdifzdkU trsm;}uD;tm;enf;aeao;
w,fvkdU olrxifjrif,lqygw,f?
olr&JŒ xkdif;vl‹tzJGŒtpnf;tay:tjrif
wcsKdu
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hf a&;ukad v;
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pl;pkduf]uw,fvkdU olru xifygw,f? vuf&Sdtajctae
rSmawmh a,bk,soabmt& EkdifiHa&;tjriftm;enf;_yD;
pD;yGm;a&;tjrifv$rf;rkd;aew,fvdkU olru ,lqygw,f?
olraexdkifwJh rJaqmuf°rdY r,fawmfaq;cef; ywf0ef;usif
u xkdif;jynfolawGtaeeJUawmh olwkdUeJU &yfa&;&Gma&; yl;
aygif;aqmif&Gufr+awG &SdwJhtwGuf &if;ESD;cifrifr+&Sd]u_yD;
yhHykd;ulnDr+&Sd]uw,fvdkU olru jrifygw,f?
42
olr&JŒ tem*wf&nfrSef;csuf
olr&JU r,fawmfaq;cef;rSm 'kuQqif;&Ja&mufae]uwJh
jynfolawGukd tvkyftau|;«yzkdU vma&mufulnDaewJh vl
i,fvl&G,fawG/ wcsKdU ynma&;&nf&G,fcsufeJU a&mufvm
]uwJholawG/ wcsKdUb0wkd;wufatmifjrifa&; &nf&G,f
csufeJU a&mufvm ckdem;ae]uwJh vli,fawGtwGuf olr
wwfEkdifoavmuf ulnDtm;ay;apmihfa&SmufoGm;zdkU olru
&nf&G,fxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dvli,fawGukd t&nftcsif;
jynfh0wJholawGjzpfvmatmif arG;xkwfzdkU olrukd,fwkdif
quf_yD;avhvmoif,lcsifwJh ynm&yfawG&Sdygw,f? tJ'D
twGuf ay;vmwJhtajctaeay:rSm rlwnf_yD; olrukd,f
wkdifvnf; qufvufavhvmoif,loGm;zdkU &nf&G,fxm;
ygw,f?
wcsdefrSm jrefrmjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepfatmufu vGwf
ajrmuf_yD; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHwck jzpfvmr,fqkd&ifawmh olr
u ukd,fhwkdif;jynf ukd,fhjynfe,fukd jyef_yD; ukd,fhtrsKd;om;
awGtwGuf olray;Ekdifor# usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr+awG
eJU wjcm;ynma&;/ vlr+a&;tultnDawG ay;oGm;r,fvdkU
ar#mfvifh&nf&G,fxm;ygw,f? olr[m wu,fawmh &,l
vkdolr[kwfbJ ay;qyfvkdolwa,muftjzpf b0udk jzwf
oef;aexdkifoGm;r,fholomjzpfygw,f?
43
AWARDS RECEIVED BY
DR. CYNTHIA MAUNG
44
&mrGef rufaq;aq;qk
trsm;jynfow
l Ykd tm;tvkyt f au|;«yonfh }uD;us,fjrifh
jrwfaompdwx f m;udk todtrSw«f y *k%«f yjcif;
46
&jcif;rSmvnf; rufaq;aq;uJhodkU jrifhjrwfpGm «yvkyfaqmif
&GufEdkifr+rsm;tm; *k%f«yonfhtaejzifh Tqkudk ay;tyf
csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;yifjzpfayonf?
av,mOfysHysufusI orRw rufaq;aq;uG,v f eG _f yD;
wESpft]um 1958 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk;aom rufaq;aq;
qkrsm;tm; atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;odkU pwifay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifh
cJah yonf? ,if;wdrUk mS -tpd;k &vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; xrf;&Gucf hJ
r+twGuf xdkif0rfEdkifiHrS csifrGefvif; (Chciang Mon-Lin) /
jynfolUtusKd;«yvkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhr+twGuf uae
'gwGifarG;zGm;cJh_yD; oD&dvuFmEkdifiHoljzpfonfh ar&Dtdyfcsf
±k'feef (Mary H. Rutnam)/ vlr+todkif;t0dkif;wGifOD;aqmifr+
«yEdkifcJhr+twGuf tdENd,vlrsKd; ADGEdkAm;bm[mbD (Vinoba
Bhave) / owif;pme,fZif;ESifh pmaya&;&mqdkif&mv+yf&Sm;r+
twGuf paumhwvefwGif arG;zGm;cJhonfh zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;
a&mbwfrufumvma'hcf (Robert McCulloch Dick) ESifh tif'dk
eD;&Sm;EkdifiHom; armhcfwmvl;Apf (Mochtar Lubis) wdkUjzpfay
onf? xdkUtwl zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGiftajcpdkufonfh “nDaemif
aoG;&if;v+yf&Sm;r+” (Operation Brotherhood) [lonfhtzGJY
udkvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&m cspf]unfem;vnfr+qdkif&m ¯ud;
yrf;tm;xkwfr+twGuf rufaq;aq;qkudk ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifh
cJhonf?
1958 ckESpfrS ,aeUtcsdeftxd tm&Sa'otwGif;&Sd
EdkifiHaygif; (20) ausmfrS tzGJYtpnf;ESifh vlyk*~Kdvf pkpkaygif;
(200) ausmfwdkt U m; rufaq;aq;qkrsm;ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifhcJh_yD;
jzpfayonf?
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