Alcatel Umts RNP

All rights reserved Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.
01P04
1
UMTS Radio Network Planning
Fundamentals
(FDD mode, R2/R3)
Prerequisites:
GSM Radio Network Engineering
Fundamentals
Introduction to UMTS
All rights reserved Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Table of content
1. Introduction
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
4. Initial Radio Network Design
5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
6. Basic Radio Network Optimization
7. UMTS/GSM co-location and Antenna Systems
Appendix
Abbreviations and acronyms
3
1. Introduction
Duration:
2h30
4
1. Introduction
Session presentation
4 Objective:
to get the necessary background information in regards of
UMTS basics and RNP principles for a good start in UMTS
Radio Network Planning.
4 Program:
1.1 UMTS Basics
1.2 UMTS RNP notations
1.3 UMTS RNP tool overview
1.4 UMTS RNP process overview
5
1. Introduction
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS network architecture
and main radio mechanisms
6
1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS network architecture(1)
Iu
PLMN, PSTN,
ISDN, ...
IP
networks
External Networks
USIM
ME
Cu
UE
Uu
(air)
User
Equipment
Node B
Node B
Iur
UTRAN
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Iub
RNS
RNS
UMTS Radio
Access Network
MSC/VLR
CN
GMSC
GGSN
HLR
SGSN
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
Core Network
4 Entities and interfaces
Iub
7
1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS network architecture(2)
4 Alcatel OMC-UR architecture
A9100
MBS
UTRAN
A9140
RNC
Iub
RNS
RNS
LAN
A1353 OMC-UR
RNO
NM
ItfB
ItfR
A9155
RNP tool
Radio Network Optimizer
Network Performance Analyzer
Network Manager (used to
perform supervision and
configuration of the UTRAN)
RNO
NPA
NM
Note: NM is provided from R3 onwards. In R2, the NM
function are implemented in two separate servers EM
(Element Manager) and SNM (Sub-network Manager)
+
NPA
A9140
RNC
A9100
MBS
A9100
MBS
A9100
MBS
Note: the
Alcatel
NodeB is
called
A9100 MBS
(Multi-
standard
Base
Station)
from R2
onwards
8
1.1 UMTS Basics
3GPP: the UMTS standardization body
4 Members:
ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan) CWTS (China)
T1 (USA) TTA (South Korea)
4 UMTS system specifications:
Access Network
WCDMA (UTRAN FDD)
TD-CDMA (UTRAN TDD)
Core Network
Evolved GSM
All-IP
Note: 3GPP has also taken over the GSM recommendations (previously written by ETSI)
4 Releases defined for the UMTS system specifications:
Release 99 (sometimes called Release 3)
Release 4
Release 5
In the following material we will only deal with UMTS FDD R99.
(former Release 2000)
9
1.1 UMTS Basics
3GPP UMTS specifications
4 3GPP UMTS specifications are classified in 15 series (numbered from 21 to
35), e.g. the serie 25 deals with UTRAN aspects.
Note: See 3GPP 21.101 for more details about the numbering scheme and an
overview about all UMTS series and specifications.
4 Interesting specifications for UMTS Radio Network Planning:
3GPP TS 25.101: "UE Radio transmission and Reception (FDD)"
3GPP TS 25.104: "UTRA (BS) FDD; Radio transmission and Reception
3GPP TS 25.133: "Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD)"
3GPP TS 25.141: "Base Station (BS) conformance testing (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.215: "Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.942: "RF system scenarios".
10
1.1 UMTS Basics
Alcatel UTRAN releases
4 Alcatel UTRAN equipment (RNC, NodeB and OMC-UR) is designed by a
joint-venture between Alcatel and Fujitsu, called Evolium.
Note: the Alcatel UMTS equipment is called Evolium
TM
9100 MBS, Evolium
TM
9140 RNC and Evolium
TM
1353 OMC-UR
4 Relationship between Evolium UTRAN releases and 3GPP releases:
Evolium UTRAN releases
3GPP releases
R1
(former 3GR1)
R99
(Technical Status December 2000)
R2
R99
(Technical Status June 2001)
R3
R99
(Technical Status March 2002)
R4 R4
R5 R5
Prevision
Stand:
June 2004
11
1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(1)
4 Sector/Cell/Carrier in UMTS
Sector and cell are not equivalent anymore in UMTS:
-A sector consists of one or several cells
-A cell consists of one frequency (or carrier)
Note: a given frequency (carrier) can be reused in each sector of each
NodeB in the network (frequency reuse=1)
12
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 CDMA (called W-CDMA for UMTS FDD) as access method on the air
a given carrier can be reused in each cell (frequency reuse=1)no FDMA
all active users can transmit/receive at the same timeno TDMA
As a consequence, there are inside one frequency:
Extra-cell interference: cell separation is achieved by codes (CDMA)
Intra-cell interference: user separation is achieved by codes (CDMA)
4 Multiple frequencies (carriers)
first step of UMTS deployment: a single
frequency (e.g. frequency 1) is used for the whole
network of an operator
second step of UMTS deployment: additional
frequencies can be used to enhance the capacity of
the network: an additional frequency (e.g frequency
2) works as an overlap on the first frequency.
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
13
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 Channelization and scrambling codes (UL side)
2
ch
c
1
ch
c
scrambling
c
air
interface
Modulator
3
ch
c
UE
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
Channelization codes (spreading codes)
short codes (limited number, but they can be
reused with another scrambling code)
code length chosen according to the bit rate of
the physical channel (spreading factor)
assigned by the RNC at connection setup
Scrambling codes
long codes (more than 1 million
available)
fixed length (no spreading)
1 unique code per UE assigned by the
RNC at connection setup
Bit rate
A
Bit rate
B
Bit rate
C
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
.
.
.
14
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 Channelization and scrambling codes (DL side)
2
ch
c
1
ch
c
scrambling
c
air
interface
Modulator
3
ch
c
NodeB
sector
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
Channelization codes
(spreading codes)
same remarks as for UL side
Note: the restricted number of
channelization codes is more
problematic in DL, because they
must be shared between all UEs in
the NodeB sector.
Scrambling codes
long codes (more than 1 million available, but
restricted to 512 (primary) codes to limit the time for
code research during cell selection by the UE)
fixed length (no spreading)
1(primary) code per NodeB sector defined by a
code planning: 2 adjacent sectors shall have
different codes (see 5)
Note: it is also possible to define secondary
scrambling codes, but it is seldom used.
Bit rate
A
Bit rate
B
Bit rate
C
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
.
.
.
15
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 Physical channels
Physical channels are defined mainly by:
a specific frequency (carrier)
a combination channelization code / scrambling code
- used to separate the physical channels (2 physical channels must
NOT have the same combination channelization code / scrambling
code)
start and stop instants
- physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between
start and stop instants
Examples in UL:
DPDCH: dedicated to a UE, used to carry traffic and signalling between UE and
RNC such as radio measurement report, handover command
DPCCH: dedicated to a UE, used to carry signalling between UE and NodeB such
as fast power control commands
Examples in DL:
DPCH: dedicated to a UE , same functions as UL DPDCH and UL DPCCH
P-CCPCH: common channel sent permanently in each cell to provide system- and
cell-specific information, e.g. LAI (similar to the time slot 0 used for BCCH in GSM)
CPICH: see next slide
16
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 CPICH (or Pilot channel)
DL common channel sent permanently in each cell to provide:
srambling code of NodeB sector: the UE can find out the DL
scrambling code of the cell through symbol-by-symbol correlation
over the CPICH (used during cell selection)
power reference: used to perform measurements for handover and
cell selection/reselection (function performed by time slot 0 used for
BCCH in GSM)
time and phase reference: used to aid channel estimation in
reception at the UE side
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
The CPICH contains:
a pre-defined symbol sequence (the
same for each cell of all UMTS networks)
scrambled with the NodeB sector
scrambling code
at a fixed and low bit rate (Spreading
Factor=256): to make easier Pilot
detection by UE
17
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 Power control
Near-Far Problem: on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone
near the base station (e.g. UE1) can jam any other mobile phones far
from the base station (e.g. UE2).
Node
B
UE1
UE2
an efficient and fast power control is necessary in UL to avoid near-
far effect
power control is also used in DL to reduce interference and
consequently to increase the system capacity
Power control mechanisms (see Appendix for more details):
open loop (without feedback information) for common physical
channels
closed loop (with feedback information) for dedicated physical
channels (1500 Hz command rate, also called fast power control)
18
1.1 UMTS Basics
RNC
Node B
4 Soft/softer Handover (HO)
a UE is in soft handover state if there
are two (or more) radio links between this
UE and the UTRAN
it is a fundamental UMTS mechanism
(necessary to avoid near-far effect)
only possible intra-frequency, ie
between cells with the same frequency
Note: hard handover is provided if soft/er
handover is not possible
A softer handover is a soft handover
between different sectors of the same
Node B
Soft handover
(different sectors of different NodeBs)
Softer handover
(different sectors of the same NodeB)
RNC
Node B
Node B
UE
UE
19
1.1 UMTS Basics
4 Active Set (AS) and Macro Diversity Gain
All cells, which are involved in soft/softer handover for a given UE
belong to the UE Active Set (AS):
usual situation: about 30% of UE with at least 2 cells in their AS.
up to 6 cells in AS for a given UE
The different propagation paths in DL and UL lead to a diversity gain,
called Macro Diversity gain:
UL
- one physical signal sent by one UE and received by two
different cells
- soft handover: selection on frame basis (each 10ms) in RNC
- softer handover: Maximum Ratio Combining(MRC) in NodeB
DL
- two physical signals (with the same content) sent by two
different cells and received by one UE
- soft/softer handover: MRC in UE
20
1. Introduction
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
4 Objective:
to be able to understand the vocabulary and
notations* used in this course in regards of UMTS
planning
* unfortunately, UMTS RNP notations are not clearly
standardized, so that the meaning of a notation can be
quite different from one reference to another one.
21
Received power and
power density
Power
[dBm]
Power
Density
[dBm/Hz
]
Comment
(Power Density=Power/B
with B=3.84MHz)
Received (useful) signal
C
(or RSCP)
Ec
Ec = Energy per chip=C/B
Thermal Noise -108.1 N
th
=-174
N
th
= k.T
0
with k=1.38E-20mW/Hz/K
(Bolztmann constant) and T
0
=293K (20C)
Thermal Noise at receiver N -
N =-108.1dBm+NF
receiver
[dB] (=Thermal
noise + Noise generated at receiver)
Interference intra-cell
I
intra
(I
own
)
-
interference received from transmitters
located in the same cell as the receiver
Note: C is included in I
intra
Interference extra-cell
I
extra
(I
other
;I
inter
)
-
interference received from transmitters not
located in the same cell as the receiver
Interference I -
I=I
intra
+ I
extra
(no Thermal noise at receiver included)
Notations (1)
22
Received power and
power density
Power
[dBm]
Power
Density
[dBm/Hz]
Comment
Power Density=Power/B with
B=3.84MHz
Total received power
(Total noise)
I+N
(RSSI)
Io
I+N= I
intra
+ I
extra
+N
Note: C is included in (I+N)
Total received power
(Total noise without
useful signal)
I+N-C
No
(Nt)
No=( I
intra
+ I
extra
+N-C)/B
Note: C is not included in No
Notations (2)
Note: Io can be measured with a good precision, whereas No is not easy to
measure (but it is useful for theoretical demonstrations)
23
Ratio in [dB] Comment
Received
energy per chip
over noise
Ec/Io
Here noise=Io
This ratio can be accurately measured: it is used for physical
channels without real information bits, especially for CPICH (Pilot
channel)
Ec/No
(C/I)*
Here noise=No
This ratio is difficult to measure, but is useful for theoretical
demonstrations: it is used for physical channels with real
information bits, especially for P-CCPCH and UL/DL dedicated
channels.
Received
energy per bit
over noise
Eb/No
Eb/No=Ec/No+PG with PG (Processing Gain) = 10 log [(3.84
Mchips/s) / (service bit rate)]
e.g. for speech 12.2 kbits/s, Processing Gain = 25dB
Required
energy per bit
over noise
(Eb/No)
req
Fixed value which depends on service bit rate...(see 3.5)
Eb/No shall be equal or greater than the (Eb/No)
req
Notations (3)
*This ratio is often written with the classical GSM notation C/I (Carrier over Interference ratio): this notation is
incorrect, it should be C/(I+N-C)
24
Two more
interesting
ratios!
in [dB] Comment
f
(or little i)
I
extra
/ I
intra
In a homogenous network (same traffic and user
distribution in each cell), f is a constant in uplink.
Typical value for macro-cells with omni-directional
antennas: 0.55 (in uplink)
Noise Rise (I+N)/N
Very useful UMTS ratio to characterize the moving
interference level I compare to the fixed Thermal Noise at
receiver level N.
Notations (4)
25
Exercise (1/2)
Assumptions:
- n active users in the serving cell with speech service at 12.2kbits/s and
(Eb/No)
req
=6 dB
- Received power at NodeB: C=-120dBm (for each user)
- homogenous network (f=0.55)
- NF
NodeB
= 4dB and NF
UE
=8dB
Node
B
Serving cell
Surrounding cells
26
Exercise (2/2)
1. What is the processing gain for speech 12.2kbits/s ?
2. The users in the serving cell are located at different distance from the NodeB: is it
desirable and possible to have the same received power C for each user?
3. What is the value of the Thermal Noise at receiver N?
4. Complete the following table:
n
[users]
I
[dBm]
I +N
[dBm]
Noise
Rise [dB]
Ec/No
[dB]
Eb/No
[dB]
Comment
1
10
25
100
27
1. Introduction
1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
4 Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the structure of a RNP
tool
28
RNP tool requirements(1)
4 Digital maps
topographic data (terrain height)
Resolution:
- typically 20m for city areas and 50 m for rural areas
- possibly building and road databases for more accuracy
Coordinates system
- important for interfacing with measurement tools
- e.g. UTM based on WGS-84 ellipsoid
morphographic data (clutter type)
Resolution: same as topographic data
4 Propagation model dialog
e.g. setting Cost-Hata propagation model parameters (see 3.2)
4 Site/sector/cell/antenna dialog
importing sites (e.g GSM sites)
setting site/sector/cell/antenna parameters (Network design
parameters, see 4.1)
Note: in UMTS, sector and cell are not equivalent
29
RNP tool requirements(2)
4 Link loss calculation
4 Traffic simulation
Setting traffic parameters (2.2)
Traffic map generation
Resolution: same as topographic data
UE list generation (a snapshot of the UMTS network)
4 Coverage predictions
displaying the results on the map
showing the results as numerical tables
4 Automatic neighborhood planning
4 Automatic scrambling code planning
4 Interworking with other tools (dimensioning tools, OMC-UR, measurements
tools, transmission planning tool...)
30
Example: A9155 UMTS/GSM RNP tool
A9155
screenshot
31
1. Introduction
1.4 RNP Process Overview
4 Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the 11 steps of the RNP
Process, which starts with Radio Network
Requirements definition and ends with Radio Network
Acceptance.
32
(12. Further Optimization)
The 11 steps of RNP process
1. Radio Network
Requirements (see 2.4)
2. Preliminary Network Design
(see 3)
3. Project Setup and
Management
(see 4)
5. Site Acquisition Procedure
6. Technical Site Survey
7. Basic Parameter Definition
(see 5)
8. Cell Design CAE Data
Exchange over COF
9. Turn On Cycle
10. Basic Network Optimization
(see 6)
11. Network Acceptance
33
Step 1: Definition of Radio Network Requirements
4 The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the operator prescribes the
requirements which consists mainly in:
Coverage
Traffic
QoS
see 2.4 for more details
34
Step 2: Preliminary Network Design
4 The preliminary design lays the
foundation to create the Bill of Quantity
(BoQ)
List of needed network elements
4 Geo data procurement
Digital Elevation Model
DEM/Topographic map
Clutter map
4 Definition of standard equipment
configurations dependent on
clutter type
traffic density
4 Definition of roll out phases
Areas to be covered
Number of sites to be installed
Date, when the roll out takes
place.
4 Network architecture design
Planning of RNC, MSC and
SGSN locations and their links
4 Frequency spectrum from license
conditions
35
Step 3: Project Setup and Management
4 This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site part of the
RNP process takes place.
4 This ramp up phase includes:
Geo data procurement if required
Setting up general rules of the project
Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
Coordination of information exchange between the different teams
which are involved in the project
Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project
Definition of required manpower and budget
Selection of project database (MatrixX)
36
Step 4: Initial Radio Network Design
4 Area surveys
As well check of correctness of geo data
4 Frequency spectrum partitioning design
4 RNP tool calibration
For the different morpho classes:
Performing of drive measurements
Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by
comparison of measurements to predicted received power values of
the tool
4 Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map)
A team searches for site locations in the defined areas
The search team should be able to speak the national language
4 Selection of number of sectors/cells per site together with project
management and operator
4 Get real design acceptance from operator based on coverage prediction
and predefined design level thresholds
37
Step 5: Site Acquisition Procedure
4 Delivery of site candidates
Several site candidates shall be the
result out of the site location search
4 Find alternative sites
If no site candidate or no satisfactory
candidate can be found in the search
area
Definition of new SAM (Search Area
Map)
Possibly adaptation of radio network
design
4 Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition
Report)
Location information
Land usage
Object (roof top, pylon, grassland)
information
Site plan
4 Site candidate acceptance and ranking
If the reported site is accepted as
candidate, then it is ranked according
to its quality in terms of
Radio transmission
-High visibility on covered
area
-No obstacles in the near
field of the antennas
-No interference from
other systems/antennas
Installation costs
-Installation possibilities
-Power supply
-Wind and heat
Maintenance costs
-Accessibility
-Rental rates for object
-Durability of object
38
Step 6: Technical Site Survey
4 Agree on an equipment installation
solution satisfying the needs of
RNE (Radio Network Engineer)
Transmission planner
Site engineer
Site owner
4 The Technical Site Survey Report
(TSSR) defines
Antenna type, position, orientation
and tilt
Mast/pole or wall mounting
position of antennas
EMC rules are taken into account
Radio network engineer and
transmission planner check
electro magnetic compatibility
(EMC) with other installed
devices
BTS/Node B location
Power and feeder cable mount
Transmission equipment
installation
Final Line Of Site (LOS)
confirmation for microwave link
planning
E.g. red balloon of around half
a meter diameter marks target
location
4 If the site is not acceptable or the
owner disagrees with all suggested
solutions
The site will be rejected
Site acquisition team has to
organize a new date with the next
site from the ranking list
39
Step 7: Basic Parameter Definition
4 After installation of equipment the
basic parameter settings are used for
Commissioning
Functional test of
BTS/NodeB and VSWR
check
Call tests
4 RNEs define cell design data
4 Operations field service generates the
basic software using the cell design
CAE data
4 Cell parameters definition
LAC/RAC...
Frequencies
Neighborhood/cell handover
relationship
Transmit power
Cell type (macro, micro,
umbrella, )
Scrambling code planning
40
Step 8: Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COF
A956 RNO A956 RNO
OMC 1
COF
ACIE
ACIE
POLO
BSS Software offline production
3rd Party RNP
or Database
A9155 V5/V6 RNP
A9155
PRC Generator
Conversion
OMC 2
ACIE = PRC file
41
Step 9: Turn On Cycle(1)
4 The network is launched step by step during the Turn On Cycle.
4 A single step takes typically two or three weeks
Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years
4 For each step the RNE has to define Turn On Cycle Parameter
Cells to go on air
Cell design CAE parameter
4 Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation
Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R
Unlock sites
42
4 Site Verification and Drive Test
RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real coverage with the
predicted coverage of the cells.
If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected
Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation
Verification of cell design CAE data
To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to
perform such a drive measurement.
Basic site and area optimization is preventing to have unforeseen
mysterious network behavior afterwards.
43
4 HW / SW Problem Detection
Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring
Defective equipment
-will trigger replacement by operation field service
Software bugs
Incorrect parameter settings
-are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC
Faulty antenna installation
-Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-
alignments
If the problem is serious
Lock BTS/NodeB
Detailed error detection
Get rid of the fault
Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation
44
Step 10: Basic Network Optimization
4 Network wide drive measurements
It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests before
doing the commercial opening of the network
Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined
The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of the
network
4 Basic optimization
All optimization tasks are still site related
Alignment of antenna system
Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes
Parameter optimization
No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized
4 Basic optimization during commercial service
If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basic
optimization will be included in the site verification procedure
45
Step 11: Network Acceptance
4 Acceptance drive test
4 Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract
4 Presentation of KPI to the operator
4 Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance targets in the
contract
4 The operator accepts
the whole network
only parts of it step by step
4 Now the network is ready for commercial launch
46
(Step 12: Further Optimization)
4 Network is in commercial operation
4 Network optimization can be performed
4 Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using A956 RNO and
A985 NPA
47
Duration:
2h00
48
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS RNP inputs in regards of
frequency spectrum, traffic parameters, equipment
parameters and radio network requirements
4 Program:
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
2.4 UMTS Radio Network Requirements
49
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS FDD frequency
parameters defined by the 3GPP
50
Frequency spectrum
1920-1980 2110-2170
4 Frequency spectrum (UMTS FDD mode)
UL: 1920 MHz 1980 MHz
DL: 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Duplex spacing: 190 MHz
51
Carrier spacing
4 Carrier spacing: 5MHz
2110 MHz 2170 MHz = 60 MHz; 60 MHz / 5 MHz =12 frequencies
One operator gets typically 23 frequencies (carriers)
So typically 46 licenses per country as a maximum
4 Required bandwidth: 4.7MHz
The chip rate is 3.84Mchip/s, therefore at least 3.84MHz bandwidth are needed to avoid
inter-symbol interference (Nyquist-Criterion)
The roll-of factor of the pulse-shaping filter is 0.22 (root-raised cosine)
The needed minimum bandwidth is 3.84MHz x 1.22 ~ 4.7MHz
Examples:
60MHz
5MHz
6 operators
4 operators
52
Frequency channel numbering
4 UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)
UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):
MHz . f MHz
with
[MHz] f UARFCN
nlink Uplink/Dow Center
nlink Uplink/Dow Center nlink Uplink/Dow
6 3276 0 . 0
5
s s
=

UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
53
Center Frequency
4 Center Frequency f
center
Consequence of UARFCN formula (see previous slide):
f
center
must be set in steps of 0.2MHz (Channel Raster=200 kHz)
f
center
must terminate with an even number (e.g 1927.4 not 1927.5)
f
center
values
Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
- 1922.4MHz <= f
center
<= 1977.6MHz
- 9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
- 2112.4MHz <= f
center
<= 2167.6MHz
- 10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838
54
Further comments
4 Frequency adjustment
If an overlap between frequency bands belonging to same operator is
set, guard band between different operators will increase.
This feature can be used to enlarge the guard band between frequency
blocks belonging different operators and prevent dead zones.
Example:
it shows an overlap of 0.3 MHz between two carriers of one operator0.6 MHz additional
channel separation between the operators is created.
0.6 MHz additional
guard band
5 MHz
5 MHz
4.7 MHz 4.7 MHz
0.3 MHz overlap
1920 1940
Operator 1 Operator 2
4Frequency coordination at country borders (see Appendix)
0.3 MHz overlap
55
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters (UMTS traffic map)
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the method to create a traffic
map
56
Step 1: Terminal parameters
Tx power
(dBm)
Terminal parameters
(typical values)
Min Max
Antenna
Gain
(dB)
Internal
Losses+
Indoor
Margin
(dB)
Noise
Factor
(dB)
Active
set
size
Deep Indoor 20
Indoor 18
Indoor First Wall 15
Incar 8
Mobile phone
Outdoor
21

0
Deep Indoor 20
Indoor 18
Indoor First Wall 15
Incar 8
Personal Digital
Assitent (PDA)
Outdoor
-50

24

0

0
8

3

The indoor margin (also called penetration loss) is part of UE
parameters.
57
Step 2: Service parameters(1)

(Eb/ No)
req
(dB)
DL traffic
Power (dBm)
3 Km/ h 50 km/ h 120 km/ h
Service
parameters
(typical
values)
UL DL UL DL UL DL
T
y
p
e

S
H
O

a
l
l
o
w
e
d

P
r
i
o
r
i
t
y

U
L

n
o
m
i
n
a
l

r
a
t
e

(
K
b
/
s
e
c
)

D
L

n
o
m
i
n
a
l

r
a
t
e

(
K
b
/
s
e
c
)

C
o
d
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

U
L
/
D
L

A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
U
L
/
D
L
)

Min Max
B
o
d
y

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)

Speech 12.2 3
12.
2
12.2 0.6 3
CS 64
CS
2 64 64
PS 64 1 64 64
PS 128 0 64 128
PS 384
see next page
PS
Y
0 64 384
1
1
-50 + 40
0

Activity factor and Body loss are part of service parameters
58
Step 2: Service parameters(2)
(Eb/No)
req
typical values
fixed values which depends on link direction
(UL or DL )service bit rate, BLER (or BER),
UE speed, UE multipath environment, TX/RX
diversity and processing/hardware
imperfection margin (2dB)
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 5,8 7,6
SPEECH 12.2
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
CIRCUIT 64
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
PACKET 64
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
PACKET 128
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
PACKET 384
PS services for a target BLER of 0.05
CS services for a target BLER of 0.0001 (10
-4
)
Speech services for a target BLER of 0.01(10
-2
)
Source: Alcatel simulations
59
Step 3: User Profile parameters

Traffic Density
Volume
(Kb/ sec)
User Profile
(Examples)
Service
(see Step2)
Terminal
(see Step1)
Calls/
hour
Duration
(sec)
UL DL
Surfing user PS 384 PDA Deep Indoor 1 - 8 60
Videocall user PS 64 PDA Deep Indoor 1 - 5 20
Phonecall user Speech 12.2
Mobile phone Deep
Indoor
1 115.2 - -
Speech 12.2 1 72 - -
CS64 1 72 - -
PS64
PS128
City user
PS384
Mobile Phone Outdoor
0.2 - 40 200
Standard user same as City User without PS384 service
All of this data has to be provided by the operator: as the user profiles will be
different for different operators in different countries, no typical values can be
given.
60
Step 4: Environment Class parameters
4 User profiles have been used to describe single user types.
4 Environment classes are used to distribute and quantify these user profiles on
the planning area.
Environment
class*
(Examples)
User profiles
(see Step 3)
Geographical density (users/km
2
)
low traffic medium traffic high traffic
Dense Urban city user 1000 3000 6000
Urban city user 750 1500 3000
Suburban city user 50 250 500
Rural standard user 10 20 40
*BE CAREFUL: environment classes and clutter classes have often the same names, although
they refer to quite different concepts: an environment class refers to a traffic property whereas a
clutter class refers to an electromagnetic wave propagation property. The reason is that
environment classes are very often mapped on clutter classes to generate a traffic map (see Step
5)
61
Step 5: Traffic Map definition
4 Mapping of Environment Classes (see Step 4) on a map:
Example with 4 environment classes: Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural
Dense Urban
Urban
Rural
Suburban
Resolution:
20m100m
Planning Area
(also called Focus Area)
Map
Traffic
map
Note: an easy way to generate a traffic map is to use the clutter map and to associate each
clutter class to an environment class (e.g. Dense Urban environment class is mapped on Dense
Urban clutter class)
62
4 Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the main characteristics
of the UMTS radio equipment (UE, Alcatel NodeB and
antenna)
63
UE characteristics
4 According to 3GPP 25.101 (Release 1999):
UE power classes at antenna connector*:
Power class 1: (+33 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 4: (+21 2)dBm
UE minimum output power: <-50dBm
4 According to UE manufacturers:
UE Noise Figure: 8dB (typically)
UE internal losses + UE antenna gain = 0dB
4 What is EIRP for a UE of power class 4?
* the notation means e.g. for class 1:
- Maximum output power: +33dBm
- Tolerance: +1dBm/-3dBm
A n s w e r :
U E E I R P = U E T X P o w e r + U E A n t e n n a G a i n - U E I n t e r n a l L o s s = 2 1 d B m + 0 d B = 2 1 d B m
64
Alcatel NodeB(1)
4 The EVOLIUM
TM
Alcatel 9100 MBS (=Alcatel NodeB)
is a multi-standard base station, which can handle the UMTS and GSM functions
is available in 3 types of configurations: UMTS only, GSM only, mixed
UMTS/GSM
is available from UTRAN Release 2 (R2) onwards*
Iub
MBS
RNC
MBS
UE
UE
UE
GSM
part
UMTS
part
BSC
GSM
part
UMTS
part
A-bis
Iub
A-bis
The UMTS part is a
Node_B in charge of
radio transmission
handling (with W-CDMA
method)
The GSM part is a BTS in
charge of radio
transmission handling
(with FDMA/TDMA
method)
* in UTRAN release 1 (former 3GR1) there was the Alcatel NodeB V1. This product is no more produced and no
more supported from UTRAN R3 onwards.
65
SUMU
BB
TEU
BB
BB
TEU
ANRU
ANRU
TMA
Option
TMA
Option
RF BASE BAND COMMON
GSM
Part
UMTS
Part
Iub
DL
Alcatel NodeB (2)
only 4 types of modules for the MBS: SUMU, BB, TEU and ANRU
UL
up to 4 E1 interfaces
(2Mbits/s) on Iub
(hardware limit)
2 antennas per sector:
-necessary due to RX
diversity
-can also be used with
optional TX diversity
66
Alcatel NodeB (3)
SUMU
BB
TEU
BB
BB
TEU
ANRU
ANRU
TMA
Option
TMA
Option
RF BASE BAND COMMON
Iub
Functions: O&M (alarm, software),
clock, transmission towards RNC
Capacity:1 SUMU board per MBS
Functions: pool of processing resources to be
shared between all cells of the MBS for UL/DL
channel coding, interleaving, spreading,
scrambling, power control (inner loop), softer
handover
Capacity:
64 speech channels (AMR) or 1536 kbits/s per
BB board*
number of boards depends on the required
traffic capacity ( not on the number of sectors)
* Soft/softer handover overhead capacity has already
been taken into account in these figures.
BB board dimensioning rule for mixed traffic:
K + L + M + N < 64 user channels
K x 12.2 kbps + L x 64 kbps + M x 128 kbps + N x
384 kbps < 1536 kbps
Where
K = number of speech12.2kbps users
L = number of 64 kbps channel users
M = number of 128 kbps channel users
N = number of 384 kbps channel users
67
Alcatel NodeB (4)
SUMU
BB
TEU
BB
BB
TEU
ANRU
ANRU
TMA
Option
TMA
Option
RF BASE BAND COMMON
Iub
Functions: DL multi-carrier modulation and DL multi-carrier power
amplification
Capacity:
1 TEU board per sector (2 per sector with optional TX diversity )
TEU output power at antenna connector:
20 W (43 dBm) for TEUM
35 W (46 dBm) for TEUH (only available from R3 onwards)
Note: the output power is shared between all the carriers of one
sector (symmetrically or asymmetrically).
Functions: UL/DL
filtering and duplexing,
and UL multi-carrier low
noise amplification
Capacity:
as many ANRU as
number of sectors
NF(Noise Figure)=4dB
68
Alcatel NodeB (5)
4 MBS hardware limits (due to number of connectors, space constraints)
up to 6 sectors and up to 24 cells per MBS
up to 4 carriers (cells) per sector
up to 13 BB boards per MBS
4 MBS limits in R2
up to 1 carrier (cell) per sector
4 MBS limits in R3 (Stand: June 2004)
up to 3 carriers (cells) per sector
69
UMTS antennas (1)
4 Constraints for antenna system installation:
visual impact
space or building constraints
co-siting with existing GSM BTS (see 7)
Note: the antenna system includes not only the antennas themselves, but also the
feeders, jumpers and connectors as well as diplexers (in case of antenna system
sharing) and TMAs (tower mounted amplifiers)
4 Whenever possible, a solution with a standard antenna has to be chosen:
Model: 65 horizontal beam width
Azimuth: 0, 120 and 240 (3 sectored site)
Gain: 17-18dBi
Height (above ground): 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
Downtilt: electrical downtilt adjustable between 0 and 10
70
UMTS antennas (2)
4 Antenna parameters are key parameters which can be tuned to decrease
interference in critical zones, especially:
Antenna downtilt
by increasing the antenna downtilt of the interfering cell
downtilt changes with a difference less than 2 compared to the
previous value do not make sense, since the modification effort
(requiring on-site tuning) does not stand in relation to the effect.
rule of thumb: the downtilt in UMTS should be at least 1-2 higher
than the value a planner would chose for GSM
Antenna azimuth
by re-directing the beam direction of the interfering cell
azimuth modifications of s 10-20 compared to the previous value
do not make sense
Note: Azimuth/downtilt modifications can be restricted or even forbidden due to
antenna system installation constraints (especially the constraints for UMTS/GSM co-
location, see 7 for more details)
71
2.4 Radio Network Requirements
4 Objective:
to be able to understand the parameters, which
define the UMTS radio network requirements in terms
of coverage, traffic and quality of service
72
Definition of radio network requirements (1)
4 Traffic mix and distribution for traffic simulation with the aim to predict power
load in DL and UL noise rise (see 2.2)
4 Covered area
Polygon surrounding the area to be covered (focus zone for RNP tool)
4 Definition of what coverage is
CPICH Ec/Io coverage
(CPICH Ec/Io)
required
=-15dB (Alcatel value coming from simulations
and field measurements)
Required coverage probability for CPICH Ec/Io:
e.g. Average probability {CPICH Ec/Io > (CPICH Ec/Io)
req
} > 95%
(with this definition a minimum average quality in the covered area
is guaranteed*)
*other definitions of required coverage probability are possible,
e.g. 95% of area with CPICH Ec/Io > (CPICH Ec/Io)
required
(with this definition, a minimum percentage of covered area is guaranteed)
73
UL and DL service coverage
(Eb/No)
req
specific value for each service and for each direction
(UL/DL), see 2.2
Required coverage probability for DL and UL services:
e.g. Average probability {Eb/No > (Eb/No)
req
} > 95% (for each
direction UL/DL and for each service)
Note: It is possible to define different required coverage
probabilities for different services.
Eb/No values can not easily be measured, but nevertheless service
coverage predictions are a good source of information to improve the
radio network design (to find the limiting resources).
74
CPICH RSCP coverage (optional)
(CPICH RSCP)
required
: it can be defined, if the maximum allowed
path loss is determined by calculating a link budget and taking into
account the CPICH output power (if no traffic mix is available, the
link budget would base on the limiting service)
Required coverage probability for CPICH RSCP
e.g. Average probability {CPICH RSCP > (CPICH RSCP)
req
}>95%
(To guarantee an average reliability, that the minimum level is
fulfilled in the covered area)
CPICH RSCP prediction is not mandatory, but:
- it can be a help to guarantee a certain level of indoor coverage
from outdoor cells, taking into account different indoor losses
for different areas.
- CPICH RSCP can easily be measured using a 3G scanner.
75
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell
Range Calculation
Duration:
4h00
76
4 Objective:
to be able to calculate the cell range for a given service by
doing a manual link budget in UL.
to be able to describe the typical UMTS radio effects in UL
and in DL.
4 Program:
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
3.2 UMTS propagation model
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
3.5 UMTS interference modeling
3.6 Calculation of cell range
77
4 Objective:
to be able to define the necessary inputs for an UL
link budget (in order to prepare cell range
calculation).
78
Principle for Cell Range calculation
4 We consider a link budget in UL (assuming that the coverage is UL limited).
4 It is known that:
the pathloss L
path
depends on the distance UE-NodeB d (see 3.2).
L
path
= MAPL for d=Cell Range.
4 We calculate MAPL
k
for the limiting service k in UL:
Node
B
UE
| | | | | |
| | | | | | dB Gains dB Losses dB Margins
dBm y sensitivit Reference_ dBm EIRP dB MAPL
k NodeB, UE k

+
=
EIRP
UE
(see 2.3)
Reference_sensitivity
NodeB,k
(see 3.4)
d=Cell Range
79
Inputs for the UL link budget
Margins
Shadowing margin* see 3.3
Fast fading margin see 3.3
Interference margin see 3.5
Losses
Feeders and connectors
NodeB
typically 3dB (it depends on the feeder length..)
Body loss see 2.2
Penetration loss (indoor margin) see 2.2
Gains*
Antenna gain
NodeB
typically 18dBi
*Soft/softer handover gain is included in the shadowing margin (see 3.3)
80
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the parameters involved in
UL/DL wave propagation.
to find out the relationship between the pathloss
and the distance UE-NodeB
81
How to calculate the Pathloss L
path
?
4 For UMTS link budget calculations, we have to find out the value of the Pathloss L
path
between the NodeB and the UE using:
The free-space formula:
It cannot be used in mobile networks such as UMTS, because the Fresnel
ellipsoid is obstructed in the environment of the UE over a big distance
(due to low height above the ground of the UE).
Empirical formulas:
The most effective approach is based on the classical COST 231-Hata
formula, extended for the usage on higher frequencies or additional
propagation effects.
e.g. Alcatel selected as UMTS propagation model a slightly modified COST
231-Hata model, called the Standard Propagation Model*.
4 In UMTS radio environment, the propagation waves are subject to complex
mechanisms:
Free Space Propagation
Reflections/Refractions/Scattering
Diffraction
Slow fading (Shadowing)
Fast Fading (Multipath fading)
*see Appendix for the relationship between COST231- Hata and the Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
82
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
4 L
path
formula:
Important: this formula takes into account
free space propagation, reflections /refractions/scattering and diffraction
not slow and fast fading effects (never considered in propagation model,
but as margins see 3.3)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(m) UE of height antenna effective : H
(m) NodeB of height antenna effective : H
(m) UE - NodeB distance : d
* with
eff
eff
UE
NodeB
path
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + + +
=
clutter f K H f K H d K
n diffractio f K H K d K K
L
clutter UE NodeB
NodeB
eff eff
eff
) ( log log
) ( log log
6 5
4 3 2 1
*see next slides for the values of the 7 multiplying
factors K1, ..., K6, Kclutter and the calculations of
the 3 functions f(diffraction), f(H
UEeff
), f(clutter)
83
4 Can we consider for the antenna height in the L
path
formula the height above
the sea? the height above the ground?
4 What is the effective antenna height of NodeB and UE?
Typical values for the antenna height of NodeB and UE above the
ground level are:
H
NodeB above ground
= 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
H
UE above ground
= 1.5 m
These values and the topographic information between NodeB and UE
are used to calculate an effective antenna height H
NodeB eff
and H
UE eff
, in
order to model the real effect of antenna height on the pathloss.
The effective height and the height above the ground :
are equal on a flat terrain (of course)
can be very different on a hilly terrain
A n s w e r :
H e i g h t a b o v e t h e s e a : n o ( M e x i c o i s n t b e t t e r t h a n S h a n g h a i d u e t o i t s h i g h e r a l t i t u d e ! )
H e i g h t a b o v e g r o u n d : i t i s c a n b e a s t r o n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n o n a h i l l y t e r r a i n . I n d e e d a s s u m e a 2 0 m a n t e n n a i s l o c a t e d o n t h e t o p o f a 5 0 0 m h i l l . T h e h e i g h t a b o v e
g r o u n d i s 2 0 m , b u t t h e a n t e n n a h e i g h t s h o u d b e 5 2 0 m .
84
Multiplying factors (directly derived from COST-Hata model)
Name Value Factor
related to
Comment
K1 23.6
(for f=
2140MHz)
constant
offset
used to take into account free space propagation and
reflections/refractions/scattering mechanisms for a standard
clutter class.
K2 44.9 d same comment as K1.
K3 5.83 H
NodeB eff
same comment as K1.
K5 -6.55 d , H
NodeB eff
same comment as K1.
K6 0 H
UEeff
same comment as K1. As the contribution of f(H
UEeff
) is close
to zero, K6 is set to zero.
4 Propagation model parameters (1)
85
Multiplying factors (not included in COST-Hata model)
Name Value Factor
related to
Comment
K4 1 f(diffracti
on)
used to take into account diffraction mechanisms see
further comments on f(diffraction).
Kclutter 1 f (clutter) used to take into account the necessary correction compared to
the standard clutter class see further comments on
f(clutter).
86
Clutter Class* Clutter
Loss
1 buildings -1.0
2 dense urban -3.0
3 mean urban -6.0
4 suburban -8.0
5 residential -11.0
6 village -14.0
7 rural -20.0
8 industrial -14.0
9 open in urban -12.0
10 forest -9.0
11 parks -15.0
12 open area -24.0
13 water -27.0
clutter losses based on experienced values
*BE CAREFUL: do not confuse clutter classes and environment classes (see 2.2)
87
4 Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Approximation: an obstacle of height H between NodeB and UE is modeled
as an infinite conductive plane of height H.
Case 1: one obstacle
Node
B
UE
What is the diffraction loss in case 1 (use the curve on the next
page)?
r
h
0
Fresnel Ellipsoid
(first order)
Infinite conductive plane
H
A n s w e r :
h
0
= r v = - 1 f ( d i f f r a c t i o n ) = 1 4 d B
88
Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F
(
v
)

[
d
B
]
Case 1: one obstacle (continuing)
Diffraction loss for one obstacle:
v: clearance parameter,
v=-h
0
/r
r: Fresnel ellipsoid
radius,
h
0
: height of obstacle
above line of sight
(LOS)
Note:
h
0
= 0 v =0 F(v) =
6 dB
89
Case 2: several obstacles
Node
B
UE
The diffraction loss in case 2 is not easy to calculate: it is not equal
to the sum of the contributions of each obstacle alone (it is usually
smaller).
Different calculations methods can be applied based on the
General method for one or more obstacles described in ITU 526-5
recommendations, e.g Deygout, Epstein-Peterson or Millington
90
4 Calculation of f(clutter):
In the L
path
formula, the multiplying factors K1,..,K6 are calculated for a
standard clutter class: f(clutter) is a correction factor compared to the
standard clutter class.
f(clutter) is calculated taking into account a clutter loss* average of all
pixels located in the line of sight and in a circle around the UE (the circle
radius, called Max distance, is typically 200m).
Pixel
Node
B
UE
Water clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -27 dB (typically)
Forest clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -9 dB (typically)
*(also called clutter or morpho correction factor)
in this example, 3 pixels are considered to
calculate f(clutter)
91
4 Calculation of f(clutter):
How are provided the clutter loss values?
based on experienced values: simple, accuracy of +/-3 dB (see
previously)
based on calibration measurements: complex and expensive way,
but accuracy of +/-1 dB.
Is it possible to reuse GSM1800 calibration measurements(in order to
save costs of expensive measurement campaigns)?
The difference between 1850 MHz (middle of GSM1800 band) and 2140
MHz (middle of DL UMTS FDD band) involves:
fixed offset of 0.9dB for all clutterstaken into account in K1:
K1=24.5 (COST-Hata value for f=2140MHz) 0.9dB = 23.6
no significant correction offset per clutter except if large vegetation
is penetrated
Conclusion: GSM 1800 calibrations can be reused. Only for clutter type
mainly covered by vegetation, additional calibration is recommended.
92
4 Calculation of f(clutter) (simplified*):
all the values are negative and are given compared to the standard
clutter class for which f(clutter) =0 dB (the worst case)
Example:
Clutter Class
f(clutter)
(simplified*)
Dense urban -3
Urban -6
Sub-urban -8
Rural -20
*Assumption:
homogeneous
clutter class around
the UE
93
Other Propagation Models
4 Other propagation models can be applied, especially for micro-cell planning:
e.g. Walfish-Ikegami or Ray-Tracing
necessary to have building and road databases (expensive)
94
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model (simplified formula)
Clutter
class
d
UE-
NodeB
[km]
C1
[dB]
C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
)
[dB]
L
path
[dB]
Dense
Urban
0.5
1
2
Suburban
0.5
1
2
*Assumptions:
-H
NodeBeff
=30m
-no diffraction
-homogeneous
the UE
4 Exercise:
Lets consider the simplified* formula of the Alcatel Standard
Propagation Model:
L
path
[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
[km])
Can you complete the table?
95
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
4 Objective:
to be able to find out the UL margins due to fading
effects (fast fading and shadowing)
to be able to describe the fading effects in UL and
in DL
96
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(1)
4 Lets consider a the received power level C of a UE at the cell edge, taking
into account the pathloss, all gains, all losses and all margins, except
shadowing and fast fading margins.
Node
B
UE
EIRP
UE
Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB,k
=
C
threshold
(fixed value for a given
service k)
UE received power C
Time
C
mean
=C
threshold
(fixed value)
UE received power C
oscillates around a
mean value C
mean
equal to C
threshold
Cell Range
97
Definition of fading(2)
Shadowing (or Slow Fading or long-
term fading )
Fast Fading (or Multipath fading or
small-scale fading or Rayleigh
fading)
C
mean
C
threshold
(fixed value)
Time
UE received power C
Shadowing and fast fading margins are
necessary to maintain the UE received
power C above the fixed C
threshold
during the
most part of the time
98
Shadowing (1)
4 Cause:
Shadowing holes appear in the
received power C when the UE is in
the shadow of large objects
(size>10m)
4 Modeling:
The received power C can be
modeled as a Log-normal
distribution with:
a mean value C
mean
a standard deviation o,
typically o=7-8 dB (clutter
dependent)
Note: GSM1800 calibrations can
be reused for the o values.
Signal distribution
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
std dev=8 dB
std dev = 4dB
std dev= 2dB
std dev= 6dB
C
mean
99
Shadowing (2)
4 Definition of reliability level and reliability margin:
Reliability level* =% of time for the received power C to be above
C
threshold
(for a sufficient observation time period) at a given pixel
Reliability margin
x%
=C
mean
offset compared to the fixed C
threshold
to get
a reliability level of x%
Wanted reliability level=50%
Reliability margin
50%
=0dB
C
mean
= C
threshold
UE received power C
Time
C
mean
=C
threshold
(fixed
value)
UE received power C
Time
C
threshold
(fixed
value)
C
mean
reliability margin
50
%
95
%
Wanted reliability level=95%
Reliability margin
95%
=10dB (for o=6)
C
mean
= C
threshold
+10dB
(see next slide for calculation of Reliability margin
x%
)
*also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel
100
Shadowing (3)
Reliability level (also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -10 0 10 20
AF = (F
med
- F
thr
) /dB
Reliability margin
95.2%
=10dB
95,2
%
50%
probability
for F
med
=F
thr
Curve for a standard
deviation o=6dB
k - -0.5 0 1 1.3 1.65 2 2.33 +
Reliability
level
0% 30% 50% 84% 90% 95% 97.7% 99% 100%
Reliability margin*=ko
* be careful! the reliability margin
(defined above) corresponds to the
GSM shadowing margin, but not to
the UMTS shadowing margin (see
further)
4 Calculation of reliability margin*:
It depends on the reliability level and on the standard deviation o
101
Shadowing (4)
4 Values for the standard deviation o :
Power level [dBm] (e.g CPICH RSCP):
it can be modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard variation o
(clutter dependent value, typically 7dB or 8dB)
Ratio [dB] (e.g CPICH Ec/Io or UL/DL Eb/No)
it can normally NOT be modeled as a log-normal variable, because the
numerator and the denominator are modeled as separate log-normal
variables with separate standard deviations.
Approximation: a ratio is modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard
deviation o which is estimated according to the correlation between the
numerator and the denominator:
- o
CPICH Ec/Io
: strong correlation between shadowing effect on Ec and
shadowing effect on Io. o
CPICH Ec/Io
is constant (Field value:3dB)
- o
DL Eb/No
: same as CPICH Ec/No
- o
UL Eb/No
: no specific correlation between Eb and No. o
UL Eb/No
is a
clutter dependent value as for CPICH RSCP
102
Shadowing (5)
Reliability level=87%
Cell coverage probability=95%
4 Definition of area (cell) coverage probability:
If the reliability levels are provided at each pixel of a area (or a cell), it is
easy to calculate the Area(or cell) coverage probability as the average of
all reliability levels.
Area (cell) coverage probability=% of time for the received power C to
be above C
threshold
(for a sufficient observation time period) in average over
the area(cell).
Average
103
Shadowing (6)
4 Definition of shadowing margin:
If the area (cell) coverage probability is provided (from the radio network
requirement, see 2.4), it is possible to find out the reliability levels in the
area (cell).
Reliability level=?
Reliability Margin
cell edge
=?
Reliability level=?
Reliability level=?
Cell coverage probability=95%
For a UE at cell edge:
Shadowing margin* = Reliability Margin
cell edge
Soft/Softer HO Gain
*the UMTS shadowing margin (defined above) is NOT the same as the GSM shadowing margin(=Reliability Margin)
104
Shadowing (7)
4 How to calculate the shadowing margin for a received power C?
It depends on:
Wanted cell coverage probability
Clutter class of the UE
UE soft/softer handover state and correlation factor between UE
radio links (0=no correlation, typically 0.5)
Examples in uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Note:in case of soft/er handover (it is
typically the case for a UE at cell edge), the
soft/er handover gain partially compensates
for the additional path loss caused by
shadowing.
Shadowing margin (dB)
(no SHO)
UL Shadowing margin (dB)
(SHO, 2 legs)
Cell
coverage
probability
o = 6 o = 8 o = 12 o = 6 o = 8 o = 12
95 % 5.9 8.7 14.6 3.1 4.8 8.5
90 % 3.3 5.4 10.0 0.6 2.1 6.4

105
Fast Fading (1)
4 Cause: summation and cancellation of different signal components of the
same signal which travel on multiple paths
4 Modeling
Rayleigh distributed fading with correlation distance /2
Note: =15 cm for f=2GHz
positive fades are less strong than negative fades (unequal power
variance)
Rayleigh
Small-Scale
Fading
Rayleigh
PDF
106
UL Fast Fading (2)
4 How to compensate for fast fading losses in UPLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
Power control (inner loop at 1500Hz) compensates fairly well with a TX
power increase for the fast fading losses in the serving cell, but:
It works only if the UE has enough TX powerPower Control
Headroom(called Fast Fading Margin) necessary, especially for
the UEs at the cell edge (see further)
Side effect: increase of f value (little i value) for the surrounding
cells (see further)
Case 2: fast moving UE (>50km/h)
Power Control loop is too slow to compensate for fast fading
A margin is necessary to compensate for the fast fading losses: this
margin is not explicit, but implicitly included in the (Eb/No)
req
values
(see 2.2)
107
UL Fast Fading (3)
4 How to calculate Power Control Headroom (Fast Fading Margin) for slow
moving UEs (Case 1)?
Fast fading depends on:
required BER (or BLER)
UE speed
Multipath environment (Vehicular A, Pedestrian A)
UE soft/softer handover state and power difference between UE
radio links
Example for uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Fast fading margin (dB) for
several target BLER
Multipath
environment
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
Dense urban, urban,
suburban (Veh. 3km/h)
0.6 1.7 2.5 3.3
Rural (Veh. 50 km/h) -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2

Assumption:
Soft handover
considered with 2 links
and 3dB power
difference between the
2 links
108
UL Fast Fading (4)
- 5
- 10
- 15
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Seconds, 3km/ h
d
B
Channel
Transmitted
power
Node-B
received
power
Average
transmit
power
Power
rise
4 What about the side-effect for slow moving UE (Case 1)?
Fast fading in serving cell and in neighboring cells are not correlated:
- impact on neighboring cells due to UE TX power increase which causes
additional UL extra-cell interference (called average power rise)
- increase of f value (little i value)
109
DL Fast Fading (5)
4 How to compensate for fast fading losses in DOWNLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
As in uplink, power control compensates fairly well with a TX power increase the loss
due to fast fading in the serving cell, but:
Power Control Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary for NodeB,
but much smaller than in uplink, because:
NodeB TX power is a shared power resource: the NodeB has to
compensate channel variations due to fast fading for all UEs in the cell
There is a very low probability that all UEs be in a fading dip at the same
time
Typical value: 2 dB on the overall available power
Case 2: fast moving UE
(>50km/h)
same as in UL (see previous
slides)
110
4 Objective:
to be able to calculate the reference sensitivity for
a given service bit rate, BER, UE speed and UE
multipath environment
111
Definition of Reference_Sensitivity
4 The received Eb/No for a given UE at the
NodeB reference point must apply:
Eb/No[dB] > (Eb/No)
req
[dB]
Note:
Eb/No=C/(I+N C) + PG (definition, see 1.3)
NodeB reference point=NodeB antenna connector
(see 3GPP 25.104)
[dB]
N
N-C I
N[dBm] [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No)
)[dBm] N-C (I [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No) [dBm] C
req
req
min
min min
+
+ + =
+ + =

Reference_Sensitivity [dBm]
defined with reference to N
it is service dependent
Interference Margin [dB]
= Noise Rise [dB] 10log{1+ (Ec/No)
req
}
see 3.5 for more details
Node
B
UE
4As a consequence, the minimum received power C
min
shall apply:
NodeB antenna
connector
Feeder
Antenna
112
Calculation of Reference_Sensitivity
with:
N=-108.1dBm+ NF
NodeB
=-104.1dBm (assuming NF
NodeB
=4dB)
PG is the Processing Gain (service dependent):
PG=25dB for speech 12.2k
PG=17.8dB for CS 64k
PG=10dB for PS 384k
(Eb/No)
req
is a fixed value (see 2.2)
Note: (Eb/No)
req
depends in UE speed and UE multipath environment (Vehicular
A 50km/h...) in order to take into account the multipath diversity effect:
- gain due to multipath combining in the rake receiver
- loss due to multipath fading holes (see 3.4)
N[dBm] [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No) [dBm] nsitivity ference_Se
req
+ = Re
113
4 Objective:
to be able to calculate the UL interference margin
for a given traffic load
to be able to describe the interference effects in
UL and in DL
114
Calculation of interference margin
4 The NodeB reference_sensitivity is defined with reference to the fixed
received thermal noise at receiver N: it is necessary to apply a correction
factor, called Interference Margin in order to take into account the effect of the
movable received interference I:
} linear (Ec/No) { e [dB] Noise Ris in [dB] ce M Interferen
req
] [ 1 log 10 arg + =
with:
Noise Rise [dB] depends on the interference level I (ie on the traffic
load):
I=C
min
Noise Rise ~ 0,2dB
I=N Noise Rise=3dB
I=3NNoise Rise=6dB
{10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
[linear]}
typically between 0.1dB (for speech 12.2k) and 0.8dB (for PS 384k)
small value because (Ec/No)
req
(linear value) <<1 (the useful signal
level is always far below the noise floor in W-CDMA )
it can be neglected except for very high bit rates
115
Noise Rise and Traffic load(1)
4 Definition:
C
j
[dBm]: received power of the transmitter j (UE
j
in UL, NodeB
j
in DL)
X
j
[%]: load factor for j defined as the contribution of j to the total noise (I+N)
C
j
=X
j
x (I+N)
X[%]: load factor defined as the sum of the contributions for all transmitters
X
UL
=sum
all UEs in the network
(X
j
) ; X
DL
=sum
all NodeBs in the network
(X
j
)
4 We can demonstrate that:

X
[dB] Noise Rise
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
log 10

Example in Uplink
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 100
X
UL
(%)
50% of cell load
(3dB of interference)
max loading : 75%
N
o
i
s
e

R
i
s
e
l

(
d
B
)

116
Noise Rise and Traffic load(2)
Uplink
Noise Rise and X
UL
are cell specific
parameters (useful to characterize UL
cell load)
X
UL
can tend toward 100% (just by
adding new UEs in the network)
Noise Rise can tend towards infinity
the system can be unstable.
Downlink
Noise Rise and X
DL
are UE specific
parameters (not convenient)
X
DL
can not tend toward 100%
(because the TX power of NodeBs
has a fix limit Noise Rise can not
tend towards infinity the system
can not be unstable.
117
Traffic load and UL load factor (1)
4 Relationship between X
UL
and traffic load for one cell:
Does X
UL
depend on:
the traffic mix?
the user distribution in the serving cell?
the user distribution in the surrounding cells?
X
UL
can be calculated analytically with the assumption that I
extra
=f x I
intra
with f constant value:
A n s w e r :
D o e s X
U L
d e p e n d o n :
- t h e t r a f f i c m i x ? y e s ( d u e t o d i f f e r e n t ( E b / N o )
r e q
v a l u e s a n d P G v a l u e s )
- t h e u s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s e r v i n g c e l l ? n o ( d u e t o p o w e r c o n t r o l )
- t h e u s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s ? y e s , b u t t h e m o s t p o l l u t i n g u s e r s i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s s h o u l d s t o p t o p o l l u t b y t a k i n g t h e s e r v i n g c e l l i n t h e i r a c t i v e
s e t ( s o f t / s o f t e r h a n d o v e r ) a n d b e i n g t h e r e f o r e p o w e r c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e s e r v i n g c e l l
( )
( )
cell serving the in users of number N with

Factor Activity
rate Chip
Rate Bit Service
No
Eb
1
Factor Activity
rate Chip
Rate Bit Service
No
Eb
f) (1 [%] X
N
1 k
k
k
k req,
k
k
k req,
UL

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
118
Traffic load and UL load factor (2)
4 X
UL
typical values (commonly used):
Very low loadX
UL
=5%Noise Rise=0.2dB
Medium loadX
UL
=50%Noise Rise=3dB(typical default value)
High loadX
UL
=75% Noise Rise=6dB (at the limit of system
instability)
119
What about DL load factor?
4 As Noise Rise and X
DL
are not convenient to characterize the DL cell load,
another parameter is commonly used:
4 Orthogonality effect
In downlink, the orthogonality of channelization codes reduces the intra-
cell interference I
intra
:
I
intra
[W]=(1-o) x sum
DL users in the cell
(C
i
) with o Orthogonality Factor
o=0no orthogonality I
intra
= sum
DL users in the cell
(C
i
)
o=1perfect orthogonality I
intra
= 0 W
3GPP values for Orthogonality Factor o:
o=0.6 for Vehicular A
o=0.94 for Pedestrian A
Note: there is no orthogonality effect in UL because the codes of UL physical channels
come from different UEs and are therefore not synchronized each over.

cell[W] the for NodeB power TX Maximum
cell[W] the for NodeB power TX
[%] factor load power DL =
120
4 Objective:
to be able to calculate the MAPL with a manual
UL link budget and to deduce the cell range
121
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (1)
4 Fixed assumptions:
Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
= 0dB
Antenna gain
NodeB
=18dBi
Feeder and Connector losses=3dB
Thermal noise=-108.1 dBm and NF
NodeB
=4dB
4 EXAMPLE 1:
Service/UE mobility assumptions are given (see table EXAMPLE 1)
Can you complete the table EXAMPLE 1?
4 EXAMPLE 2:
EIRP, Reference_sensitivity, margins, losses and MAPL are given (see table
EXAMPLE 2)
Can you find the service/UE mobility assumptions?
122
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (2)
EXAMPLE 1UL link budget for:
UE power class 4
Speech12.2kbits/s
Vehicular A 3km/h
UE in soft(or softer) handover state with
2 radio links
Deep Indoor
Cell coverage probability=95%, o=8
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power dBm see 2.3
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)
req
dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB
dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
123
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (3)
EXAMPLE 1continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin dB see 3.3
C2 Fast fading margin dB see 3.3
C3 Noise Rise dB see 3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin dB C3-C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors dB f.a.
D2 Body loss dB see 2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) dB see 2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
dBi f.a.
MAPL dB =?
124
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (4)
UE power class ?
Service: ?
Multipath Environment: ?
UE in soft(or softer) handover state?
Indoor margin:?
Cell coverage probability=?, o=?
UL load factor=?
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A1 UE TX power 24 dBm see 2.3
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
24 dBm A1+A2
B1 (Eb/No)
req
3.2 dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain 17.8 dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
4 dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise -108.1 dBm f.a.
NodeB
-118.7 dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
125
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (5)
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin 4.8 dB see 3.3
C2 Fast fading margin -0.3 dB see 3.3
C3 Noise Rise 3 dB see 3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} 0.1 dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3+C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors 3 dB f.a.
D2 Body loss 3 dB see 2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) 8 dB see 2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 139.3 dB
126
Exercise: cell range calculation (6)
4 Can you complete the following table by using the simplified formula of the
Alcatel Standard propagation model (see exercise in 3.2)?
Limiting Service Clutter class
Cell Range
[km]
Speech 12.2k
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
PS64
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
127
Duration:
4h00
128
4 Objective:
to be able to have the theoretical background to create an
initial network design using a RNP tool*: the aim is to fulfill
the radio network requirements with lowest possible costs.
4 Program:
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
* the aim of this training is not to learn how to use A9155 RNP tool. There is another
training course for that purpose (3FL 11195 ABAA Alcatel 9155 RNP Operation)
129
Overview
Cell range
calculation
(see 3)
Positioning the sites
on the map (4.1)
CPICH RSCP
coverage
prediction
(4.2)
Traffic
simulation
(4.3)
Coverage predictions(4.4)
- CPICH Ec/Io
-UL Eb/No
-DL Eb/No
Basic radio network parameter
definition (5)
RNP
requirements
fulfilled?
Fixed load
default values
Traffic parameters
Propagation model parameters
Network design parameters
Basic radio network
optimization (6)
Traffic map
Traffic emulation
approach
Fixed load
approach
Change network
design parameters
Initial Radio Network Design
YES
NO
RNP requirements
fulfilled?
NO
130
4 Objective:
to be able to get a coarse positioning of NodeB sites
on the planning area and to apply a UMTS parameter
set for network design parameters.
131
Calculation of inter-site distance
4 Manual Method:
Description:
1. calculate MAPL
UL
for the limiting service by performing a manual
UL link budget (see 3)
2. deduce the cell range and the inter-site distance:
Inter-site distance = 1.5 x Cell Range for a 3-sectored site
Advantage:
quick, because it can be performed by hand even if RNP tool and digital
maps are not available yet.
Inconvenient:
imprecise, because topographic data and detailed clutter data are not
taken into account.
Typical inter-site distance: Dense urban: 350-450 m, Urban: 500-650 m,
Sub-urban:900 -1200 m, Rural: 2000 - 3000 m
132
Site map
4 The sites are positioned in the planning area roughly respecting the inter-site
distance for each clutter class:
Existing GSM sites can be reused
The sites should be positioned close to the dense traffic zones (see
traffic map in 2.2)
Planning area
4 The initial site map is
regularly updated based on
site acquisition and site survey
results.
Note: At this stage, search
radii may already be issued, in
order to start the long process
of site acquisition
Site map
133
Network Design Parameters (1)
4 .
Network design parameters site
wise
Typical value Comment
Number of UL/DL hardware
resources
R2: 2BB boards
R3: 4 BB boards
see 2.3
Number of sectors 3
134
4 .
Network design parameters
sector wise
Number of carriers 1
TMA usage no
Antenna
parameters
model 65 horizontal beam width
azimuth 0, 120 and 240 3 sectored site
height
20-25m for urban
30-35 m for suburban
gain 18dBi
downtilt 6 mechanical +electrical downtilt
RXdiv yes
TXdiv no
DL feeder and connector losses 3dB see 3.1
UL feeder and connector losses 3dB see 3.1
Noise Figure 4dB see 2.3
135
4 .
Network design parameters cell
wise
also called Cell Parameters
see Appendix for a complete description of Cell Parameters. Here are only described the cell parameters which
have an impact on traffic simulations and coverage predictions (4)
Max. total power (for the cell) 43dBm see 2.3
CPICH (Pilot) power 33dBm 10% of Total power
Other common physical channels
power
35dBm CPICH power + 2dB
AS threshold 3dB
maximum threshold between
the CPICH Ec/Io of the best
transmitter and the CPICH
Ec/Io of another transmitter so
that this transmitter becomes
part of the UE active set
136
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level=
Pilot field strength)
4 Objective:
to be able to check that the CPICH RSCP coverage
probability is in line with the network requirements
perform, interpret and improve a CPICH RSCP
coverage prediction
137
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(1)
Calculation
Radius of
NodeBj
Calculation
Area of
NodeBj
NodeBj
Virtual UE
scanning the
Calculation Areas
of all NodeBs
4 Step1: enter the prediction inputs
e.g. definition of Calculation Areas
Planning Area
138
Node
B
Virtual UE
CPICH TX power
CPICH RSCP(=CPICH RX power)
No shadowing
(Shadowing margin=0dB in this step)
at each pixel*:
CPICH RSCP[dBm] = CPICH TX power[dBm] +Gain
NodeB antenna
[dB]
Loss
NodeB feeder cables
[dB] L
path
[dB]
4 Step2: the tool calculates the CPICH RSCP values for the virtual UE (without
considering shadowing effect)
*The calculation is performed for a given resolution, typically
at each pixel of the Calculation Areas (see Step1)
CPICH
=Pilot level)
139
CPICH
=Pilot level)
4 Step3: the tool calculates the reliability level for each CPICH RSCP value
(calculated in Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect
(at each pixel)
CPICH RSCP- (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=Reliability Margin
with (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation o)
o is given by the clutter map
we can deduce a CPICH RSCP reliability level (per pixel)
Example:
assume CPICH RSCP=-94 dBm, (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=-104dBm, o=6dB
What is the reliability level for this CPICH RSCP value (use the curve
in3.3)?
A n s w e r :
R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 1 0 d B R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l = 9 5 % ( o = 6 d B )
140
4 From the radio network requirements (see 2.4), it is known:
(CPICH RSCP)
minimum
required Area Coverage Probability (typically 95%)
4 Area Coverage Probability:
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to interpret the prediction?
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved Reliability level=50%
Planning
Area
141
1. What happens if you have a bad CPICH RSCP coverage in an area?
2. Does the CPICH RSCP coverage depend on traffic load?
3. Which are the input parameters for the CPICH RSCP coverage prediction?
4. Shall the calculation radius be greater or smaller than the inter-site
distance?
5. Make some suggestions to improve the prediction results
CPICH
=Pilot level)
Exercise
142
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
4 Objective:
to be able to check that the network capacity is in line
with the traffic demand by performing traffic
simulations with a RNP tool
143
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(1)
Traffic Map (see2)
Traffic demand modeling
4Can the capacity cope with the demand in UL and in DL?
Site map (see 4.1)
Network capacity modeling
it is necessary to calculate the UL/DL network capacity to check that it is
in line with the traffic demand.
144
Why do we need traffic simulations?(2)
4 How to calculate the UL/DL network capacity?
Problem: the capacity depends on the user distribution (at least in DL)
Solution: a traffic simulation can be performed (= a snapshot of UMTS
network at a given time, one possible scenario among infinite number of
scenarii).
User distribution 1 User distribution 2
384k
12.2k
Cell
NodeB
12.2k
384k (in outage)
Cell
NodeB
Suburban
environment
class
Network capacity 1 > Network capacity 2 (for the same traffic map)
145
How to perform a traffic simulation?(1)
Traffic simulation inputs
typical
value
Comment
Traffic simulation parameters (only used for traffic simulations)
Maximum UL load factor 75%
limit of system instability. If this threshold is overcome,
some UEs are put in outage.
Number of iterations 100 RNP tool dependent values. Trade off between
precision and calculation time
Convergence criteria 3%
Orthogonality factor (per
clutter)
0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Traffic mapsee 2.2
Propagation model parameterssee 3.2
Network design parameterssee 4.1
4 Step 1: enter the traffic simulation inputs
146
4 Step 2: the RNP tool provides a realistic user distribution
Used input: traffic map
The RNP tool provides a snapshot of the network at a given time (based on the
traffic map and Monte-Carlo random algorithm):
a distribution of users (with terminal used, speed and multipath
environment) in the planning area
a distribution of services among the users
a distribution of activity factors among the speech users in order to
simulate the DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) feature
Example:
Mobile phone
Vehicular 50km/h
Speech 12.2k (active)
PDA
Vehicular 3km/h
PS384
24 users
147
4 Step 3: the RNP tool checks the UL/DL service availability for each user
Used inputs: user distribution (see Step1) +Propagation model
parameters+Network design parameters+ traffic simulations parameters
UL/DL link loss calculations are performed iteratively due to (fast) power
control mechanisms in order to get:
needed UE TX power for each UE
needed NodeB TX power for each cell
Each of the following conditions is checked: if one of them is not fulfilled, the
concerned user will be ejected (service blocked):
Conditions in UL:
1) needed UE TX power <
Maximum UE TX power
2) UL load factor < Maximum
UL load factor (typical value:
75%)
3) enough UL NodeB
processing capacity
Conditions in DL:
1) CPICH Ec/Io < ( CPICH Ec/Io)
required
2) needed NodeB TX power < Maximum NodeB
TX power (ie DL Power load<100%)
3) (for each traffic channel) needed TX power <
Max TX power per channel
4) enough DL NodeB processing capacity
5) needed number of codes < max number of
codes
148
Traffic simulation outputs
4 DL (power) load factor per cell
4 UL load factor per cell
4 Percentage of soft handover
4 Percentage of blocked service requests and reasons for blocking (ejection
causes)
Example of ejection causes with A9155 RNP tool:
the signal quality is not sufficient:
on downlink:
not enough CPICH quality: Ec/Io<(Ec/Io)
min
not enough TX power for one traffic channel(tch): Ptch > Ptch max
on uplink:
not enough TX power for one UE (mob): Pmob > Pmob max
the network is saturated:
the maximum UL load factor is exceeded (at admission or congestion).
not enough DL power for one cell (cell power saturation)
not enough UL/DL NodeB processing capacity for one site (channel
element saturation)
not enough DL channelization codes (code saturation)
149
Limitation of traffic simulation
4 Limitation:
a simulation is only based on one user distribution
another simulation based on the same traffic map but on a different user
distribution can give different results for DL/UL service availabilities
4 Solution:
to average the results of several simulations (statistical effect) to be
closer to the reality
4 Other interest of traffic simulation
Some traffic simulation ouputs (that are DL (power) and UL load factors
per cell) can be used as inputs for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL service
coverage predictions (see 4.4).
150
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
4 Objective:
to be able to check that the coverage probabilities
for UL/DL services are in line with the networks
requirements by performing coverage predictions
with an RNP tool
151
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Why do we need coverage predictions?
What is the coverage probability
at this pixel for:
-CPICH Ec/Io?
-UL service coverage?
-DL service coverage?
4 What is the probability for a user to get UL/DL services at a given point of the
planning area?
Problem: traffic simulations can be used, but it is necessary to average an
enormous number of traffic simulations (see4.3) to get the answer for each
service at each pixelunrealistic calculation time
Solution: Coverage Predictions can be performed
152
Different types of coverage predictions
4 CPICH RSCP prediction plot (see 4.2)
4 CPICH Ec/Io prediction plot
Only the pilot quality from best server is considered (no soft handover)
Standard deviation: 3dB
no UL/DL service coverage if CPICH Ec/Io < (CPICH Ec/Io)
minimum
4 UL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: same as clutter map values
Uplink service area is limited by maximum terminal power.
4 DL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: 3dB
Downlink service area is limited by maximum allowable traffic channel
power
153
How to perform a coverage prediction?(1)
4 Step 1: enter the Coverage Prediction inputs
Traffic simulation inputs
typical
value
Comment
Coverage Predictions parameters (only used for predictions)
Calculation Radius (per cell) 4 km same as for CPICH RSCP prediction (see 4.2)
Probe
UE
Service parameters
see 2.2
The probe UE characterizes the
service/terminal/multipath environment for which
the Coverage Prediction is performed, e.g.
PS64/PDA/Vehicular 3km/h
Note: in case of CPICH/Io prediction, no service
parameters are entered.
Multipath environment
Terminal parameters and
indoor margin
UL load factor(per cell) 50%
used to simulate UL/DL interference level
Fixed load approach: same values for all cells
Traffic emulation approach: specific values for each
cell (see 4.5)
DL(power) load factor(per cell) 50%
(ratio value)
minimum
-15dB (typically) for CPICH Ec/Io ratio (see 2.4)
(Eb/No)
req
values for UL/DL (Eb/No) ratios (see 2.2)
Stand. deviation o (per clutter)
3dB for CPICH Ec/Io and DL (Eb/No) ratios,
clutter map values for UL (Eb/No) ratio (typically 7-8dB)
Orthogonality factor (per clutter)
0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Propagation model parameters(see 3.2) + Network design parameters(see 4.1)
154
4 Step 2: calculation of the ratio values (e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values) at each pixel
A probe UE (causing no interference) is scanning each pixel of the
planning area.
Pathloss calculations are performed for this probe UE to get the ratio
values:
e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values per pixel or UL PS64 (Eb/No) values per pixel
Probe UE scanning each pixel of
the calculation areas
155
4 Step 3: calculation of the reliability level for each ratio value (calculated in
Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect.
(at each pixel)
Ratio value - (ratio value)
minimum
=Reliability Margin
with (ratio value)
minimum
=fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation o)
o is given by the prediction inputs (see Step 1)
we can deduce a reliability level (per pixel) for the ratio value
Example:
what is the reliability level for the following pixels(use the curve in 3.3):
+ CPICH Ec/Io value = -12 dB?
+ UL (Eb/No) value= 4dB (for PS64, Vehicular 50km/h)?
A n s w e r :
C P I C H E c / I o ( C P I C H E c / I o )
m i n i m u m
= - 1 5 d B R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 3 d B k = 1 ( o = 3 d B ) R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l = 8 4 %
U L ( E b / N o ) ( E b / ( N o )
r e q
= 3 . 2 d B R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 0 . 8 d B k = 0 . 1 ( o = 8 d B ) R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l ~ 5 0 %
156
How to interpret a coverage prediction?
4 From the radio network requirements (see 2.4), it is known:
(ratio value)
minimum
required Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio)
4 Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio):
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved
Planning Area
157
4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load
approach?
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the different
approaches which lead to an acceptance
test
158
Traffic emulation approach(1)
Traffic map (2.2)
Traffic simulations (4.3)
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field traffic
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
159
Traffic emulation approach(2)
4 Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
4 Disadvantages:
complex:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be
provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool and if any
parameter is changed, it is necessary to recalculate traffic
simulations before recalculating coverage predictions
no acceptance test possible, because it is not realistic to emulate the
traffic map in the field.
160
Fixed load approach(1)
Default DL(power)/UL load
factors values for each
cellFixed load
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field Fixed load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
RNP tool Field
161
4 Advantages:
simple: no need of traffic map and traffic simulations
acceptance test can be realized, because fixed load can be emulated
and measured in the field (at least in DL, see further)
4 Disadvantages:
inaccurate (no traffic map considered)
all planning efforts targeting to optimize the network by reducing traffic
per cell can not be modeled by this approach (Fixed Load Trap effect):
adding cells/sites
- real effect: big enhancement of the total network capacity
- modeled effect: little enhancement of the network capacity
indeed, as the same load is mandatory for all cells (fixed load), the new
cell/site will add (artificial) load and therefore bring a lot of (artificial)
interference and only very little new capacity
downtilting antenna for one cell
- real effect: cell load decrease (because it makes the cell area
smaller)
- modeled effect: no cell load decrease (due to fixed load)
162
4 How to emulate DL fixed load in the field?
DL load can be emulated with
the OCNS (Orthogonal Code
Noise Simulator) feature of the
Alcatel NodeB:
It generates artificial
interference in downlink
It is used to emulate
downlink load and perform
tests with a reduced
number of UEs
Typical default value: 50% for
DL (power) load factor
Node
B
Common channels
OCNS channels
Dedicated channels
Available power TX DL Maximum
UE Trace power TX OCNS
load DL
power DL

TX
+
=
_ _
(%) _
Virtual
mobiles
(due to OCNS)
Trace
mobile
Real
traffic
Simulated
traffic
Maximum
output power
163
UE
Att
Tx
Rx Tx
Rx
Rx Tx
4 How to emulate UL fixed load in the field?
UL load could be emulated by generating artificial interference at the
NodeB receiver (a kind of UL OCNS feature): such a feature is not
provided by Alcatel NodeB.
Workaround:
UL load can be emulated at the MS side by placing
an Attenuator (Att) in the MS transmit path
Typical default value: 50% for UL load factor (ie 3dB
Noise Rise, ie 3dB Attenuation)
164
A medium approach(1)
Traffic map (2.2)
Traffic simulations (4.3)
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field fixed
load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
Default UL load factor
values for each
cellFixed load
DL(power) load
factor per cell
165
A medium approach(2)
4 Alcatel strategy is to use the fixed load approach as it is measurable on the
field and less ambiguous if commitments have to be fulfilled.
4 Nevertheless, a medium approach can be considered to overcome the
disadvantages of the fixed load approach (see previous slide):
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
acceptance test can be realized
Constraints:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be
provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool
DL: the operator shall agree that the DL field traffic emulation is
realized from the traffic simulation outputs of the RNP tool
UL: default value for UL load factor must be taken for the whole
network (no UL OCNS feature)
166
5. Basic Radio Network Parameter
Definition
Duration:
1h00
167
4 Objective:
to be able to define the basic radio network parameters
(neighborhood planning and code planning parameters)
4 Program:
5.1 Neighborhood planning
5.2 Scrambling code planning
168
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and methods used
to perform neighborhood planning.
169
Overview
4 The purpose of neighborhood planning is to define a neighbor set (or
monitored set) for each cell of the planning area
The neighbor set is broadcasted in each cell in the P-CCPCH and can
therefore be accessed by each UE
Each UE monitors the neighbor set to prepare a possible cell re-
selection or handover
The neighbor set may contain:
Intra-frequency neighbor list : cells on the same UMTS carrier
Inter-frequency neighbor list: cells on other UMTS carrier
Inter-system neighbor lists: for each neighboring PLMN a separate list is needed.
Note: it is NOT the aim of neighborhood planning to define a ranking of the cells inside
the neighbor set. This ranking is performed by the UE using UE measurements and
criteria defined by UTRAN radio algorithms.
4 The neighborhood planning plays a key role in UMTS. Indeed, as UMTS is
strongly interference limited, a wrong neighbors plan will bring interference
increase and therefore capacity decrease.
e.g. if a possible soft handover candidate is not selected, because it is not in the
neighbor list, it is fully working as Pilot Polluter
170
Criteria and methods
4 Criteria:
Lets consider one cell (called cell A). One or several of the following criteria
can be used to decide to take a candidate cell as neighbor of cell A :
the distance between cell A and the candidate cell is less than a given
maximum inter-site distance.
the overlap area between cell A and the candidate cell is more than a
given minimum value.
Note: overlap area between cell A and cell B = intersection between S
A
and S
B
, with
S
A
[km
2
]=area where
- (CPICH RSCP)
cellA
and (CPICH Ec/Io)
cellA
better than given minimum values
- (CPICH Ec/Io)
cell A
is the best
S
B
[km
2
]=area where
- (CPICH RSCP)
cellB
better than given minimum value
- (CPICH Ec/Io)
cell B
>(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell A
(a given margin)
the candidate cell is a co-site cell (=cell of the same NodeB).
cell A is neighbor of the candidate cell (neighbor symmetry).
4 Methods:
manually (not possible to consider the overlap area criterion)
with an RNP toolsee example with A9155 tool on next slides
171
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(1)
Neighborhood parameters Typical value Comment
Minimum CPICH RSCP -105 dBm
parameters used for overlap area
criterion
Minimum CPICH Ec/Io -18 dB
Ec/Io margin 8 dB
Reliability level 87%
Minimum covered area 2%
Maximum inter-site distance
between 8km
and 25km
8 km for dense urban and urban, 10 km
for sub-urban and around 25 km for
rural areas
Force co-site cells as neighbors Yes co-site cells=cells of the same NodeB
Force neighbor symmetry Yes
e.g. if cell A is neighbor of cell B, cell B
will be neighbor of cell A
Max number of neighbors 14
4 Step1: enter input parameters
172
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(2)
4 Step2: for each cell, A9155 RNP tool calculates the neighbor list as follows
if Force co-site cells as neighbors=Yes, co-sites cells are taken first in
the neighbor list.
cells which fulfill the following criteria are taken in the neighbor list:
the maximum inter-site distance criterion
the overlap area criterion
Note: if the maximum number of neighbors in the list is exceeded, only
the cells with the largest overlap area are kept.
if Force neighbor symmetry=Yes, cells with a neighbor symmetry are
taken in the neighbor list, under the condition that the maximum number
of neighbors has not already been exceeded.
173
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and the methods
used to perform the scrambling code planning
174
4 Scrambling code planning in UMTS FDD is similar to frequency planning in
GSM. However it is not such a key performance factor:
it concerns only DL scrambling code (channelization codes and UL
scrambling codes are automatically assigned by the RNC)
In contrast to frequency planning, it is not crucial which scrambling
codes are allocated to neighbors as long as they are not the same
code.
Overview
175
4 DL scrambling codes:
used to separate cells
restricted to 512 (primary) scrambling codes (easy planning)
4 Criteria:
the reuse distance between two cells using the same scrambling code
inside one frequency shall be higher than 4 x inter-site distance
(preferable) the same scrambling code should not be used in two cells
of the same sector
4 Methods
manually
with a RNP tool (see see example with A9155 tool on next slide)
DL scrambling code planning (1)
176
4 Method with a RNP tool:
Note: Neighborhood planning (see 5.1) must be performed before performing scrambling code
planning, because neighborhood relationships are used in the following method.
1. define the set of allowed codes for each cell (there can be some restrictions for
cells at country borders)
2. (optional) define the set of allowed codes per domain (one domain per
frequency)
3. define the minimum reuse distance
4. define forbidden pairs (for known problems between two cells)
5. run automatic code allocation and check consistency
A9155 assigns different primary scrambling codes to a given cell i and to its neighbors.
For a cell j which is not neighbor of the cell i, A9155 gives it a different code:
- If the distance between both cells is lower than the manually set minimum reuse
distance,
- If the cell i / j pair is forbidden (known problems between cell i and cell j).
A9155 allocates scrambling codes starting with the most constrained cell and ending with the
lowest constrained one. The cell constraint level depends on its number of neighbors and
whether the cell is neighbor of other cells.
DL scrambling code planning (2)
177
Definition of UL scrambling code pool for a RNC
4 UL scrambling codes:
used to separate UEs
more than one million of codes available (very easy planning)
2 different UEs mustnt have the same code (inside one frequency)
4 Criterion for definition of UL scrambling code pools: 2 RNC mustnt have the
same scrambling code in their pool
4 Method: each RNC is assigned manually a unique pool of codes (e.g. 4096
codes in R2)
Note: when a UE performs a connection establishment to UTRAN (RRC connection), the
Serving RNC will assigned dynamically an UL scrambling code out of its pool to the
UE. The code is released after RRC connection release.
178
Duration:
2h30
179
4 Objective:
to be able to discuss optimization possibilities in terms of
capacity and coverage
4 Program:
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
180
4 Objective:
to be able to describe the Alcatel R2/R3 UTRAN
features in term of coverage/capacity improvements in
UL/DL
181
UTRAN features
UTRAN
features
Release 2 (R2) Release 3 (R3)
in UL
RX diversity with 2 RX chains
(this is a standard feature)
TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier)
-
in DL -
High power amplifier (multi-carrier
TEU with 35W TX power at
antenna connector)
TX diversity (STTD mode and
TSTD mode)
in UL
and
in DL
support of 3 sectors per MBS
(support of 1 carrier (cell) per
sector)
support of 6 sectors per MBS
support of 3 carriers (cells) per
sector
182
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (1)
4 A TMA can be used at a UMTS Node B to improve the
effective receiver system noise figure when a long
feeder cable is used
4 The reduction in the receiver system noise figure is
translated into an improvement in the uplink power
budget
4 This can be interpreted as compensating the losses of
the feeder and connectors between the antenna and the
input of the base station
4 Additional downlink loss (~0.5 dB)
BTS /
Node B
Feeder
Antenna
Tx / Rx
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
183
4 For RX antenna diversity
operation, the configuration has to
be doubled
One TMA for each antenna
needed Dual TMA
4 Alcatel TMA is a dual TMA
Node B
Feeder
Antenna
Tx / Rx
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
Tx / Rx
Feeder
184
4 Network Design and Planning
relevant TMA parameters
RX Part
RX passband:
19201980 MHz
fixed nominal Gain:
10-12dB
Noise figure at 25C:
< = 2dB
Max. input power:
10 dBm
TX Part
TX passband:
19201980 MHz
Insertion Loss:
< 0.5dB
TX ANT Filter
out-of-band attenuation:
> 35 dB in all GSM bands
RX ANT Filter
out-of-band attenuation:
> 60 dB in GSM TX band
> 63 dB in DCS TX band
185
4 Calculation of the resulting NF with Friies-Formula
DX cable TMA
BS
cable TMA
DX
TMA
cable
TMA TMA tot
g g g
n
g g
n
g
n
n n

+
+ =
1 1 1
,
DX cable
BS
cable
DX
cable TMA no tot
g g
n
g
n
n n

+ =
1 1
,
with
10
10
element
NF
element
n = and
10
10
element
G
element
g =
Element Noise Figure (NF) Gain
TMA 2dB 12dB
Cable 25m 3dB -3dB
Node B (incl. ANRU) 4dB
Noise Figure of TMA & cable & nodeB Noise Figure of cable & node B
2.7dB 7dB

4.3 dB gain on
total NF in this
example due to
TMA
DX means Diplexer or Filter
186
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cell Range R (km)
T
o
t
a
l

I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

I

(
d
B
)
Link Budget Curve with TMA
Link Budget Curve w/ o TMA
I(R) for High_Traffic
I(R) for Low_Traffic
Typical reduction of the
required number of sites:
~40%
for low traffic scenario
~30%
for high traffic scenario
4 Uplink coverage gain
depends on the traffic
density!
4 TMA impacts Link Budget
curve but not Traffic curve
187
4 Example of Gain on
Coverage
Assuming UL
limited scenarios
4 Conclusion:
In UL limited scenarios a
TMA can reduce the
number of required sites
by 30 to 40 %
without TMA with TMA without TMA with TMA
Cell range/ km 0,377 0,481 0,318 0,383
UL load 14% 18% 53% 63%
Site area / sqkm 0,277 0,451 0,197 0,286
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 3608 2217 5071 3496
Gain in # of sites 39% 31%
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
Dense Urban
Cell range/ km 0,517 0,665 0,448 0,539
UL load 18% 20% 50% 62%
Site area / sqkm 0,520 0,863 0,392 0,567
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 1921 1159 2552 1763
Urban
Cell range/ km 1,287 1,659 1,126 1,377
UL load 18% 21% 49% 61%
Site area / sqkm 3,230 5,367 2,472 3,697
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 310 186 404 270
Suburban
Cell range/ km 4,945 6,273 4,397 5,305
UL load 26% 32% 51% 62%
Site area / sqkm 47,691 76,721 37,699 54,882
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 21 13 27 18
Rural
188
4 TMA allows x dB higher
interference level: gain in UL
budget
cell radius can be
maintained without
shrinking with x dB more
interference
can be translated in
capacity gain
4 increase of interference only up
to max. allowed level
high gain for low traffic (A)
negligible gain for high
traffic (B)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cell Load
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

l
e
v
e
l
max. allowed
interference level
Capacity gain A
A
Capacity gain B
B
189
4 Example of UL capacity gain:
UL limited scenario
Conclusion:
In UL limited scenarios a TMA can improve the overall UL throughput, if
the interference (noise rise) is not close to the limit
Note: gain is service independent
Low traffic
scenario
Medium traffic
scenario
High traffic
scenario
1 3 5
0,21 0,50 0,68
Interference before adding TMA
in dB
Load before adding TMA
232,5%
Gain in Throughput relative to
initial throughput 50,4% 9,7%
Max UL load of 75%
used in simulation
Noise Rise
190
128 kbps
coverage
384 kbps
coverage
I ntroduction
of 384kbps
4 Compensate for introduction of higher bit
rate services
4 Required received level (sensitivity) of high
data rate services is bigger than for low
data rate services
E.g. difference between Rx
sensitivities of 128kbit/s and
384kbit/s services: 4.5 dB
Introduction of high data rate service
means potential decrease of cell
range
4 Gain through TMA in uplink budget can be
used to compensate for this effect
Simultaneous introduction of
TMA and new service helps
keeping coverage range
Higher bit rate services
191
GSM 900/
GSM1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Diplexer
Diplexer
TMA
DC block Band 1 (GSM)
DC pass Band 2 (UMTS)
Feeder sharing solution
4 DC feed has to be resolved in case of
diplexer usage (DC block for GSM
band, DC pass of UMTS band)
4 It is not possible to have more than one
TMA in case of feeder sharing (alarm
handling, DC feed)
4 If a TMA is required for each system,
use separate feeders
4 It is not possible to use a common TMA
in case of broadband antenna usage
(interleaved UL and DL signals)
Usage in co-siting scenarios
192
4 Blocking aspects
In-Band-Blocking
Potential Problem: Excess gain of TMA
- Blocking performance decreases be the amount of
excess gain=amplifier gain feeder cable loss
Solution: Amplification reduction in node B to
Out-of-Band-Blocking and Co-Siting with GSM
RX ANT filter attenuates all out of band signals and improves the
out-of-band-blocking situation (better than without TMA!)
193
4 Conclusion
Tower mounted amplifiers (TMA) enable to increase the uplink coverage
The reduction of the number of sites to cover a given area with TMA
depends on the traffic density assumptions and is higher for low traffic
conditions than for high traffic conditions.
In the Uplink, setting up sites with TMA will require between 30% and
40% less sites than without TMA.
However, implementing TMA may accelerate DL power limitation, A
carrier on TX diversity may be required in such cases.
194
4 Basics
The transmit antenna diversity techniques consist in using several
transmit antennas, broadcasting de-correlated complementary signals
2 modes :
Open loop (first phase : already available)
- TSTD - Time Switch Transmit Diversity
(Synchronization channel only)
- STTD - Space-Time transmit diversity
(Other physical channels)
Closed loop (second phase) : higher diversity gain
TX diversity (1)
195
Open-loop techniques (i.e. STTD) are statistical and rely on a non-
coherent combining in the receiver.
Performance gain due to ability to fight against fast fading
b
0
b
1 b
2
b
3
b
0
b
1 b
2
b
3
-b
2
b
3 b
0
-b
1
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
4 STTD= Space-Time transmit diversity
Signal is shifted in space and in time to obtain the second
signal
TX diversity (2)
196
4 Performance gain:
doubling the TX power by adding a power amplifier (PA or TEU)
Reducing the required transmit power for each downlink channel
(transmit power raise due to fast fading is reduced)
Improving the RX Eb/No (slight reduction for open loop TxDiv, higher for
closed loop TxDiv)
6
7
8
9
3 6 10 25 50 120
T
a
r
g
e
t

R
x

E
b
/
N
0

(
d
B
)
Speed (km/h)
Speech 8 kbps, 1 rx antenna, downlink, pedestrian A
Without Tx diversity
STTD
0.8 dB
TX diversity (3)
197
4 STTD-Gain on DL Capacity
Pure Diversity Gain:
Independent of cell range
Service dependent
High difference between multipath environments:
- low to medium gain in Vehicular A (valid in macrocells)
- significant gain in Pedestrian A (valid in microcells)
Gain through adding a second PA:
Highly dependent on cell range
TX diversity (4)
198
Monoservice NRT 128kbit/s, Urban, Vehicular
A
Pure Diversity gain in
capacity: ~8%
Gain through 2nd PA:
dependent on cell range
Example for typical cell
range (0.6km):
8%+3%=11% total gain
4STTD-Gain on DL Capacity - Example
TX diversity (5)
199
4 STTD-Gain on DL Capacity
Typical Values Typical Values in Vehicular A environment
Typical Value in Pedestrian A environment (microcell)
Pure Diversity gain: ~20%
Gain through 2nd PA: negligible
Dense Urban Urban/ Suburban Rural
Capacity gain through
diversity
~ 8% ~ 10% ~ 12%
Capacity gain through 2
nd
PA
(for typical cell ranges)
~ 0%-2% ~ 1%-8% ~ 2%-11%
Typical Total Capacity Gain ~ 8% ~ 15% ~ 20%
TX diversity (6)
200
PA
Carrier Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 1
20 W
TRX1
TX
PA
PA
Carrier Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 1
TRX1
TX
Antenna 2
20 W
20 W
TXdiv
Adding second PA
Cdoubling power
4Implementation in Alcatel Node B V1
TX diversity (7)
201
Adding second TEU
Cdoubling power
TEU
PA
Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 1
20 W
TX Bus
TX1
TEU
PA
TEU
PA
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
20 W
20 W
TX Bus
TX1
TX1div
4Implementation in Alcatel MBS
TX diversity (7bis)
202
4 Conclusion
Transmit diversity enables to increase the DL capacity of a UMTS cell.
2 different TxDiv Techniques are defined: STTD (open loop) and closed
loop (feedback from the UE to the node B)
Performance depending on the scenario.
Low multipath channel (Vehicular A) the performance is better, but
the potential improvement is lower compare to a channel with
higher multipath diversity (Pedestrian A).
The performances achieved depend also on the type of TxDiv used:
closed loop TxDiv is better for low speeds than STTD.
TX diversity (8)
203
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Throughput NRT 128 (kbps)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t

p
o
w
e
r

(
W
a
t
t
)
RURAL 7 km
RURAL 5 km
SUBURBAN 1,3 km
URBAN 0,5 km
URBAN DENSE 0,35 km
+9% +3 % +1,5%
Impact of Node B power rise on capacity
high impact in
rural
negligible impact
in urban
4Basics
High Power Amplifier (1)
204
4 DL Capacity gain
The capacity curves show that the effect of doubling the available
transmit power is far from doubling the capacity
Due to downlink behaviour, higher transmit power will be more
efficient (in terms of capacity gain) in rural environments than in
urban environments
Capacity gain is higher when increasing the power from 5.3 Watts
to 10 Watts than from 10 Watts to 20 Watts or 20 Watts to 40 Watts
At a given threshold of transmit power, increasing the transmit
power will not help in increasing the cell capacity
The Capacity gain depends on the cell range
205
NRT 128 kbps / URBAN
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2
Cell Radius (km)
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

p
e
r

s
e
c
t
o
r

(
k
b
i
t
/
s
)
40 Watts per carrier -1 carrier
24 Watts per carrier - 1 carrier
Traffic Curve (low traffic/km)
Traffic Curve (high traffic/km)
4 Cell range and traffic dependency of capacity gain
206
4 Example of downlink capacity gain
results for fixed cell ranges in high traffic scenarios (uplink
coverage limited) :
Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
350m 550m 1700m 7km
1 carrier: 20W to 40W 1% 2% 4% 8%
2 carriers: 10W to 20W 4% 6% 11% 20%
3 carriers: 5.3W to 10W 6% 9% 17% 31%
Max power per carrier
Higher PA
Feature Name
Output Powers
(Node-B v2)
Output Powers
(theoretical extended Node-
B)
1 carrier 24 Watts 40 Watts
2 carriers 10 Watts per carrier 20 Watts per carrier
3 carriers 5.3 Watts per carrier 10 Watts per carrier
207
4 Conclusion
To increase the power per carrier is only interesting in environments,
where the MAPL allowed is high:
In suburban and rural environments
Where Low data rate services are offered in UL
Where coverage enhancement features are used in UL such as
TMA and 4RxDiv
208
4 Coverage Gain
Results of simulation done with Alcatel RNP tool A9155V6
No topo or morpho
hexagonal site design , tilt optimized for each environment
NodeB power 46.8 dBm, fixed traffic scenario
3-sector 6-sector 3-sector 6-sector 3-sector 6-sector
Antenna height [m] 20 20 25 25 30 30
HPBW 65 32 65 32 65 32
Tilt (total) 5 5 3 3 1 1
Antenna Gain [dBi] 18 21 18 21 18 21
Intersite distance [m] 1525 1950 4300 4500 13350 15000
Coverage area / site [km] 2.0 3.3 16.0 17.5 154.3 194.9
Gain on coverage 64% 10% 26%
Less sites required 39% 9% 21%
More sectors required 22% 83% 58%
URBAN SUBURBAN RURAL
6 sector site (1)
209
4 Capacity Gain with NodeB V1
Simulations done with A9155V6 have shown, that the limiting factor in
terms of capacity is not the power, but mainly the base band boards for
V1.
As the BB boards are common resource of the NodeB it is useless to
install a 6 sector site for capacity reasons
NodeB V1
Number of carriers # 1 2 3 1 2
Global Scaling Factor - 8 8 8 8 8
Total number of rejections % 5.0 4.2 4.4 4.9 5.0
Channel elements saturation % 2.4 4.2 4.4 4.8 5.0
Multiple Causes % 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Ptch> PtchMAX % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
TX Power Saturation % 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 sector site 6 sector site
6 sector site (2)
210
4 Capacity gain with MBS V2
for different configurations compared to 3x1 and 3x2 configurations
(dense urban, 500m inter-site distance)
Less transmit power
per carrier
Higher inter-sector interference for
6 sector site
because less frequencies used
MBS V2
Number of carriers # 1 2 3 1 2
Max. Output Power dBm 46.8 43.0 40.3 46.8 43.0
Global Scaling Factor - 11.7 19 17 16.3 30
Capacity gain (rel. 3x1) % - 62.4 45.3 39.3 156.4
Capacity gain (rel. 3x2) % - - -11% - 14% 58%
Total number of rejections % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.0
Channel elements saturation % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ec/ Io < (Ec/ Io)min % 2.5 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.2
Multiple Causes % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Ptch> PtchMAX % 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
TX Power Saturation % 2.1 5.0 5.0 0.7 4.7
3 sector site 6 sector site
6 sector site (2bis)
211
4 Assumptions
Adding a carrier leads to less transmit power per carrier, if no additional
Power Amplifier is installed
Even with less transmit power, there is a capacity gain possible for high
traffic areas (low cell range)
No adjacent channel interference considered in this simulation
Coverage gain strongly depended on traffic mix -> not considered here
Adding a carrier (1)
212
4 Basics for Uplink
Uplink Coverage:
Link Budget curve
stays the same,
traffic curve
depends on # of
carriers
Uplink Capacity:
doubling # of
carriers:
~doubled uplink
capacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Cell Range R (km)
T
o
t
a
l

I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

I

(
d
B
)
link budget curve
I(Traffic),1 carrier
I(Traffic), 2 Carriers
213
1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 1 TRX two TRX 3 TRX
Cell range/ km 0,377 0,386 0,389 0,318 0,357 0,370
UL load 14% 7% 5% 53% 29% 20%
Site area / sqkm 0,277 0,291 0,295 0,197 0,249 0,267
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 3608 3442 3389 5071 4024 3746
Gain in # of sites 5% 6% 21% 26%
Dense Urban
1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 1 TRX two TRX 3 TRX
Cell range/ km 4,945 5,170 5,248 4,397 4,899 5,065
UL load 26% 14% 9% 51% 28% 20%
Site area / sqkm 47,683 52,121 53,706 37,701 46,800 50,026
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 21 19 19 27 21 20
Gain in # of sites 9% 11% 19% 25%
Rural
Results consider
upgrade from 1
carrier to 2 carriers
and from 1 carrier
to 3 carriers
4UL Coverage gain - Examples
214
4 Adding a carrier means:
reducing power per carrier
(20W C 2x10W)
4 Downlink Coverage:
Gain is dependent on traffic density and cell range
4 Downlink Capacity:
Capacity is not doubled when doubling # of carriers because of power
reduction per carrier
Gain depends on the hardware configuration (Note of PA per sector, # of
carriers, etc) and cell range
TEU
PA
Carrier
Antenna 1
10 W per carrier
TX
C1
C2
215
NRT 128 kbps / URBAN
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Cell Radius (km)
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

p
e
r

s
e
c
t
o
r

(
k
b
i
t
/
s
)
24 Watts per carrier - 1 carrier
10 Watts per carrier - 2 carriers
5,3 watts per carrier - 3 carriers
Traffic Curve (low traffic/km)
Traffic Curve (high traffic/km)
4DL Coverage gain - Example
216
4 DL capacity gain (rural)
Capacity gain due to add. carriers in RURAL area
NRT 128 kbps/ RURAL
-20,0%
0,0%
20,0%
40,0%
60,0%
80,0%
100,0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cell range (km)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

g
a
i
n

(
%
)
(24W,1C)>(24W,2C)
(24W,1C)>(10W,2C)
(10W,2C)>(10W,3C)
(10W,2C)>(5.3W,3C)
217
4 DL capacity gain (urban)
Capacity gain due to add. carriers in URBAN area
NRT 128 kbps/ URBAN
-25,0%
0,0%
25,0%
50,0%
75,0%
100,0%
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Cell range (km)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

g
a
i
n

(
%
)(24W,1C)>(24W,2C)
(24W,1C)>(10W,2C)
(10W,2C)>(10W,3C)
(10W,2C)>(5.3W,3C)
218
4 DL Capacity gain - Typical Values
Example for monoservice NRT 128kbit/s and fixed intersite distances,
high traffic scenarios
Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
350m 550m 1700m 7km
1C> 2C 92% 87% 77% 60%
2C> 3C
41% 37% 27% 15%
Carrier configuration
1 PA
DL Capacity gain
219
4 Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the principles of
optimization based on drive measurements
to be able to suggest countermeasures which can be
taken to solve typical problems
220
Overview
Step 1
Define Measurement Areas
Step 2
Define Measurement Test Cases
Step 3
Perform Measurements
Step 4
Analyze results and modify design
Step 5
Re-launch predictions
221
Step 1: define Measurement Areas
4 First, the regions and routes have to be defined on the map where
measurements (and, consequently, the measurement based optimization)
should be carried out.
4 In the first UMTS networks, there used to be a sub-division of the network into
so-called clusters of about seven sites. The advantage of such a relatively
small network region is the lower complexity, the drawback is that there are a
high number of border regions between the clusters which are not optimally
treated.
4 When sub-dividing into clusters, it is important not to define the clusters at an
early stage of the network planning process in a rigid way, but with high
flexibility during the TOC (turn-on-cycle). As soon as a contiguous area of
about seven node B is on air, they can constitute a cluster to be measured.
222
Step 2: define Measurement Test Cases
4 Measurement test cases have to be fixed:
In general, 3G scanner measurements in combination with trace mobile
measurements on a dedicated channel are performed. The 3G scanner
measurements give the received CPICH RSCP and Ec/Io values for all
received cells.
The UE measurements give (among others) the SIR on the dedicated
channel and the cells in the active set. In addition, they give an
indication on critical points of network quality by call drops, reduced bit
rate etc.
4 Note that the settings of the network (office data, OCNS power) have to be
known at the time of the measurement, otherwise, no analysis is possible.
223
Step 3 to 5
4 Step 3: Perform measurements
Measurements have to be performed according to test cases. Please
take care of detailed documentation (e.g. on office data settings, on
measurement conditions, points and routes....).
GPS coordinates have to be traced along with the measurements
4 Step 4: Analyze Measurement Results and Modify Design
The measurement result analysis has to identify critical points and the
reason for them being critical
see next slides for typical problem sources and the potential
countermeasures
4 Step 5: Re-Launch Prediction
The predictions (described in 4) have to be re-launched with the
modified design.
The planner has to repeat the loop (design modification C prediction)
until she/he is satisfied with the result (interference sufficiently low,
coverage acceptable)
224
Typical problems and potential countermeasures (1)
4 CPICH level coverage
CPICH coverage problems occur when the pathloss is getting too high and
the received CPICH level (RSCP) is dropping below the minimum required
value.
Problem indication:
RSCP
Best
< RSCP
min
(RSCP of Scanner preferred), where RSCP
min
is
the threshold value for CPICH RSCP reception
and/or
There is a call drop or significant bit rate reduction in a region where the
CPICH RSCP monitored by the scanner is very low.
Countermeasures: can you suggest some countermeasures?
C o u n t e r m e a s u r e s f o r i n s u f f i c i e n t C P I C H l e v e l c o v e r a g e :
A d a p t a n t e n n a d i r e c t i o n ( a z i m u t h a n d / o r t i l t ) o f b e s t p o s s i b l e s e r v e r
P o t e n t i a l P r o b l e m o f t h i s s o l u t i o n :
T h e r e i s a t r a d e - o f f b e t w e e n C P I C H l e v e l a n d C P I C H q u a l i t y c o v e r a g e . T h i s m e a s u r e e n h a n c e s R S C P b u t m a y d e c r e a s e E c / I o
A d d n e w s i t e
I n c r e a s e t h e C P I C H P o w e r o f t h e c e l l w i t h R S C P
B e s t
.
P o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m s o f t h i s s o l u t i o n :
T h e i n t e r f e r e n c e f o r o t h e r c e l l s m a y b e i n c r e a s e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s l e s s d o w n l i n k p o w e r f o r t h e D C H ( i . e . t h e t r a f f i c c h a n n e l s ) l e f t . T h i s m e a n s a r e d u c e d
c a p a c i t y .
225
4 CPICH quality
CPICH quality problems occur in case of high interference. The received CPICH Ec/Io
is dropping below the minimum required value. The CPICH quality is in contrary to the
CPICH level coverage depending on the intra-cell load, the extra-cell load and the
interference caused by extra-cell Common Channels.
Problem indication:
((Ec/Io
Best
< Ec/Io
min
) AND (RSCP
Best
> RSCP
min
)) (to be measured by Scanner)
and/or
There is a call drop or significant bit rate reduction in a region where the Ec/Io
monitored by the scanner is very low and where the RSCP has still a high
enough value.
Countermeasures: can you suggest some countermeasures?
C o u n t e r m e a s u r e s f o r i n s u f f i c i e n t C P I C H q u a l i t y :
R e d u c e t h e o w n c e l l s i z e i f t h e r e a s o n f o r l o w E c / I o i s m a i n l y i n t r a c e l l l o a d , t o r e d u c e t h e l o a d ( d o e s n o t w o r k i n f i x e d l o a d s c e n a r i o ! ) . N o t e : I n t h i s
c a s e , a n o t h e r c e l l h a s t o o v e r t a k e t h e r e m a i n i n g l o a d .
P o s s i b i l i t i e s t o r e d u c e o w n c e l l s i z e a r e
1 . i n c r e a s e d o w n t i l t
2 . r e d u c e C P I C H t r a n s m i t p o w e r
( N o t e t h a t i n t h i s c a s e , n o t o n l y t h e l o a d a n d t h e r e f o r e I o i s r e d u c e d , b u t a l s o t h e u s e f u l s i g n a l , i . e . E c i s r e d u c e d , s o t h a t t h e r e m a y b e n o
a m e l i o r a t i o n o f t h e s i t u a t i o n )
R e d u c e c e l l o v e r l a p o f s e r v i n g a n d i n t e r f e r i n g c e l l i f t h e r e a s o n f o r l o w E c / I o i s e x t r a c e l l l o a d , b y c h a n g i n g
1 . a n t e n n a t i l t ,
2 . a n t e n n a a z i m u t h
3 . a n t e n n a h e i g h t
4 . C P I C H t r a n s m i t p o w e r .
F i r s t t r y t o c h a n g e t h e i n t e r f e r e r ( r e d u c e I o ) . I f t h i s i s n o t p o s s i b l e , c h a n g e s e r v e r ( i n c r e a s e E c ) .
A d d i n g a s i t e : I f t h e r e a s o n f o r l o w E c / I o i s b o t h e x t r a - c e l l a n d i n t r a c e l l l o a d , t h e n a d d i n g a s i t e w i l l d e c r e a s e t h e l o a d i n t h e s e r v i n g c e l l a n d i n
s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s a n d w i l l t h e r e f o r e d e c r e a s e b o t h i n t r a c e l l i n t e r f e r e n c e a n d e x t r a c e l l i n t e r f e r e n c e ( d o e s n o t w o r k i n f i x e d l o a d s c e n a r i o ! T h e r e f o r e ,
a d d i n g a s i t e s h o u l d a l w a y s r e d u c e t h e f i x e d l o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a c c e p t a n c e . )
I f t h e r e a s o n i s l o w E c a n d I o i s c l o s e t o N o , t h e n t h e C P I C H l e v e l c o v e r a g e i s t h e p r o b l e m ( s e e p r e v i o u s s l i d e )
226
4 Pilot Pollution
Pilot pollution occurs if more received cells are fulfilling the criteria to enter the active
set than the number allowed by the active set size. The criterion is the received
CPICH quality given by the parameter Ec/Io. The cell received with the highest Ec/Io is
assumed to be serving cell, i.e. it is in the active set. Cells with a Ec/Io value, which is
not more than YdB (typically 5dB) lower than the best Ec/Io, are assumed to be in the
active set as well under the condition that the maximum active set size (typically 3) is
not exceeded. All other cells fulfilling the Ec/Io criterion are polluters.
Problem indication:
More than X CPICHs detected by Scanner with Ec/Io within the interval [Ec/Io
Best
Y, Ec/Io
Best
] (Typically: X=3; Y=5 dB)
Countermeasures:
Identify the cells received within [Ec/IoBest Y, Ec/Io
Best
]
Decide which cells should not be received within [Ec/Io
Best
Y, Ec/Io
Best
] and
change their design
Increase Ec/Io
Best
by changing design of best server
Following ranking is valid for design changes:
1. Adapt antenna tilt (i.e. reduce interference)
2. Adapt antenna azimuth (i.e. redirect interferers towards less critical regions)
3. Adapt antenna height (i.e. reduce interference)
4. Adapt pilot power
227
4 Handover definition
Missing handover definitions (i.e. missing neighbors) can lead to sever quality
problems and call drops, since the missing neighbor is not only not serving the mobile
but in addition producing high interference.
Problem Indication:
The best cell shown in the 3G scanner measurement does not enter the active
set of the mobile.
Scrambling_Code
BestEc/Io
(Scanner) = Scrambling_Code
BestEc/Io
(UE)
Countermeasures:
Declare missing neighbor definition at OMC if the cell with Ec/Io
Best
reported by
the scanner is wanted to be in the active set
Change the cell design of the cell reported by the scanner with Ec/Io
Best
, if this
cell is not wanted to be the best server resp. to be in the active set
228
7. UMTS/GSM co-location and
Antenna Systems
Duration:
1h00
229
7. UMTS/GSM co-location and Antenna Systems
Interference mechanisms due to
co-location
Spurious emissions
Receiver blocking
Intermodulation products
Summary on required
decoupling required for the
3 interference mechanisms
UMTS-UMTS co-location
Antenna solutions
Dual band sites GSM 1800 -
UMTS FDD
Dual band sites GSM 900 -
UMTS FDD
Triple band sites GSM 900 -
GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Feeder sharing impacts
TMA in co-location configurations
TMA in feeder sharing solutions
4 Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the interference
mechanisms due to GSM/UMTS co-location (co-siting) and
the solutions for antenna systems (antenna, feeder,
diplexer)
4Program:
230
The Interference Mechanisms
Overview
4 Transmitter noise/spurious emissions (in band interference)
The transmitter noise floor and the spurious transmissions could
fall into the receive band of the co-sited system
4 Receiver blocking (out of band interference)
The transmit signal of one system could block the receiver of the
other system
4 Intermodulation products
Intermodulation products could interfere the receivers of one or
both systems
231
Transmitter Noise / Spurious Emissions
4 Most critical: GSM 1800/UMTS
Noise floor and spurious transmissions from the GSM 1800 BTS
falling into the Node B receive band
Historical reason: GSM1800 Filter specification (ETSI)
f/MHz
1880
1920
additional filter required
GSM 1800 DL UMTS/FDD
UL
In band interference
Out of band interference for the UMTS
system (non ideal UMTS receiver!)
232
New 3GPP TS 05.05 (V8.5.1)
4 Stronger Requirements for GSM base stations co-located with 3G
4 Spurious Emissions of GSM Base Station in old spec:
< -45 dBm/100KHz means <-29 dBm/3.84MHz
4 Spurious Emissions of GSM Base Station in new spec:
Same service area, no co-location
<-62 dBm/100kHz means <-46dBm/3.84MHz
Same service area, co-location
<-96 dBm/100kHz means <-80dBm/3.84MHz
4 Values are valid in 3G receive band
900-1920 TDD, 1920-1980 FDD UL, 2010-2025 TDD
Increase of decoupling
requirement in case of
GSM UMTS co-location
of 51 dB!
233
Alcatel Values
4 Alcatel GSM 1800 BTS has a spurious emission :
-80 dBm/3.84MHz (3GPP co-location requirement)
4 Alcatel MBS 9100 has a limiting interference level requirement of:
-114 dBm/3.84MHz (calculation in slide 8)
4 The disturbance of UMTS NodeB by Alcatel GSM 1800 spurious
emissions can easily be avoided by
providing additional 34 dB decoupling
see following slides
234
Spurious Emissions GSM1800 UMTS (1)
Spurious emissions
Old ETSI : < -29 dBm
Alcatel and new 3GPP < -80 dBm
TX/ RX
Evolium
TM
BTS 1800
ANC
Attenuation in UMTS
TRX
:
:
Limiting interference level:
< - 114 dBm
Antenna
connectors
Antenna system
Calculation on next slide
MBS 9100
235
Equipment
type
ETSI specifications (GSM 05.05) Alcatel EVOLIUM GSM
1800 BTS
up to v.8.4.1 v.8.5.1 Spurious
emissions
(at BTS/ Node
B antenna
connector)
- 29dBm - 80dBm - 80 dBm
Limiting
interference
level
Noise at UMTS receiver without GSM 1800 impact:
Thermal noise (-108 dBm) plus receiver noise figure (4 dB), i.e. 104 dBm
(P
noise
[dBm] = -174 dBm + System Noise Figure [dB] + 10 log (BW [Hz])
Degradation of sensitivity by 0.4 dB acceptable
(level 10 dB below noise floor)
- 104 dBm 10 dBm = - 114 dBm
up to v.8.4.1 v.8.5.1 Required
decoupling
-29 dBm
decoupling = -114
dBm
Decoupling = 85
dB
-80 dBm
decoupling = -114
dBm
Decoupling = 34
dB
-80 dBmdecoupling =
-114 dBm
Decoupling = 34 dB
236
4 For BTSs only compliant to the old ETSI GSM 05.05 v.8.4.1 the
standard air antenna de-coupling is not sufficient in GSM 1800 and
UMTS systems are co-located.
In case of a GSM 1800 BTS fulfilling only the old ETSI GSM
05.05 v.8.4.1 requirements the air de-coupling has to be 81 dB
In order to know the exact required de-coupling value, the
blocking performance of the according equipment has to be
known.
De-coupling measurements have to be performed in order to
determine the required minimum distance between antenna
panels.
237
Spurious Emissions GSM900 UMTS
4 No problem for any GSM 900 base station, conform to old ETSI specification
4 For the minimum decoupling between the antenna ports of two co-located
Node Bs, the following has to be valid:
-80 dBm decoupling = -114 dBm
Decoupling = 34 dB
Therefore, if we have a standard decoupling between the antennas of
30dB and a feeder cable loss of 2dB on each side, the decoupling
requirement is fulfilled.
238
Receiver blocking
4 Critical: Node B transmitter blocking co-located GSM 900, GSM 1800
or UMTS/FDD receiver
4 Reason: Filter in RX system (blocked system)
GSM BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
loss
Feeder
loss
Decoupling
UMTS antenna GSM antenna
RX blocking
TX power
239
Receiver blocking
4 Link Budget for Blocking Evaluation
Example: UMTS blocks receiver of GSM1800
Link budget Value
UMTS Node B TX output power 43.0 dBm
Assumed antenna decoupling - 30 dB
Assumed feeder and connector loss 0 dB
GSM 1800 received power (@ 2000 MHz) 13.0 dBm
Specification 3GPP Alcatel
GSM 1800 blocking limit 0 dBm 23 dBm
Blocking limit fulfilled No Yes
242
Receiver blocking
4 Critical: Node B being blocked by co-located GSM 900, GSM 1800 or
UMTS/FDD
Problem doesnt occur for
Alcatel Node B thanks to
ANXU filter specification
GSM BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
loss
Feeder
loss
Decoupling
UMTS antenna GSM antenna
TX power
RX Blocking
244
Receiver blocking
Link budget Value
GSM 1800 TX output power (high power) 46.7 dBm
Assumed antenna decoupling - 30 dB
Assumed feeder and connector loss 0 dB
UMTS received power (@ 1800 MHz) 16.7 dBm
Specification 3GPP Alcatel
UMTS blocking limit -15 dBm 23 dBm
Blocking limit fulfilled No Yes
4 Link Budget for Blocking Evaluation
Example: GSM 1800 blocks receiver of UMTS
245
Receiver blocking
4 Conclusion
It can be stated that receiver blocking is no problem for co-
located Alcatel equipment assuming an antenna decoupling of
30 dB (and even less). Co-location with equipment from other
suppliers needs to be checked case-by-case.
246
Intermodulation Products
4 Cause: distortion in non-linear devices
4 Frequency spectrum of non-linear devices output signal has more
components than the input signal:
either harmonics of the input frequencies
or a combination of the input components (mixing).
f
IM
= m - f
1
+ n - f
2
with m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
|m|+|n| is called order of the intermodulation product
4 The intermodulation interference is critical for co-located GSM 1800
and UMTS systems.
The 3rd order intermodulation product is the most critical one
GSM 1800 TX within UMTS RX band (e.g. 2 x 1879.8 MHz 1
x 1820 MHz = 1939.6 MHz)
247
4 Intermodulation in the GSM 1800 transmitters.
The figure shows schematically the creation of the IM3 intermodulation
product in the GSM 1800 transmitters, interfering a co-sited UMTS Node B:
Diplexer or
air decoupling
TX/ RX
GSM BTS
UMTS Node B
TX/ RX
Towards the antenna / diplexer system
TX RX TX RX
Antenna
coupling network
Antenna
coupling network
IM3
f
1 f
2
248
4 Intermodulation in the UMTS receiver
Transmit signals from co-sited system are fed into the receivers producing
intermodulation
Diplexer or
air decoupling
TX/ RX
GSM BTS
UMTS Node B
TX/ RX
Towards the antenna / diplexer system
TX RX TX RX
Antenna
coupling network
Antenna
coupling network
IM
f
1
f
2
249
4 Intermodulation at the diplexers
Combination of TX signals from different transmitters generate
intermodulation products
Diplexer or
air decoupling
TX/ RX
GSM 1800 BTS UMTS Node B
TX/ RX
Towards the antenna
TX RX
interfering transmit signals
intermodulation product
TX RX
Diplexer
Antenna
coupling network
Antenna
coupling network
This scenario is very
critical and must be
avoided with accurate
frequency planning.
250
Intermodulation Products: conclusion
4 Interference in UMTS receive band:
3rd order product only critical if f
IM
= -1-f
1
+ 2-f
2
falls within UMTS
receive band
For UMTS frequencies>1955 MHz, no IM3 products can occur.
In general if f
IM
= -1-f
1
+ 2-f
2
<1920 MHz no disturbance in
UMTS system sue to IM products.
4 Interference in GSM bands:
Avoid intermodulation products by careful frequency planning in the
GSM bands
Diplexer or filter reduces some of the effects
More decoupling between the systems
251
Summary on the required Decoupling
GSM 900 (RX) GSM 1800 (RX) UMTS (RX)
Specification
according to:
GSM
05.05
Alcatel GSM
05.05
Alcatel 3G TS
25.104
Alcatel
GSM 05.05 46 dB
Blocking
30 dB v.8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
v.8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
GSM 900 (TX)
Alcatel 46 dB
Blocking
30 dB 61 dB
Blocking
30 dB
GSM 05.05 39 dB
Blocking
30 dB v.8.4.1:
85 dB
v8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
v.8.4.1:
85 dB
v8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
GSM 1800 (TX)
Alcatel 39 dB
Blocking
30 dB 62 dB
Blocking
34 dB
GSM
spurious
3G TS25.104 35 dB
Blocking
30 dB 43 dB
Blocking
30 dB
58 dB
Blocking
34 dB
Spurious
UMTS (TX)
Alcatel 35 dB
Blocking
30 dB 43 dB
Blocking
30 dB
58 dB
Blocking
34 dB
Spurious
-It is assumed, that the
decoupling provided by the
antenna/diplexer system is
at least 30 dB. In fact,
using Alcatel EVOLIUM
equipment requires for
certain combinations even
less isolation than those
30dB
-Intermodulation is
suppressed by frequency
planning
-GSM 900-GSM 1800
decoupling values are
added for completeness,
although not treated
throughout this document
252
UMTS - UMTS co-location (FDD)
4 Capacity Loss due to adjacent operators co-existence
4 Danger of Dead Zones in case of operator co-existence
Serving cell (Operator A)
Interfering cell (Operator B)
Dead zone area
f1
f2
4Co-location of UMTS operators avoids occurrence of dead zones
253
Co-location: Conclusion
4 Co-siting of GSM and UMTS possible
4 Co-siting of two adjacent UMTS operators desirable to avoid dead
zones
4 Alcatel EVOLIUM
TM
base stations are prepared for co-siting
4 Alcatel can provide solutions for co-siting of Alcatel GSM and/or
UMTS base stations with equipment of any other supplier
254
Antenna Solutions
4 Dual-band sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
4 Triple-band sites GSM 900 - GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
4Multi-operator sites UMTS-UMTS
255
Dual-band Sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
4 Air Decoupling with Single-band Antennas
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder Feeder
air decoupling
GSM 1800 antenna UMTS antenna
Vertical or cross polarized
Vertical or horizontal
separation
Independent antenna
characteristics (pattern,
downtilt, gain)
256
Separation for air-decoupling
4 For Alcatel EVOLIUM
TM
GSM1800 BTS
Horizontal Separation:
d
h
=0.6m
Vertical Separation:
d
v
=0.5m
Provides already a
decoupling of >47dB
GSM 1800
d
h
UMTS
d
v
GSM 1800
UMTS
Note: Values for RFS/CELWAVE antennas APX206515-2T (UMTS) and APX186515-2T (GSM 1800)
257
Decoupling measurements
4 To determine the required minimum distance between the antenna panels,
decoupling measurements have to be performed.
Spectrum
analyzer Decoupling between -45 plane of GSM 1800
antenna and +45 plane of UMTS antenna over
the frequency for distance d.
GSM 1800 UMTS
+45
d
+45 -45 -45
258
4 Broadband antenna with diplexer or filter
Less flexible - same antenna characteristic for both bands
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Broadband antenna
Diplexer
Example:
Celwave APX18/206515-T6
259
4 Dual-band antenna with diplexers
Independent on gain and electrical downtilt
feeder sharing
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Diplexer
Diplexer
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:

C
e
l
w
a
v
e

A
P
X
1
5
D
6
/
1
5
W
6
260
4 Dual-band antenna with filters
Independent on gain and electrical downtilt
Four feeders per panel
Filter to reduce decoupling requirements
GSM 1800
BTS
Alcatel
Evolium
MBS
UMTS
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Feeder
Evolium
Alcatel
GSM 1800
BTS
TS 25.104
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Filter
Feeder
GSM05.05
v.8.4.1.
Filter
261
Dual Band Sites GSM 1800 / UMTS FDD
Solutions with RFS Celwave components
DCS UMTS
75 dB
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
DCS UMTS
75 dB
75 dB
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
DCS
+
UMTS
75 dB
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
Broadband
Antenna
Band 1 : GSM1800
Band 2 : UMTS
Full DC block
75dB of decoupling
Series expected 04/2002
Diplexer
FD DW 6505-1S
262
Antenna Solutions
263
GSM 900
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder Feeder
air decoupling
GSM 900 antenna UMTS antenna
GSM 900
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
GSM900/UMTS Dualband antenna
Feeder
4 Solutions without Feeder Sharing
Single band antenna configuration Dual band antenna configuration
264
4 Feeder Sharing solution
GSM 900
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Diplexer
Diplexer
Also possible with single
band antennas
Diplexers have to provide
30dB of decoupling
265
Dual Band Sites GSM 900 / UMTS FDD
Solutions with RFS components
GSMUMTS
55 dB
55 dB
BTS BTS
GSMUMTS
Band 1: AMPS/GSM
Band 2: DCS/UMTS
FD GW 5504 -1S
->full DC pass
FD GW 5504-2S is:
->DC Block in lower bands
->DC Pass in higher bands
Product is available 01/2002
Diplexer
266
Antenna Solutions
267
Triple-band sites for GSM 900/1800 and UMTS
4 With three independent single-band antennas
4 With dual-band and single-band antennas
GSM 900 single-band, GSM 1800 / UMTS dual-band
GSM 1800 single-band (preferred), GSM 900 / UMTS dual-band
UMTS single-band, GSM 900 / GSM 1800 dual-band
4 With triple-band antennas
268
Triple-band antennas for GSM 900/1800 and UMTS
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Triple-band antenna
GSM 900
BTS
Feeder
Connection Matrix
Feeder
Filter
Feeder
Feeder
Diplexer
Diplexer
GSM 1800 GSM 1800 UMTS UMTS
Diplexer application Filter application
Connection matrix Filters not required
for Alcatel
EVOLIUM
equipment!
Filter
269
Antenna Solutions
270
Multi-operator sites: UMTS FDD-UMTS FDD
4 Solutions without feeder sharing. Two
completely separate systems with air
decoupling
Different sector orientation possible
Different tilt can be set up
Operator independence
Simple solution
Careful RNP: antenna patterns must not
interfere.
High visual impact
2 feeders needed for each operator
UMTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder Feeder
air decoupling
UMTS antenna UMTS antenna
Node B
Operator1 Operator2
271
4 Solutions without feeder sharing. Two
operators sharing one antenna panel
Different electrical tilt can be set up.
Low visual impact.
Each operator can use TMA if desired.
Sector orientation cannot be chosen
independently.
2 feeders needed for each operator.
Feeder
Dual UMTS antenna
(or Dual Broadband antenna)
Feeder
UMTS
Node B
Operator 2
UMTS
Node B
Operator 1
272
4 Two operator sharing one antenna
(feeder Sharing)
Low visual impact
2 feeders needed
Same electrical tilt, same sector
orientation
TMA not possible
High losses due to splitter: 3.3
dB
The two former solutions are
more recommendable!!
UMTS
Node B
Operator 1
UMTS
Node B
Operator 2
Feeder
UMTS antenna
Hybrid
(Splitter/Combiner)
~3.3dB loss!
273
Antenna Feeder Sharing for Dual-band Sites
Feeder
Dual-band
antenna
-45 +45
Diplexer Diplexer
Diplexer Diplexer
Feeder
Dual-band
antenna
With
integrated
diplexers
Without
diplexers
Dual-band
Dual-band
Diplexers
at BTS/Node B
location
Additional filter depending
on equipment type and
vendor required in the
GSM 1800 branch.
274
Antenna Feeder Sharing for Triple-band Sites
T
w
o

f
e
e
d
e
r
s

p
e
r

s
e
c
t
o
r
E
a
s
y

m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
GSM 900
Triple-band
antenna
GSM 1800 UMTS
Diplexer
Diplexer
Triplexer
Diplexer
Diplexer
Triplexer
GSM 900 GSM 1800 UMTS
Feeder system
Antenna system
BTS systems
GSM 900
Triple-band
antenna
GSM 1800 UMTS
Diplexer
Diplexer
GSM 900 GSM 1800 UMTS
Feeder system
Antenna system
BTS systems
30 dB isolation
50 dB isolation
F
o
u
r

f
e
e
d
e
r
s

p
e
r

s
e
c
t
o
r
L
o
w
e
r

l
o
s
s
e
s
275
Feeder sharing losses
4 The next table collects the additional losses.
Component Loss
Diplexer GSM 900-GSM 1800 0.3 dB
Diplexer GSM 900-GSM 1800 / UMTS 0.3 dB
Diplexer GSM 900-UMTS 0.3 dB
Diplexer GSM 1800-UMTS 0.5 dB
GSM 1800 filter (not necessary for Alcatel
equipment!)
(0.4 dB)
276
Feeder Sharing losses
4 Additional losses due to diplexers: Example
Influence of feeder sharing (losses in dB)
Components GSM
900
GSM
1800
UMTS
2 Diplexers GSM
900-GSM 1800
0.6 0.6 0.6
2 Diplexers GSM
1800-UMTS
1.0 1.0
Additional losses
(jumpers, connectors)
0.5 0.5 0.5
Total loss 1.1 2.1
1)
2.1
1)
1) Remark: GSM 1800/ UMTS signals have 50 %
more signal attenuation compared with GSM 900
signals over the same feeder cable.
Worst Case Values!!
277
Antenna feeder sharing: conclusion
4 Feeder sharing is recommended or even mandatory when:
The building or tower does not allow to add more feeder cables.
If the distance between the BTS/Node B and the antenna is rather long.
Additional diplexers are cheaper compared to the material plus
installation costs of the feeder cable. The losses due to the
diplexers are, compared to the feeder losses, not so important any
more.
4 Feeder sharing should not be used as general implementation when not really
necessary.
Especially for the higher frequency bands, the additional losses due to
the diplexers should be avoided.
278
4 TMA improves the effective receiver
chain noise figure (compensation of
feeder losses)
4 Increase of cell range in case of
uplink limitation
4 Additional loss of 0.5 dB in downlink
BTS /
Node B
Feeder
Antenna
Tx / Rx
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
279
4 In case there are TMAs installed in the GSM 900 or GSM 1800 part of the co-
siting configuration, we have to check the following points:
Blocking limit of the BTS:
The signal delivered by the TMA to the base station receiver will
be higher which may be resulting in blocking. If the blocking limit
is too low, we have to increase the decoupling.
Blocking limit of the TMA:
The TMA must not be blocked by the incoming signal. If the
blocking limit is too low, we have to increase the decoupling.
4 For the Alcatel UMTS TMA and EVOLIUM
TM
MBS UMTS, these points have
already been checked and do not constitute a problem. In case other
suppliers equipment is used, an according check has to be performed.
280
Examples for TMA usage
Solutions with RFS components
DCS UMTS
TMA
75 dB DC pass
75 dB DC pass
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
+
PDU
DCS GSMUMTS
TMA TMA
55 dB DC block
55 dB DC block
75 dB DC pass
BTS BTS BTS
DCS GSMUMTS
+ +
PDU PDU
DC block in Band1
(GSM900)
DC pass in Band 2 (UMTS)
Diplexer
FD GW 5504-2S
(avail: 01/2002)
Diplexer
FD DW 6505-2S
(avail: 04/2002)
DC block in Band 1 (GSM1800)
DC pass in Band 2 (UMTS)
TMA
ATM W 1912-1
281
TMA in feeder sharing solutions
4 The Feeder sharing solutions require diplexers, avoiding DC passing into
antenna
DC on feeder is required to feed the TMA with power
4 It has to be noted that for each TMA a separate feeder cable has to be used.
Otherwise Evolium does not support
DC feed
Alarm handling
282
Antenna Systems: Conclusion
4 Wide variety of antenna system solutions for all co-location combinations
4 No killer solution, pre-conditions and operator requirements have to be
checked case by case
283
Appendix
Open loop/Closed loop
Frequency coordination at country borders
COST231- Hata formula
Cell parameters (Network Design Parameters - cell wise)
284
If UE receives a STRONG DL signal,
then UE will speak low.
Node
B
Node
B
1
2
1
2
If UE receives a weak DL signal,
then UE will speak LOUD.
Problem:
fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band.
Open loop Power Control is inaccurate.
Open loop power control
Appendix
Open loop power control
285
Node
B
Inner loop
...
Power down
Power ...
SIR
estimation
SIR
estimation
RNC
SIR
target
Outer loop
Example
in DL
Appendix
Closed loop power control
4 DL:
Inner loop: the Node-B controls the power of the UE by performing a SIR estimation:
Outer loop: the RNC adjusts (SIR)
target
to fulfill the required service quality (e.g. BER<10
-2
)
(SIR)
measured
> (SIR)
target
Power down command (Step=1 dB)
----------------<------------- Power up----------------------------------
4 UL:
Inner loop: same as DL, but SIR estimation performed by the UE
Outer loop: same as UL, but (SIR)
target
adjusted by the UE
4 The SIR estimation is performed each 0,66 ms (1500 Hz command rate)Closed loop Power
Control is very fast
286
4 Method based on ERC Recommendation (01) 01 to be found at European
Radiocommunications Office (http://www.ero.dk )
4 ERO is a associated with the CEPT (European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations)
4 1) National frequency and code planning for the UMTS/IMT-2000 is carried
out by the operators and approved by the Administrations or carried out by
these Administrations in co-operation with the operators.
4 2) Frequency and code planning in border areas will be based on coordination
between Administrations in co-operation with their operators
Appendix
Frequency coordination at country borders(1)
287
4 Administrations concerned shall agree on preferred code groups /
code group blocks if center frequencies are aligned
4 No coordination between is necessary if:
Band
[MHz]
Pre-conditions
(one must be fulfilled )
Predicted mean FS
level of each carrier
must be below
Where?
2110-2170 1) Preferential codes usage
2) Center frequencies not
aligned
3) No IMT2000 CDMA radio
interface used
45 dBV/ m/ 5MHz 3 m above ground
at border line and
beyond
1
1900-1980
2010-2025
1) Preferential codes usage
2) Center frequencies not
aligned
36 dBV/ m/ 5MHz 3 m above ground
at border line and
beyond
1
Any 1) no preferential codes used 21 dBV/ m/ 5MHz 3 m above ground
at border line and
beyond
1
1
to be negotiated
by both parties
FDD DL
FDD UL
TDD
Appendix
288
4 Administrations on both sites of the border must
agree on preferential, neutral and non-preferential
frequencies
e.g. the administrations agree on the
following split (assuming 3 available
frequencies):
this split is leading to the following allowed
FS level thresholds
Frequency type Country A Country B
Preferential F1 F3
Neutral F2 F2
Non-preferential F3 F1
Used frequency type Allowed max. FSlevel at
border and beyond
1
Preferential 65 dBV/ m/ 5MHz
Neutral 45 dBV/ m/ 5MHz
Non-preferential 45 dBV/ m/ 5MHz
Appendix
289
4 If a non preferential frequency is used, the operator accepts possible
capacity loss in his system due to interference coming from the high
allowed FS level on his side of the border emitted by the operator of
the other country
Country A
(Neutral)
Country B
(Neutral)
45dBV/m/5MHz 45dBV/m/5MHz
Equal field strength limits at border
Country A
(Preferential)
Country B
(Non-preferential)
65dBV/m/5MHz 45dBV/m/5MHz
Interference to Rx accepted
(potential capacity loss)
Appendix
290
4 at least the following characteristics should be forwarded to the Administration
affected (more details in ERO T/R 25-08 E)
frequency in MHz
name of transmitter station
country of location of
transmitter station
geographical co-ordinates
effective antenna height
antenna polarisation
antenna azimuth directivity
in antenna systems
effective radiated power
expected coverage zone
date of entry into service.
code group number used
antenna tilt
Appendix
291
Appendix
Cost 231-Hata formula
4 Reminder: Cost-Hata formula
4 Mapping between COST-Hata and Standard Propagation Model
( )
R
T T
Hata COST
h C
m
d
m
h
B B
m
h
A
MHz
f
A A L
(

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
3 log log log log

2 1 3 2 1
Alcatel UMTS
Standard Model
Parameter
COST-Hata
K
1
A
1
+A
2
log(f/MHz)3B
1
0.87
K
2
B
1

K
3
A
3
3B
2

K
4
-
K
5
B
2

K
6
C(h
R
)
K
Clutter
-

Compared to COST231-Hata
propagation model, the Alcatel UMTS
Standard Propagation Model:
has an additional diffraction loss
represented by K4 has been added
can be calibrated by adding a
clutter dependent calibration offset
292
Appendix Cell parameters
Network architecture dimensioning parameters(1)
Parameter
Definition Default value
Cell Name
Cell name Site0_0(0)
Local cell Id
Identifier of the cell in the system Numerical value between 0
and 268435455
Transmitter
name
Sector Name to which the cell belongs Site0_0
Carrier Carrier on which the cell is transmitting 0-2
Scrambling
code
Dl primary scrambling code 0-511
Cell class Identifier of the geographical
environment of the cell. The network
tuner/ planner can define his own classes.
4 Evolium predefined
classes: Dense Urban,
Urban, Suburban and
Rural
Cell type Type of the cell, there is only one type of
cell.
Single
293
Parameter Description Default
LAC Location Area Code: LAC is a fixed length code that identifies a location
area within a PLMN. One LA consists of a number of cells belonging to
RNCs that are connected to the same CN node (UMSC or 3G-MSC/ VLR).
Values between 0-65535
0
SAC Service area Code: SAC is a fixed length code identifying a service area
within a location area, service area consists of one or more cells. (LA
Domain RNC No. + NodeB No. + Sector No.). Values between 0-65535
0
RAC Routing Area Code: One RA consists of a number of cells belonging to
RNCs that are connected to the same CN serving node, i.e. one UMSC or
one 3G_SGSN. Values between 0-255
0
MCC This parameter defines the Mobil Country Code. It is used for defining the
PLMN identity and therefore the Location Area Identity (LAI) and the
Routing Area Identity (RAI).
999
MNC This parameter defines the Mobil Network Code. It is used for defining
the PLMN identity and therefore the Location Area Identity (LAI) and the
Routing Area Identity (RAI).
999
Network architecture dimensioning parameters(2)
294
Parameter Description Default Value
Max. Total
Power
(dBm)
Transmitter maximum power per carrier (cell).
Depends on Node B configuration.
43 dBm
Pilot Power
(dBm)
Pilot channel Power: Part of the cell maximum
transmit power that is dedicated to the CPCIH. This
value is fixed by the user and remains constant.
33 dBm
(10% of total available
carrier power)
SCH Power
(dBm)
Average Synchronization Channel Power.
Default: 5 dB less than the CPICH, thus P-SCH
and S-SCH have 28 dBm.
This value is fixed by the user and remains constant.
0.63 W+ 0.63W= 1.26W 31 dBm, taking into
account that the SCH are transmitted only 10% of the
time 31 dBm 10 dB = 21 dBm,
21 dBm
Transmit power parameters (1)
295
4 Other common channels power
BCH Power This parameter defines the transmit power of the Broadcast Channel
relatively to the P-CPICH power (offset).
-2 dB
MaxFACHpow
er
This parameter defines the maximum FACH power carried on the SCCPCH
relatively to the P-CPICH power (offset). When more than one FACH are
carried on the same S-CCPCH, each FACH has the same power.
-2dB
PCHpower This parameter defines the transmit power of the Paging Channel relatively
to the P-CPICH power (offset).
-2dB
PICHpower This parameter defines the transmit power of the Paging Indicator Channel
relatively to the P-CPICH power (offset). In fact, this value depends of the
number of Paging Indicators (PI) that are carried on the PICH.
-5 dB
AICH power This parameter defines the transmit power of the AICH relatively to the P-
CPICH power (offset). It depends of the number of Acquisition Indicators.
-9 dB
These channels are not transmitted 100% of the time, however it is
assumed that around 34 dBm are continuously transmitted on the these
channels, designed in A9155 as other common channels
Transmit power parameters (2)
296
AS threshold
(dB)
The active set threshold is the maximum pilot quality difference
between the best server and a certain transmitter so that this
transmitter becomes part of the active set of a certain UE.
3 dB
HO Margin HO margin. RNO interface 3 dB
HO Mode HO mode. RNO interface. -
Qoffset_sn It is used for cell reselection procedure in order to favor one
cell.
0 dB
Handover parameters
297
Value
Cell Individual
offset
This information shows Cell individual offset. For each
cell that is monitored, the offset is added to the
measurement quantity (for ex CPICH Ec/ Io) before the UE
evaluates if an event has occurred
0 dB
QoffsetsN This information shows Qoffset, n that is used for cell
reselection procedure in order to favor one cell.
0 dB
Qhysts1 Hysteresis value of the serving cell during cell
selection/ reselection. It is used with CPICH RSCP
4 dB
Qhysts2 Hysteresis value of the serving cell during cell
selection/ reselection. It is used with CPICH Ec/ Io
4 dB
Qqualmin Minimum required quality level (CPICH Ec/ Io) in the cell
during cell selection/ reselection.
-15 dB
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level (CPICH RSCP) in the cell
during cell selection/ reselection.
-115 dBm

Cell selection/reselection parameters
298
Solution of the exercises
299
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles(1)
Be careful in this exercise with:
dBm#dBW :
e.g. Thermal Noise = -204dBW = -174dBm
do not add power values in dBm:
e.g. 2dBm + 2dBm = 5dBm (= 10log (10
0.2
+10
0.2
))
1. What is the processing gain for speech 12.2kbits/s ?
10 log (3.84Mcps/12.2kbps)=25dB
2. The users in the serving cell are located at different distance from the NodeB: is it desirable and possible to have
the same received power C for each user?
desirable: yes to avoid near-far effect
possible: yes by using power control
3. What is the value of the Thermal Noise at receiver N?
N=Thermal Noise+NF
NodeB
= -108.1dBm + 4dB = -104.1dBm
300
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles(2)
4. Complete the following table:
I
intra
=n x C
I
eytra
=i x I
intra
=0.55 x I
intra
(homogeneous network with i=0.55)
I = I
intra
+I
extra
= 1.55 x n x C
Noise Rise=(I+N)/N (see question 3 for N value)
Ec/No=C/(I+N-C)
Note: the following approximation can be used: Ec/No ~ C/(I+N) (because C<<N for a speech call)
Eb/No=Ec/No +PG (see question 1 for PG value)
n
[users]
I
[dBm]
I +N
[dBm]
Noise
Rise [dB]
Ec/No
[dB]
Eb/No
[dB]
Comment
1 -118.1 -103.9 0.2 -15.9 9.1
Eb/No >>(Eb/No)
req
UE TX power is much too high
10 -108.1 -102.6 1.5 -17.3 7.7
Eb/No >(Eb/No)
req
UE TX power is too high
25 -104.1 -101.1 3.0 -18.9 6.1
Eb/No ~(Eb/No)
req
UE TX power is adapted to the traffic load
100 -98.1 -97.1 7.0 -22.9 2.1
Eb/No <<(Eb/No)
req
UE TX power is much too low or traffic load
much too high
301
3.2 UMTS propagation model (1)
4 Exercise:
Lets consider the simplified* formula of the Alcatel Standard Propagation Model:
L
path
[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
[km])
Can you complete the table?
Be careful that the distances are expressed in meter in the full Alcatel standard propagation model
formula and in kilometer in the simplified formula:
C1 + C2 log (d [km]) = {C1 C2 log1000} + {C2 log (d [m])}
C2 = K2 + K5 log H
NodeB
=44.9 + (-6.55) log 30 = 35.22 (H
NodeB
=30m)
{C1 C2 log1000} =K1+K3 log H
NodeB
+K4 f(diffraction) + K6 f(H
UE
)+K
clutter
f(clutter)
=23.6 + 5.83 log 30 + 0 + 0 + f(clutter) (no diffraction)
=32.21 + f(clutter)
C1 = 32.21 + f(clutter) + C2 log1000 = 137.8 + f(clutter)
with f(clutter) = -3dB for dense urban and -8dB for suburban (homogeneous clutter class around UE)
(see table on the next page)
302
3.2 UMTS propagation model (2)
Clutter class
d
UE-
NodeB
[km]
C1
[dB]
C2.log(d
UE-NodeB
)
[dB]
(C2=35.22)
L
path
[dB]
Dense
Urban
f(clutter)=3dB
0.5
134.8
-10.6 124.2
1 0 134.8
2 10.6 145.4
Suburban
f(clutter)=8dB
0.5
129.8
-10.6 119.2
1 0 129.8
2 10.6 140.4
*Assumptions:
-H
NodeBeff
=30m
-no diffraction
-homogeneous
the UE
Note: C1 and L
path
values can easily be deduced:
for urban clutter class: C1= 131.8 dB (f(clutter)=6dB)
for rural clutter class: C1=117.8dB (f(clutter)=20dB)
303
3.6 Cell Range Calculation (1)
UE power class 4
Speech12.2kbits/s
Vehicular A 3km/h
2 radio links
Deep Indoor
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
21 dBm A1+A2
B1 (Eb/No)
req
5.8 dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain 25 dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
4 dB f.a.
NodeB
-123.3 dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
304
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C2 Fast fading margin 1.7 dB see 3.3
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} 0.1 dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3-C4
D. Losses
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 126.9 dB =?
305
UE power class 3
Service: PS64
Vehicular A 50km/h
2 radio links
Incar
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
24 dBm A1+A2
B1 (Eb/No)
req
3.2 dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain 17.8 dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
4 dB f.a.
NodeB
-118.7 dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
306
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C2 Fast fading margin -0.3 dB see 3.3
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} 0.1 dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3+C4
D. Losses
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 139.3 dB
307
4 Can you complete the following table by using the simplified formula of the Alcatel Standard propagation model
(see exercise in 3.2)?
MAPL[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(Cell Range [km]) (see exercise in 3.2)
Cell Range [km]= 10
(MAPL-C1)/C2
(see solution of exercise 3.1 for C1 and C2 values)
Limiting Service Clutter class
Cell Range
[km]
Speech 12.2k
Deep Indoor
MAPL=126.9dB
(calculated on
previous slide)
Dense urban 0.60
Urban 0.73
Suburban 0.83
Rural 1.81
PS64 Incar
MAPL=139.3dB
(calculated on
previous slide)
Dense urban 1.34
Urban 1.63
Suburban 1.86
Rural 4.08
308
4.2 CPICH RSCP coverage prediction
1. What happens if you have a bad CPICH RSCP coverage in an area?
no service coverage
2. Does the CPICH RSCP coverage depend on traffic load?
no, this is the only coverage prediction which is independent on the traffic load (CPICH Ec/Io and UL/DL service coverage
predictions depends on traffic load)
3. Which are the input parameters for the CPICH RSCP coverage prediction?
look at the CPICH RSCP equation:
CPICH RSCP[dBm] = CPICH TX power[dBm] +Gain
NodeB antenna
[dB]
Loss
NodeB feeder cables
[dB] L
path
[dB]
You can see that the input parameters are:
CPICH TX power + Antenna Gain and radiation pattern + Feeder loss
NodeB
+ propagation model parameters (see 3.2) +
Calculation radius
4. Shall the calculation radius be greater or smaller than the intersite distance?
greater. If not, CPICH RSCP will not be calculated on all pixels of the map.
Calculation radius shall be as big as necessary to correctly model interference and as small as possible to allow fast
predictions.
5. Make some suggestions to improve the prediction results
-modify antenna azymuth or downtilt (to increase Gain
NodeB Antenna
on the pixels with bad coverage)
- increase CPICH TX power
309
Abbreviations and Acronyms (1)
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer
AICH Acquisition Indication Channel
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate
ANRU Antenna Network Receiver UMTS
ANSI American National Standard Institute (USA)
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)
AS Active set
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BB Base Band
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts
BMC Broadcast / Multicast Control
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station (sub)System
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic
CC Call Control
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCH Common Channels
CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CE Channel Element
CN Core Network
CPCH Common Packet Channel
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
CRNC Controlling RNC
CS Circuit Switched
CTCH Common Traffic Channel
CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DCH Dedicated Channel
DHO Diversity Handover
DL Downlink
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel (in DL)
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DRNC Drift RNC
DS Direct Sequence
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
DU Dense Urban
310
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
FACH Forward Access Channel
FBI Feedback Information
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC Gateway MSC
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
HLR Home Location Register
HO Handover
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMT International Mobile Telecommunication
IP Internet Protocol
ISCP Interference Signal Code Power
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU International Telecommunication Union
KPI Key Performance Indicator
L1,L2,L3 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3
LA Location Area
LAC Location Area Code
LAI Location Area Identifier
LCS Location Services
MAC Medium Access Control
MAPL Maximum Allowed Path Loss
MBS Multi-standard Base Station
MC Multiple Carrier
MCC Mobile Country Code
ME Mobile Equipment
MExE Mobile Execution Environment
MM Mobility Management
MNC Mobile Network Code
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
MSC Mobile-services Switching Center
MUD Multi User Detection
NAS Non Access Stratum
NBAP Node-B Application Part
NF Noise Figure
311
OCNS Orthogonal Code Noise Simulator
OMC-UR Operation and Maintenance Center UMTS Radio
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
P-CCPCHPrimary Common Control Physical Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PG Processing Gain
PICH Paging Indicator Channel
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PS Packet Switched
P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel
QOS Quality Of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R Rural
R1, R2, R3 1) 3GPP releases ; 2) Alcatel UTRAN releases
RA Routing Area
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAC Routing Area Code
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP RAN Application Part
RB Radio Bearer
RL Radio Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNP Radio Network Planning
RNS Radio Network Sub-System
RNSAP RNS Application Part
RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RSCP Received Signal Code Power
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
312
SAC Service Area Code
S-CCPCHSecondary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH Synchronization Channel
SF Spreading Factor
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SHO Soft Handover
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio
SMS Short Message Service
SPM Standard Propagation Model
S-SCH Secondary Synchronization Channel
STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity
SU Sub Urban
SUMU Station Unit Mobile Universal
T1 Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA)
TD-CDMATime Division-CDMA (for UMTS TDD mode)
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TEU Transmit Equipment UMTS
TF Transport Format
TFC Transport Format Combination
TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator
TFCS Transport Format Combination Set
TFS Transport Format Set
TIA Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
TMSI Temporary Mobile Station Identity
TSTD Time Switch Transmit Diversity
TTA Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)
U Urban
UARFCN UTRAN Absolute Frequency Channel Number
UE User Equipment
UICC UMTS Integrated Circuit Card
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Card
URA UTRAN Registration Area
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator System
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UWCC Universal Wireless Communications Committee
VLR Visitor Location Register
W-CDMA Wideband CDMA (for UMTS FDD mode)
WGS World Geodetic System 1984

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