PHY3802L: INTERMEDIATE LAB

Iel.1 Summing (inve !ing" #m$li%ie

1. Pu $&'e: Learn about operational amplifiers. 2. A$$# #!u': power supply (+/- 15V)
function generator oscilloscope breadboard electronic components (resistors, op.amp. c ip, ..) !""

3. B#()g &un* in%& m#!i&n:

3.1 A+&u! &$e #!i&n#l #m$li%ie ': #n operational amplifier is a differential amplifier wit $ery ig gain (%open-loop gain% A0), $ery ig input impedance (Zin), and $ery low output impedance (Z out).
V+

v+ v-

1 + _ vout 2 3 V4 _ +

8 7 6 5

Fig. 1

Fig.2

&n normal operation, it needs to be supplied by symmetric $oltages V+ and V- (V- = -V+ ). &ts be a$ior is described by vout = A0 (v+ - v- ). &n amplifier applications it is usually used wit %negati$e feedbac'%, i.e. part of t e output signal is fed bac' to t e negati$e input (i.e. effecti$ely subtracted from t e input signal). ( e be a$ior of suc circuits can be calculated using t e %golden opamp rules%) 1. t e input currents are *: i+ = i- = * +. t e input $oltage difference is *) v+ - v- , * (( ese rules are strictly spea'ing only $alid for a circuit wit an ideal opamp, but are a reasonable appro-imation also for circuits wit real opamps). ( e opamp c ip t at we are using in t is lab is t e ./1# opamp. &t comes in an 0-pin dualinline pac'age (!&1) (see fig. +). ( e connections for t e pins are as follows) pins + and 2 are for input signals v- and v+ , pin / is for negati$e supply $oltage, pin . for positi$e supply $oltage, and pin 3 is for t e output.

3.2 Neg#!ive %ee*+#() &n amplifiers, opamps are used in circuits wit %negati$e feedbac'%, i.e. a circuit in w ic a fraction of t e output $oltage is subtracted from t e input. ( e effecti$e input $oltage v' is t erefore v' = vin - B vout ,

w ere B , %feedbac' factor% (feedbac' fraction) is determined by details of t e feedbac' circuit. ( e amplification wit feedbac', Af (called %closed-loop gain%), is defined as
vout vin 4rom t e property of t e opamp, it follows t at and t erefore A0 Af = 1 + A0 B Af =

vout

, A0 v' = A0 (vin - B vout ),

5ote) ( e closed loop g in! is smaller t an t e open loop gain: Af " A0 &f A0 B ## $, t en Af 6 $%B , i.e. t e gain of t e amplifier depends only on t e feedbac' fraction B, not on t e open-loop gain A0 of t e opamp7 so, $ariation of A0 does not matter8

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4ig. 2) 9umming amplifier (1) :onstruct t e summing amplifier s own in fig. 2, using resistor $alues ; f 1*', ;1 +' and ;+ 1'. ("easure t e resistances of t e resistors t at you actually use

in t e circuit, record t em and use t ese $alues in calculating t e e-pected gain). <se =1+ V as supply $oltage, unless instructed ot erwise. (+) #pply a 1'>? sinusoidal signal of about +**mV amplitude (from t e function generator) to eac input separately wit t e ot er grounded and measure t e sign and magnitude of t e amplification factor. (2) ( en connect t e same signal to bot inputs (i.e. ma'e v = v& = vin) and measure t e output magnitude. :ompare wit predicted $alues (do t ey agree 'it(in e))o)s@ Astimate ow precisely you measure t e $oltages and t us t e gain, and ow precisely you measure resistances and t us ow precisely you can predict t e gain). (/) #pply a 1'>? sinusoidal signal to bot inputs (i.e. ma'e v = v& = vin)7 $ary t e amplitude $in of t e input signal from 1**mV to 1.+V (in 1**mV steps) and measure t e output $oltage amplitude vout and determine t e gain (i.e. vout % vin , t e ratio of amplitude of t e output signal and amplitude of input signal). 1lot t e output amplitude as a function of t e nominal output signal amplitude (i.e. t e output signal amplitude e-pected from t e formula gi$en in fig.2). Astimate uncertainties on measured and e-pected signal si?e and gain. !escribe your obser$ations, and try to e-plain w at you obser$e. (5) : ange t e supply $oltage to =1*V, and repeat t e measurements of (/) for t e same set of input signal amplitudes (from 1**mV to 1.+V). (6) ;estore t e supply $oltage to =1+V. 4or a fi-ed input amplitude (abut *.5V), measure t e g in (vout / vin) as a function of freBuency of t e sinusoidal input signal, from about 1**>? to t e ma-imum freBuency a$ailable on t e function generator ( +">?). (a'e data for 2 freBuency $alues per decade (e.g. 1**, +**, 5**, 1***, +***,C). !iscuss t e freBuency dependence of t e gain, and establis a relation between it and t e obser$ations of steps (.) and (0) (:onsult appropriate sources D te-tboo's, websites,..to learn about t is). (7) &nstead of a sinusoidal signal, use a triangular wa$e and a sBuare wa$e as input, and obser$e t e output wa$eforms for t ree freBuencies (lowest, ig est, and a $alue in t e middle of your range). !raw t e wa$eforms and comment on your obser$ations. (8) 9et t e freBuency of t e function generator to about 1'>?, 'eeping t e amplitude at *.5V. "easure t e rise time of t e sBuare wa$e signal (bot input to and output from t e amplifier). !etermine t e slew rate from your measurement. :ompare t e slew rate determined from t e obser$ed rise times to t e typical $alue e-pected for t is c ip (see data s eet). ;elate your measurement of t e slew rate of t e opamp to t e freBuency dependence of t e gain. Ei$en t e slew rate, can you estimate at w at freBuency you would e-pect t e gain to start decreasing@ (:onsult appropriate sources D te-tboo's, websites,..to learn about t is).

-. N&!e':
( ings to note) determine measurement uncertainty of input/output signal amplitude, as well as uncertainty of measured and e-pected gain (understand your measuring instruments to estimate uncertainties on $oltages and resistances)7 compare measurement wit e-pectation -- agreement wit in measurement uncertainties@ about gain $s. input amplitude) t in' about t e fact t at t e output signal si?e saturates at some $alue -- no matter w at t e input is, t e output does not e-ceed a certain $alue7 t e saturation $alue is lower for supply $oltage of 1* V t an for 1+ V supply $oltage -- any e-planation for t is@ w at is t e difference between supply $oltage and saturation $alue of t e output@ -- !o you see a pattern t ere@ do you t in' it would be possible to build an opamp c ip w ic does not a$e t is limitation@ add a grap of output amplitude (or gain) $s. freBuency (plot freBuency on log scale -- i.e. plot gain or amplitude $s. log of freBuency) 4rom t e measured rise time and si?e of t e sBuare wa$e output you can determine t e slew rate of t e opamp. 9lew rate , dVout/dt , speed at w ic opamp output $oltage can follow an input $oltage step (input wit ?ero rise time)7 obser$ed rise time of output signal as two contributions) one from input rise time and one from slew rate. 5ote t at Frise timeG is t e time it ta'es for signal to rise from fraction *.1 to *.H of its ma-imal (pea'-to-pea') si?e.

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( ere are many boo's on electronics7 e-amples of more useful ones are) (1) ;obert A. 9impson) &ntroductory Alectronics for 9cientists and Angineers, #llyn and Iacon, 5ewton, "ass. 1H0. (+) Jilliam L. 4aissler) #n &ntroduction to "odern Alectronics Ko n Jiley L 9ons, 5ew Mor' 1HH1 (2) 1aul >orowit? and Jinfield >ill) ( e #rt of Alectronics, :ambridge <ni$ersity 1ress, :ambridge 1H0H (/) !.V. Iugg) Alectronics :ircuits, #mplifiers and Eates, &nstitute of 1 ysics 1ublis ing, Iristol 1HH1 (5) "ar' 5. >orenstein) "icroelectronic :ircuits and !e$ices, + nd ed., 1rentice >all, 1HH5 (3) #. de 9a) Alectronics for 9cientists, 1rentice >all, 1HH.