Roman Archaeology Terms

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57.

1st style wall painting

2nd century BC to 50BC; wall is divided into sections and painted to imitate mrble, bright colors
58.

2nd style wall painting

80BC-10BC; 3D, expansion of space, painted landscapes, prime example=Villa at Oplontis

59.

3rd style wall painting

20BC-40CE; very popular in Pompeii; illusionary, not realistic; red and black colored panels with small vignettes in the middles

60.

4th style wall painting

40CE-80CE; illusionary, eclectic, cobbled together like a collage, mythology and sacro-idyllic landscapes; a type of optical illusion, small vignettes, not about expanding space, lots of small boxes, often have mthological scenes in the boxes
202.

the 7 levels of innitiation into the cult of Mithrus 900th aniversary of Rome

raven, bridegroom, soldier, lion, Persian, sunrunner, Pater/father; each level has its own symbols; symbols for "pater"= ring and staff

171.

during Antoninus Pius' reign; issue a coin series with Romulus and Remus, founding images
6.

Altar of Piety

reflects the same scenes of the Ara Pacis: procession, sacrifice

162.

Anaglypha Hadriani

one of the very few Hadrianic reliefs; 4 panels with carvings; orriginally thought they were of Trajan; one scene is in the Roman Forum, there's an emperor (Hadrian) on a rostra adressing the people, a statue of another emperor (Trajan) in the back, sitting, handing something to a woman and child; we think hadrian is extending Trajan's alimentaria program here; the second scene is also in the Roman forum (know this because of the fig tree, statue of Marsias, arch) and Hadrian is burning the debt records (first emperor to do this) but we know this event actually happened in the forum of Trajan, so don't know why it's depicted as happening in the roman forum; third scene = a sauvetaurilla to show his piety
37.

annular vaults

barrel vaults put into a ring; distributes the weight all over

147.

Antinous

The boy that Hadrian is in love with; he's from Bithuas; lots of statues of him, most from 130 BC; he has long, curly hair, same carving style as Hadrian; he dies very young, drowns in the Nile, suspicions of foul play; portrait of Antinous at Delphi in the guise of Apollo (young and effeminate)
169.

Antoninus Pius

138-161 CE; adopted by Hadrian; originally a coregent with Lucius Verras; beard ans curly hair; married to Faustina the Elder; his daughter is Faustina the younger; his reign is very stable; forced by Hadrian to adopt Lucius Verras and Marcus Aurelius
71. 122.

Apodyterium Apollodorus of Damaskas

Locker room in the Roman baths

Trajan's architect; in a scene on the column of Trajan builds a bridge over the Danube by sinking boats and covering them with planks, a river god shown to sanction the fording; designed Trajan's markets; didn't get along with Hadrian, calls Hadrian's domes "squashes," exiled by him

160.

apotheosis of Sabina

136-138 CE; one pannel; flying up to heaven on the back of the personification of eternity; she's carrying a torch/the eternal flame of Rome; Hadrian is gesturing farewell; Sbina dies in 136CE, Hadrian dies in 138CE; personification of the Campus Marsias in the lower left
131.

The Arch of Constantine The arch of Hadrian Arch of Septimus Severus

Takes the best of all the monuments in Rome to send the message that he is the greatest emperor; takes the Dacians from Trajan's forum and the Great Trajanic frieze 131-132 CE: in Athens; on one side of the arch is the inscription "This is the City of Hadrian," on the other side "this is the city of Thesius"; connects himself to his favorite city

150.

221.

203 CE; tries to cmeen legitamacy as emperor by toutin his foreign victories; located right across from Augustus' Parthian victory monument, but S. Severus actually battled the Parthians while Augustus just negotiated for the standards; one scene = attack of Seleucia from a bird's eye view, victory over Parthian engineering, city always shown walled, beseiged; shows captured Parthians; covered with sand/silt halfway up, so lower part is very well preserved but upper is eroded; triple bay arch
225.

Arch of the Argentarii

204CE; arch of the bankers, set up by a private guild but decorated with scenes of the imperial family, one scene is of Caracalla and Julia Domna doing a public sacrifice-->first time we see a woman/empress taking part in a public sacrifice in the city of Rome, but it is made by the people and not the imperials; you can see a part of a floating Cadusius, we think Geta was standing next to Julia Donma overlapping the staff, but he was removed via damnatio memoreai, staff should have been held by Julia Domna

49.

Arch of Titus

dedicated by Titus' brother, Domitian; apotheosis scene of Titus in the top of the arch-->an eagle with Titus on its back; celebrates his and Vespasian's victory over Judea; as you walk through the arch, procession reliefs on either side of you; a quadriga for Titus and on for Vespasian, Domitian is there on a single horse (so even though an arch to Titus, don't forget his brother, the current ruler); titus is being crowned by vistory in his quadriga (not a slave boy like normal)->first instance of gods interacting with mortals in a relief; Titus is being led by Virtue and Honor-->not subtle interaction with the gods; this arch starts people's dislike of Domitian
116.

Arch of Trajan

114-118CE, at Beneventum; where the Via Appia and the Via Traiana split; not a triumphant arch; one of the most elaborately carved arches; egg and dart motif; pannels on the city side show Trajan receiving his power as an emperor from Jupitor in the form of a thunderbolt, passing power from divine to world, sacrificing a bull, Trajan shown as pontifex maximus, pius; country side pannels show Trajan conversing with the Dacians, benevolent ruler, alimentaria program, honoring the furure of Rome, Aeneas pos, but with two children here; single bay; another pannel shows Hadrian, but he wasn't named successor until the day Trajan died, so arch was probably still under construction when trajan died (only time we see Hadrian in Trajanic art)
207.

Asiatic sarcophagus

a style of sarcophagus popular in the mid 2nd century when inhumation is starting to get popular again (Romans traditionally cremate their dead); this example shows the labors of Hercules, a popular choice of carving; from the East; built to look like a temple, columns all the way around, pediment, antifixes; mythological scenes=very popular, doesn't explain the person's life who's inside; defining feature: not a continuous narative, just mutiple vignettes
212. 93.

Atalanta Athena and Arachne

the one woman in Meleager's band of men; acts like a man; the first to wound the boar; on the attic sarcophagus A relief in the forum of Domitian; Athena = the weaving god, challenged to a weaving competition by Arachne who loses and is turned into a spider; shows a theme of Domitian propaganda, that women should be suppressed, behind closed doors

211.

attic sarcophagus

eastern sarcophagus; continuous narrative, but still looks like a building; this = Meleager and the Caladonian Boar Hunt, very popular scene on sarcophagai, mid 2nd cen CE; caved on all sides
100. 195.

Aula regia barracks of the Virgiles Basillica Ulpia Bloodline vs. adopted Boscoreale Caldarium Caligula's mental issues Calligula's three sisters

The royal court; made of all imported marble; a statue of Domitian as a god in the back where the firefighters lived; huge cisterns for holding the water for putting out fires; also an imperial cult here, lots of little altars to individual emperors, several hundred years of sacrificing to the emperors in teh Imperial form; Ulpia=Trajan's birth name; one of the most beautiful buildings ever built in Rome; contrast between the white and colored marble; has both a Greek an Latin library on either side; huge ad luctio Trajan statue in the middle/reading area Adopted emperors tend to be much more successful The Villa Regina; in Pompeii; lines of dolia in the courtyard; for selling wine as a profit product; bars across the windows because they're afraid of thievery even in the country; (not the villa where the cups came from) The hot bath in the Roman baths, always next to the furnace, heated through the floor; has a ladrum (a caldron/basin full of cold water) megalomaniac, potentially bipolar, potentially suffering from lead poisoning

120.

106.

90.

74.

4.

3.

Julia, Agrippina, and Drusilla

101.

Cancelleria reliefs

93-95 CE; might have still been in the processes of being carved when Domitian was murdered; one is the ad ventus relief which shows the arrival of Vespacian in Rome/the start of the Flavian regime, the only time Domitian was put above Titus (in 81 CE), Vespacian is greeted by the personification of the roman senate and that of the roman people and Roma, gods interacting with humans; the other relief in the profectio/the setting out, going out to expand the territory to the black sea, victory is walking out with him so we know he will win, Domitian showing military prowess even though we know he's a poor military commander, because of the damnateo memoriai placed on Domitian, his head is carved down into Nerva, instead of just lopped off, but when recarved, hairline gets deeper, head gets smaller
185. 133.

Capitolium Carcaraes

temple to Jupitor, Juno, and Minerva; standard in every Roman colony; usually located at head of the forum The starting gates at the Circus Maximus

76.

Cast of a dog

Plaster cast from Pompeii; shows signs of asphyxiation, still chained up

98.

Circus maximus

One of the oldest centers for entertainment in Rome; first built in the 3rd cen BC, redone in the imperial age; held chariot races; turn around the spina in the middle; can hold 100,000 people; chariot races were the most popular form of entertainment in Rome
5.

Claudius Claudius' biggest military success Clerestory the coin of Septimus Severus

reinstills Augustus' moral regime after Caligula shatters it; worshipped as a god in the East while he was alive; dies when he's in his 60s the conquering of Britain

10.

130. 218.

Construction with large windows

shows his two heirs (Caracalla and Geta) and his wife on the back, himself on the front; stresses familial imagery to legitimize his claim to the thrown; family is very important in the Serveran period
108.

Coin of Trajan's fathers Coliseum

Shows his biological father and his adopted/political father (Nerva)

34.

started by Vespacian in 75CE, built where nero's lake had been because vespacian is takin over the Domus Aurea; dedicated by Titus in 79-80CE; the only permanent amphitheater in Rome; holds 50,000 people-->one of the largest in the ancient world; faced in travertine; the orders of the columns change as you go up from Doric to ionic to Corinthian to Pillasters to give the idea that the structure gets lighter as you go up (even though it doesn't b/c all concrete and doesn't have too); has annular vaults; Titus may have once flooded it for a naval battle

206.

Columbarium

a type of tomb resembling dovecotes; just small niches for the urns (cremation); very common on the Isola Sacra outside of Ostia
174.

Column of Antoninus Pius

161 CE; built after he dies; marked the spot where he was cremated; Marcus Aurelius erects it to celebrate him; apotheosis scene of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the elder together, even though they died 20 years apart, solid marriage; personification of the campus marsias; personification of Roma on top of a pile of weapons; one side is Faustina's funeral, another=Antoninus Pius' funeral, conflation of time; figures carved deeper, seen from a bird's eye view; new techniques
183.

Column of Marcus Aurelius

180-185 CE; celebrates his victory in Germany; the only other narrative column besides Trajans'; patterned after Tarjan's; fewer bands and figures, carved deeper in an attempt to make it more leggible; painted; he's celebrated as a god; erected for him after he dies by Commodus; the statue on top used to be Marcus Aurelis, but now it's St. Peter (Trajan's = St. Paul...or visa versa); shows the Germans as barbaric enemies (more so than the Dacians who were worthy); both sides are shown as more brutish, decapitate, trample; similar scene of water miracle on this column, prayed for rain (river god in Trajan's), looks the same; breaks with classical traditions b/c figures are carved facing forward

121.

The column of Trajan

625 ft tall, 23 bands, 150 scenes; originally a statue of Trajan on the very top (but now it's St. Peter); the lower bands are saller and the top bands are larger so you can see them better, also viewing platforms, but even still the top is illegible; has stood since it was erected, never moved or knocked down; sits of a laurel wreath; starts with rustic origins; scenes of everyday soldier life mixed in with battle scenes, build camp, carry the standards (great depiction of these), a building battalion; Trajan in various places, but not actually fighting, shows his piety; also Romans trampling Dacians, spitting their heads; chronological, a slight break between the two wars (they weren't consecutive); scenes of women offering their children to the Romans (take the children from the conquered elite, raise them in Rome, then send them back later to rule over their people the Roman way); shows Romans using catapults, testudo formation; the last scene is Dacia returning to its pastoral roots, peaceful (links to the sheep on the victory monument that's actually in Dacia); Trajan and Plotina cremated and buried in the base of the column
181.

Commodus

son of Marcus Aurelius; first blood emperor since Domitian (about 100 years); ends the reign of the five good emperors; bad emperor; megalomaniac; changes teh name of Rome to Commodiama; walked around the streets dressed as Hercules; statue of Commodus as Hercules = 180-192 CE, we only have this b/c Septimus Severus revoked the damnatio memoriae after only two years, base is an orb (the world), apples from Hercules' last trial in his hand, bare-chested as an emperor--> huge faux pas; has curl hair and beard, but not forked
198.

the cult of Mithrus

an Eastern god from Persia; practice zoro asteroism; about seven mithraeums in Ostia; a mystery cult, have to be innitiated into it, ceremonies not recorded; one of the most popular cults from the 1st century BC to the 4th century BC; especially popular with the army, you can only worship Mithrus if you're a man (vs. catholosism/monotheism which takes everyone); step toward monotheism b/c you only really beleive in Mithrus, even though you still sacrifice to the state gods First war=101-102CE, the second war=105-106CE after someon dies, issue this order to erase all of their images, destroy them, scratch them out ver public; parade through city, carrying bier; casket put on the second level of a tired building in the Campus marsias; a crate on top with two eagles in it; when the cage burns open and the birds fleethey take the person's soul up to heaven

127. 1.

The Dacian wars damnatio memoriae death of an emperor/empress

161.

191.

decline of the old Ostian aristocracy decumanus in Ostia Dextrarum iunctio Dolia

4th century CE; makes room for the new money (freedmen and Christians)

196.

the main east-west street in; the first big thing you come to is the theater, brickfaced, a scene building behind it called the piazzale delle corporazioni Joining of the right hands; used in marriages and political alliances; shows Hadrian and Trajan in Dextrarum iunctio pose to confirm the adoption

143.

91.

Huge urns for holding wine, usually buried to regulate temperature; terra cotta pots; lots at Boscoreale
92.

Domitian

Ruled from 81-96 CE; brother of Titus (who only ruled for two years); uses classicizing portraiture; universally hated; megolomaniac; the last of the Flavian line; starts the forum of Domitian, but doesn't live to see it finished in 97CE; he's a misogynist; the last person to bury a Vestal Virgin alive, and the people hate him even for that; seen as anti-Roman; killed b his praetorian guard; portrayed in as many different guises of rule as he can, even as pharoah
95.

Domitian's deity Domus Aurea

Minerva

19.

built by Nero after the fire of 64CE; not like a normal roman house, built on a rectangular form instead of being axial; on the Esquiline Hill; takes over a huge area, complete with farms an his own lake-->built what would normally be a suburban villa in the middle of the city; roman people hate him for it; has an octagonal room; the first dome in Rome, has an oculus in the top b/c cement is light enough to allow it; has a waterfall in one room; walls were inlaid with gold and ivory; considered the finest and most interesting roman room ever built; rotating ceiling of stars, sun, and moon; forth style wall painting

2. 215.

Drusilla emperors whose reigns follow civil wars Ephesus

Caligula's sister and object of his incestuous feelings, may have married him Augustus, Vespacian, Septimus Severus

113.

In Turkey, has the temple of Artemus (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world); a favorite town of the emperors, gets lots of money and tourism; library of Celsus, two levels, a faade of chipolino marble (green and white striped), Corinthian columns, statues of Greek virtues in the niches, in the steps=the tomb of Celsus, you could read both Greek and Latin here; shows the renaissance of art in Asia Minor

182.

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius

175 CE; bronze; sat outside for 400 years (patina); kept because renessaince popes thought it was a ststue of Constantine (first Christian emperor); fringe of horse blanket is Parthian, may have been a Parthian under the horse's hoof; ad luctio gesture
88.

Eumachia

A building on the edge of the forum of Pompeii, owned by a woman (Eumachia) who is the daughter of Lucius, she's a priestess of Pompeian Venus powerful enough woman to have a building on the forum, has scrollwork that resembles that of the Ara Pacis, a statue of Eumachia dedicated to the fullers (wool carders), bins at the front for people to pee in so they can bleach/clean the wool A long, thin pool meant to represent the Nile; one in the house of octavius quartio A lighthouse; one in the Torlonia relief; the faros of Claudias, modeled after the lighthouse at Alexandria (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world); the protective god of the lighthouse (wearing a faros on her head)

78. 140.

Europis Faros Faustina the Elder

170.

wife of Antoninus Pius; young but not that young; hairstyle is loose with excess coiled on top; dies within three years of Antoninus Pius becoming emperor; deified
23.

Flavian Dynasty

Vespacis: 69-79CE; Titus: 79-81CE; Domitian 81-96CE; all biological heirs; uses veristic portraiture (but ideal for women) to distance themselves from Nero

27.

the Flavian Lady

90CE; very new/different hairstyle; huge pile of curls on top of her face; rest of hair is braided and coiled int he back; perfect face; statue would have been painted; hair takes up more room than her face-->status is more important than identity
81.

Foreign religion Forma urbis Forum of Domitian The forum of Pompeii Frgidarium Funerary relief from Ostia gabine tuffa The garden of the fugitives

Big in Pompeii because it's a port city, lots of marine culture, tons of trade erected by Septimus Severus on the wall of the Temple Pacis AKA forum of Nerva; finished in 97CE Defines the city as roman, long and skinny with a capitolium temple at one end; largely destroyed in an earthquake in 62 CE The cold bath in the Roman baths 110-130CE; celebrates an official of the circus maximus; standing next to his wife, a small woman standing on a box means she's already dead by this time and that's her statue; shows the same charioteer twice, holding a palm branch so you know he's victorious fire-proof stone

33.

94.

86.

72. 137.

173. 75.

Plaster casts of people who died in Pompeii near the gate (trying to flee), 13 people, adults and children; think there were 20,000 people in the city
80.

Garum sauce gladiators gran oscura

Made of fish parts and guts; very popular in Pompeii; exports it to the rest of Italy originally slaves and criminals taught to fight; later becomes a profession with crowd favorites; usually fight in pairs with a referee room of the Domus Aureas that srtists would repel down into durin the Renessaince, through ceiling

42.

21.

179.

The great Antonine Altar

at Ephesus; 170 CE; in the East; Lucius Verras was worshipped here; shows the adoption scene/family portrait; shows Lucius Verras as he grows up, bein adopted, as a general (next to a river god, maybe the Euphrates); shows the pre-ordained victory of Lucius Verras against the parthians, but he's actually kille din this battle and loses it
132.

the Great Trajanic frieze

117 CE; on the Liberator Urbis; 100 ft long, 10 ft tall; shows Trajan as victor, on a horse trampling a Dacian; don't know where it originally was erected; Trajan is the only one without a helmet; this is the only time we see Trajan as a general, actually fighting; first time we see Romans wearing chainmail (on one of the other soldiers); another scene = Fundator Quietis, shows Trajan with Victory and Minerva, divided into two directions, facing opposite ways, only time we see this in Trajanic art
129.

Groin vaults

The intersection between two barrel vaults; very strong; requires less buttressing; allows for natural sunlight to come in; used in teh markets of trajan

128.

Hadrian

Adopted by Trajan; also from Spain; rules from 117-138 CE; the first emperor to have a beard In his portraits, calls on the Greek aesthetic, shows he's intellectual, a philosopher, also because Hadrian has bad can and wants to hide it; has a strong military background; loves all thins Greek, his nickname is Greculus (little Greek); not a military emperor (all his military success=before), more intellectualism ; contacts the borders that Trajan expanded b/c not enough manpower to defend them all; sets up the next two emperors after him
148.

Hadrian as restituter Hadrian statue

Rehabilitates the provinces, especially through the alimentaria program; he travels far and wide visitin his provinces

144.

120-125CCE; from Hieraptyna, Greece; shows Hadrian in military dress, cuirass with a gorgon, a wolf, and Roma on it; trampling an enemy, but not on horseback, just with his feet
154.

Hadrian's building projects Hadrian's Mausoleum

feud with Apollodoris of Damaskas; becomes his own architect; the Pantheon; temple of Venus and Roma

167.

since Trajan and Plotina are burried in Trajan's column, break the line of emperors burried in Augustus' mausolem, so Hadrian decides he needs to build his own, new one; modernly calle dthe castle St. Angelo/ the papl fortress; same design as Augustus' mausoleum with park, cyprus trees; has personifications of different conquered colonies, all women

149.

Hadrian's travels

3 tours while emperor; to almost all the provinces

164.

Hadrian's Villa

at Tivoli; 118-138 CE; suburban villa; names all teh parts of his house after regions he saw in his travels; piazza d'oro=the reception hall, curvilinear architecture, no straight lines, all in brick; canopus, named after the Nile, a shallow pool, alternating arches and straight tops; serapaum is a grand dining space, made to look like a cave, fountain in it that flows into the canopus; karyatids surrounding the canopus; the maritime theater, a self-sufficient villa inside the bigger villa, a guest house, surrounded by a moat, no straight lines; Scylla group, statue from somewhere in the Villa; statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, shows his love of Greek history; has his own palaestra and pool
152.

Hadrian's wall Hadrianic tondi

122CE; in England; contracted the Southern border; military outposts all along the wall; Vindolanda = one of these military camps

163.

now on the arch of Constantine; one shows Hadrian on a boar hunt, showing military prowess through hunting (metaphore), one of his favorite activities; horse is about to trample the boar; Hadian is without a beard becasue he was carved down into Constantine (creates confusion centuries later); the other tondo shows Hadrian sacrificing to Apollo (tripod, laurel leaves)
168. 166.

Hadrianium Harmodius and Aristogeiton Herculanium

temple to the divine Hadrian; he's deified almost as soon as he dies Greek; tyrannicides, killed the old tyrant, athenian people love them, roman copy of the statue of them in Hadrian's villa

55.

Town near Vesuvius; wine shops preserved with different types of ampherai; not hit by the pyroclastic flow; boathouses show us where the former coastline was; family groups died at the boathouses trying to escape; have very little time to escape (unlike Pompeii); 1st style wall painting no agreed upon order of them, but killing the lion comes first and taking the apples comes last, middle = jumbled; popular scene on sarcophagi in the 2nd-3rd cen CE

209.

hercules' labors

99.

Hippodrome

A big open green space used as a gym

188. 187.

horrea Horrea Epagathiana

a grainery; lots of them in Ostia becaus eit's a port city

150 CE; the biggest grainery in Ostia; shows the rise of brick as its own facade; pedimenal entryway, like a temple to grain; owned by wealthy former slaves of Greek descent;
189.

House of Cupis and Psyche House of Lucretius Fronto

in Ostia; 4th century CE; entirely faced in marble; the occupants were extremely wealthy, probaly freedmen; opus sectile floor; has a nymphaum (indoor fountain)

67.

In Pompeii, has a fresco depicting a riot in the Pompeian amphitheater between Pompeii residents and Nucerians; caused the gladiator fights to be cancelled for a while

77.

House of Octavius Quartio

Shows that the people of Pompeii were wealthier than the people of Herculaneum; has a huge garden (twice as big as the house) with a europis in the middle and a fountain to Isis in the middle of that; we think Octavius was a freedman and a priest of the cult of Isis; also a small pyramid in the garden; inside the house is a fountain representing the source of the Nile with a painting of Narcissus next to it; all along the edges of the house are thermopoliums;
56.

House of the Samnite House of the Vetii huge fire in Rome The Imperial forum

In Herculaneum; has 1st style wall painting

61.

One of the bigger houses in Pompeii; owned by two brothers (probs freedmen), untraditional b/c no tablinum; has a priapus figure; famous lararia with painted gods flanking the pater famias, pediment=implements of sacrifice; most paintings = sexual scenes, may have been a brothel, or just showing how educated they are in a playful/bachelor way 64 CE; during Nero's reign; Nero is praised for his quick rebuilding of the residential sectors with new, fireproof housing, but then reviled for the Domus Aurea; a big fire happens every 10-15 years, small fires on a daily basis

18.

118.

Trajan's forum; the last of the 5 empirial forums; 4 times as big as the forum of Augustus; axial construction with 7 images of Trajan along the axis; has exedra/hemicycles like the forum of Augustus, but temple is in middle instead of at the end, called the Basillica Ulpia; karyatids of Dacians with shields/clipei in between (with depictions of Trajan's ancestors and the great men of Rome on them)
26.

Imperial women Insola of Diana

Augustan women=very strong; Flavian are vitually nonexistant

192.

2nd century CE; in Ostia; 90% of the city lives in appartments called insula; one of the nicer appartment buildings; has thermopolia on the outside/corners, including one fance/marble counter one (and display case); a central courtyard for light; has its own latrines;

193.

insula Invasion of Britanica Isola Sacra Iudaea capta

appartment buildings in Oatia, e.g. House of Diana; brick faced; several stories tall; no windows/light to interior appartments; can't cook in them for fear of burning everyone's appartments down; appartments are a single room Caesar invades it shortly, but doesn't leave a mark; invasion taken up again 100 years later by Claudius; Claudius conquers Britain between the Tiber and the sea, have to cross it to get form the Claudian harbor to Ostia; island where all the roman burials are; one of only two islands in the Tiber (other = Tiber island, temple to Esclipius); separate death from the city

9.

205.

31.

coin that celebrated the victory in Judea; date palm=the symbol of Judea
28.

Judea

Augustus coopted them into the Roman empire but just let them do their ownthing under Herrod (Augustus' vasal); but Jewish people revolt in 66CE; Romans coem and sac Judea, starting with Jerusalem; the revolt took 4 years to put down; after Romans conquered, they took home tons of spoils

220.

Julia Domna

wife of Septimus Severus; 200 CE; daughter of the high priest of the sun, she's a priestess of the sun-->powerful woman already; when S. Severus' first wife dies he marries her straight away; she's the most powerful emperess Rome ever has; hairstyle=crimped, helmet like, likely a wig (see the depth between the hair and her forehead; sometimes portrayed as Ceres, godess of the grain, modest 210CE, fertility, prosperity, traditional; also portrayed as Hercules once, scandolous to compare a woman to a god, even a demi god, someone so physically powerful, breaking traditions
165.

karyatids

first seen in Greece on the temple of Erechtheion-->here they;re columns that look like women, bent knees to show off their form while sill bein modest

126.

King of Dacia

Decebalus; defeated at the top of the column of Trajan; he commits suicide before the Romans can capture him
20.

Laocoon

found int he apse of the vaulted room of the Domus Aureas; may or may not have been a Hellenistic statue; restored by Michelangelo; Laocoon is a priest of Troy who tries to warn Troy (beware of Greeks bearing gifts) but the gods send down snakes to kill him and his sons because they want Troy to fall; at the height of emotion, the left son is already dead, Laocoon is about to be bitten, the other son can't escape; Laocoon known he's about to die; hair is very curly, used a running drill like in the polyphemous in Titus' cave; one of the most famous statues of the ancient world; parametal construction (also similar to the statue of polyphemous)
63.

Lararia

Where you put the household gods; great one in the House of the Vetii
194.

latrines

public; popular gift from higher-ups to the people; running water to wash away feces and more running water in the floor that you dip a sponge into to wipe; social component because you sit so close together; gender specific/segregated; very small personal space between the city and the emperor, carved into the wall of the theater

15.

letters at Aphrodesias

180.

The lost arch of Marcus Aurelius

176-180 CE; triumphal arch; shows empirial virtues; these pannels are now on the arch of Constantine; don't know where the original arch was; temple of jupitor optimus maximus in the background; AMrcus Aurelius rides in a parade, but awkward blank spot next to him where his son Comitus was originally carved (damnatio memoriae against him)
176.

Lucius Verras

161-169CE; coregent with Marcus Aurelius; adopted by Antoninus Pius; not an effective emperor, mostly partied and traveled around; ten years younger than Marcus Aurelius who keeps sending him out to the East to fight
41.

Ludus Magnus

connected to the Coliseum, makes the Colisem the most prestigious place for a gladiator to fight (also b/c you get to fight in front of the emperor); connected to the Coliseum via tunnel; training center for the gladiators; a mini amphitheater to practice in; rooms for stretching and napping
68. 87.

Lupanar Marcellum

A brothel in Pompeii, lots of small rooms off a central corridor, each room with a provocative painting on top of the door; Temple of the imperial cult in Pompeii

177.

Marcus Aurelius

161-180 CE; coregen for a little while with Lucius Verras, then sole emperor; 10 years older than Lucius Verras; portraiture=curly hair, forked beard/philosopher's beard; stresses family ties, to Lucius Verras as coregents; cancels debts; loved by the Roman people; extends alimentaria program; the last of the Five good emperors; his statuary is peaceful, calm; married to Faustina the youger (who had 13 surviving children)
30.

Masada

1st cen BC-1st cen CE: a fort in Judea, originally the palace of Herrod; called the hanging palace because it was built on a cliff; 1st style wall painting-->Herrod was trying to appear Roman; where the longest Roman seige took place: some Judeans ran there for cover, about 960 people, the last foothold of the Judeans, so all the rest of the Roman troops came to surround it (8 legions); Romans had to build their own giant bridge to get to the palace-->amazing feat of Roman engineering; Romans took any opposition extremely seriously; only other way up was the snake path-->arduous climb and the people in Masada can pick off any soldiers because so narrow; right before the Romans get to the palace, the Jewish people decide that all the men have to kill their families, then they all kill eachother and on man kills himself because don't want the Romans to get them (want to avoid suicide because it's a sin); a group of a few women that hid in a well and weren't killed
159.

Matidia

Hadrian's mother in law; Sabina's mother; the first woman to be deified (Diva); Hadrian does this to placate Sabina; issues a coin of Diva Matidia with an eagle
136.

Metaea

Count your laps in a race at the Circus maximus; an egg drops for ever lap you complete; eggs because Castor and Pollux, the equestrian guards, were born from an egg

199.

mithraeum

a temple to Mithrus; almost all underground; long, narrow cave with dining benches on either side; every one has a tauroctoney scene; location may be based on a story where Mithrus chases a bull into a cave and sacrifices it there; estimated to have been 700 mithraeums in Rome, but only 40 left now
142.

Monte Testaccio

A huge mound built of discarded amphorae; so many amphorae because imports boom in the 2nd century CE and one main import = olive oil; used for 100 years; 1 km long and 10 ft tall; all crushed shards; most olive oil comes from Spain, Tunisia, and Libya
124.

Most controversial part of the forum of Trajan Mycenum Nero

The temple; dedicated to the divine Trajan; may or may not have existed; if it did exist, probably erected after he died, because he wouldn't call himself a god

52. 17.

One of the two places where the Roman Navy docks its ships, near Vesuvius

emperor after Claudias, starts out fine, but as he gets older, he starts to go to Greece more and more, participate in teh olympic games and win, he makes himself the ideal Greek instaed of the idela Roman; killed in 68BC, but there had been plots to kill him for years; megalomaniac; drained Rome's coffers
16.

Nero's brother

Britanicus, the on who was supposed to take over after Claudius, but he dies very early in Nero's reign, suspision of poisoning

105.

Nerva

96-98 CE; his sole role as emperor is to nominate the next emperor; already old when he became emperor; he was a senator before; he adopts Trajan and starts the time of the five good emperors
69.

Number of brothels in Pompeii nymphaum opus sectile order of seating in the Coliseum Ostia

Up to 180, or maybe just one: the Lupinar; brothels may have been part of the public bath houses

190. 156.

indoor fountain different colored marble cut into shapes to create patterns on the floor from bottom to top: Senators, Knoghts, Plebians, poor women and slaves; lower zone seats covered in marble

38.

138.

A town of middle class people; a port town; started in the mid 1st century CE under Claudius who built a huge port, but this harbor had to be constantly dredged; Trajan builds a smaller, inland harbor here that didn't silt up called the hexagonal port, dock your ship vertically into locks, holds 100 ships, greatly increases Ostian wealth; lots of Ostian art celebrates the ports; at the mouth of the Tiber River; first setteld in 300BC but doesn't thrive until Trajan puts his port in; the port city of Rome, only 10 miles away; Ostia doesn't get a Capitoliam untl Hadrian (odd b/c took so long); many former slaves here, immigrants, merchants, sailors, new money, these people are wealthy and build lavish houses one of the earliest synagogues in Italy; another Eastern religion in Ostia-->port town and many citizens = immigrants/freedmen; 1st cen CE (though potentially only converted in the 3rd-4th cen); a curved area where the torrah would have been, columns on either side of this area with Judaeism symbols carved in built by Hadrian long after (430 years) the colony was founded (odd); faced with marble; Ostia's gleaming beacon; not located at the head of the forum like they usually are

184.

Ostia

203.

Ostia synagogue Ostia's Capitolium Ostian tomb plaques

186.

204.

represent the middle class; show daily life, professions; one is a woman plucking fowl and hanging them up for sale (a woman in business), a grocer, a midwife; the person being honored is the one looking directly at you (shift to frontal viewing); all found on the Isola Sacra

97.

The palace of Domitian

92 CE; has to raze the rest of the neighborhood to make room to build it; part of the reason he's so hated; gigantic; overlooks the circus maximus; built by the architect Rabirius; uses curvilinear architecture and round spaces; comes with a hippodrome
141.

The palace of Trajan Pannel of Agrippina II and Nero at Aphrodesias

At the hexagonal port on Ostia; made of brick; also built brick warehouses ( same function as the Portus Amelius

14.

agrippina the younger is Nero's mother; Agrippina is dressed as a normal roman woman, but she's crowning Nero, so for that moment she holds all of the power of Rome in her hands, this is the first time we see a woman trying to have power; reviled for trying to conrol the empire through her son; controversial scene, but placed up high on the temple so may not have been really noticed; Nero is portrayed as a Julio Claudian, looks like the model young emperor, like a general-->starts out on the right path
12.

Pannel of Augustus at Ascanium

60 CE; Augustus is nude, carved pothumusly; shown in wilificans, surrounded by land and sea-->theme of pax terra marique

155.

Pantheon

rebuilt by Hadrian in 118-125 CE, the third version of it; don't know who it's dedicated to; collonade; hadrian doesn't put his name anywhere on it, gives all the credit to Agrippa, who built the first one-->Hadrian looking back to Augustas; one of the earliest domes in Rome-->huge, oculus=30ft across; increase the proportion of pummice in the cement as you go higher up (lighter); coffers in the dome also make it lighter; in every coffer was a bronze star, meant to look like the night sky; made of brick/concrete but faced with marble; pink granite columns fro Egypt in the front; opus sectile floors; mix of rectilinnear and curved architecture
222.

Parthian imagery

wearin pants, cloth cap that folds ocer at the top; on Septimus Severus' arch, held back by Roman soldiers
65.

Pasiphae and the bull

Pasphae fell in love with the bull and commissioned Didelus (Icharus' father) to build her a cow suit so she can have sex with the bull, then she gives birth to the Minotaur; scene in the house of the Vetii
64. 158.

Pater famias Peripteral temple personification of the roman people personification of the roman senate philosopher's beard

Head of the household (in the lararia in the house of the Vetii) has collumns going all the way around it; a Greek style whereas roman temple=columns clustered in front Young man, bare-chested, holding a cornicopia

103.

102.

Curly hair, bearded, togate

178.

forked, Marcus Aurelius uses this in his portraiture

197.

piazzale delle corporazioni

behind the theater in Ostia, conglomeration of merchant offices; one of several smaller commercial centers in Ostia (because no one big one/forum); each little office is named for the place those merchants came from (e.g. merchants from Narbo, France); each one has an identification mosaic in front with their name on it, picture of their ship, done in black and white; the merchants from Sabratha, Libya trade in wild animals and ivory, so their mosaic is of an elephant
36. 53.

pillasters Pliny the younger Plotina

square columns; on the top level of the Coliseum Describes the eruption of Vesuvius in a letter to Trajan

109.

Trajan's wife; a bust of her from Ostia, 100CE; hair=a big poof in front and then a crown of bangs; shows she and Domitian have a healthy marriage, trying to wipe away all of Domitian's women problems
66.

Pompeii Amphitheater Priapus figure

80 BC; the earliest permanent amphitheater in the roman world; get to the floor through two tunnels, but the audience gets to their seats from the top via a big double staircase; African animals brought in

62.

A god weighing his penis on a scale against gold; apotropaic device in the entryway of the house; may also be indicating that two young freed men live here who like to have a good time and have jobs that the rich people scorn, showing how powerful and rich they are in spite of the aristocracy; not considered scandalous in ancient Rome; one on the House of the Vetii
104.

The profectio

The setting out, one of the Cancellaria reliefs

134. 54.

Pulvinar Pyroclastic flow Quadrifrons arch at Leptis Magna

Royal viewing platform over the Circus Maximus, first built by Domitian The second part of the eruption, causes flash carbonization which preserves thing instantly

223.

200CE; the town where Septimus Severus is from; sens lots of money and artists over there; "quadritrons" means four faces; releif at the top is the dextrarum lunctio (shaking of the right hands to signify alliance between Septimus Severus and Caracalla, Geta in the middle of them to show he's in on it too even though can't do a 3-way; idea of succession; we see Julia Domna making a sacrifice-->first time we see a woman/empress taking part in a public sacrifice
11.

Relief of Aeneas at Aphrodesias

60 CE; at the Sebasteion; an echoe of the statue of Aeneas in the Augustan forum; Aeneas stands with his father, Aschises on his shoulders, holding his son's hand, Ascanium
8.

Relief of Claudius and Britanica

45CE; in the Sebasteon; Britanica represents a combattive province, represented by a one-breasted amazon warrior; Claudius is shown as very young, clasicizing, even though he's 55

44.

retiarius

a type of gladiator that fights with a net and a trident

208.

the rise of inhumation

becomes popular in teh mid 2nd century CE; romans typically cremate their dead; probab;y became popular because you're leaving behind a bigger, more tangible object-->sarcophagus vs. urn; emperors are still cremated but the elite use inhumation/burial; important to Christians because they don't cremate; originally a striking difference, but as the roman elites start to bury, blurs the line; start to get Christian iconography on sarcophagai that is obscure enough that you can deny it if you have to, but other Christians will recognize it (e.g. Jonah and the Whale) Very deep ruts in them which may have been made by heavy use of intestinally to direct traffic flow; build of large, heavy stones; sidewalks line the streets and there are steppingstones so you don't have to step in the streets and the sewage to cross Separated men and women; first you go to the locker-room/apodyterium (put your stuff in a cubby hole and have your slave guard it), then the frigidrium/cold room for a short plunge, then the tepidarium/warm bath, then the caldarium/hot room; also a palestra in the baths where you exercise and latrines on the outside; it takes hours to go through the baths; everyday affair for the wealthy, weekly for the poor; Based on grain, olives, and grapes Hadrian's wife; changes the hairstyle: longer, wavy, more body; wears a filet 117-136CE; ties Hadrian back to Julius Caesar, his deity; a modest woman; copy of a 5th century BC statue

83.

The roads of Pompeii Roman bathhouses

70.

82. 145. 146.

Roman diet Sabina Sabina as Venus Genetrix Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

213.

395 CE; scenes from the old and new testiment; the central message is Christ, don't have to hide your Christianity anymore b/c by this point Constantine has made it the official religion; J. Bassus used to be pagan (roman gods) but was converted; shows how Roman iconography was adopted by Christianity: Christ flanked by Peter and Paul like an emperor flanked by the senate and the people, feet resting on the sky to represent Roman religion-->conquered their faith, imperial triumph iconography; Christ on a donket (instead of a horse b/c more modest), but still the victorious entry
7.

Sebasteion

located in Aphrodisias; three levels of columns, lower level is plain columns, middle=scenes of personified astronomy and time, the upper level=reliefs of the imperial family; built while Claudius reigns; fell down in an earthquake

43.

secutor

a type of gladiator; fights with a short sword, light, unencumbered

214.

Septimus Severus

193-211CE; adopts the same imagery as Marcus Aurelius, curly hair, philosopher's beard (forked); his tie to the thrown=claims to be the brother of Commodus; his reign comes after a civil war; from Libya; the first black, African emperor; his sons are Caracalla and Geta, his wife is Julia Domna
217.

Severan dynasty Severan Tondo

Septimus Severus, Caracalla (his son), Geta (his other son), Elagabus-->from the maternal line (septimus Severus' wife, Julis Domna), this is brand new, always through the males before; all the women are named Julia

219.

200 CE; from Fayum, Egypt where the soil preserves things so well, we still have this enev though it's painted wood; handed out to mark an imperial visit; shows how family is very important in the Severun period; Geta is scratched out because his brother, Caracalla, kills him and issues a damnatio memoriae against him; their mother = Julia Domna
25.

shrine of Augustus in Misenum Source of Flavian power

worship the Flavians, portrait of Vespacian here in that odd body conglomerate

50.

The Jewish wars

135.

The spina Stadium of Domitian substructures

Like the median in the middle of the Circus maximus; has an obelisk that Augustus brought back from Egypt, mataea, two temples to very ancient Italic gods Built in 86CE for racing; now called the piazza nuovona and has Bernini's four rivers statue (1651); arch of the stadium of Domitian made out of travertine, many prostitutes would loiter under it

96.

40.

under the Coliseum; housed the gladiators and animals so they couls pop out of the floor for surprise attacks; elevator mechanisms
117.

succession of Hadrian

not smooth; Plotina may have written him into Trajan's will herself, just have her word to go on; named successor when Trajan is on his death bed; makes sense though, because they grew up in the same town, close
201.

tauroctoney scene

central scene in the cult of Mithrus; the bull slaying; the closer to this image you're seated, the higher your religious rank; Mithrus is kneeling on the bull's back and pulling its head back and slitting its throat; a dog and a snake lick up the blood; a scorpion is on the bull's genitals; Mithrus is always looking back and up toward the sun god Sol; two torch bearors on either side, one with torch up (light) and other with torch dow (dark)-->zoro asteroism; scene is often flanked with astrological signs
84.

The temple of Apollo

6th century; in Pompeii; the oldest cult in the city; the temples underneath it go back to the 9th century; renovated in the 1st century BC so it looks more Roman; awkward space behind it that the Romans try to fill in by enlarging the columns; statues of Apollo and Diana with their bows on either side of the temple, made of bronze

172.

Temple of Fuastina the elder and Antoninus Pius

141-161 CE; Antoninus Pius builds it for Faustina the elder, but also intending it to be for himself, building his own temple, hasn't been don before; , high podium, was burried in 20ft of silt; made of gabine tuffa (fireproof); in the middle ages, ppl dug out all the iron clamps; originally to just Faustina-->new step in the agrandisement of women
85.

Temple of Isis

In Pompeii; wall paintings that depict Isis as Roman instead of North African; a mystery cult, not for the public and not run by the state; trap doors in the floor for the priests to appear mysteriously; roman-style temple; made of brick covered with stucco; donated in the name of a 6-yr old boy (in anticipation of him entering the cult)
151.

Temple of Olympian Zeus temple of the deified Claudius The Temple of Venus and Roma

in Athens; finished by Hadrian; started in the 7th cen BC and was never finshed; one of the fist to use corinthian capitols; falls down shortly after being finished (earthquake) 75CE; erected by Vespasian; right next to the Ludus magnus; in the rustication style--Claudius' own style

46.

157.

dedicated in 135 CE; a back-to-back temple; Roma faces the city and Amor faces the Coloseum; the Via Sacra goes right by it-->ideal location, every parade has to pass/see it; one of the highest podiums of any Roman temple because they needed to level the ground out, on a hill; cult statues of the goddesses were too big for their cellae; the remains we have are from Maxentias; one of the only peripteral temples in Rome; the new enterance to the forum
47.

Temple of Vespacian Tepdarium

79-87CE; erected after Vespasian dies of old age ;in the Roman Forum; symbols of Vespasian's religious piety rather than his rule The warm (but not hot) bath in the Roman baths

73.

123.

Testudo Thermopolia

AKA the tortoise; a military formation you use your shields as a cover over your back and sides as you approach the walls as a city, overlap them with the other soldiers' swords

79.

Most popular restaurants in Pompeii; on every corner; inset pots in the counter to hold sauces; sauces cover up the rancidity of the meat garum sauce (fish guts); where the people who lived in apartments ate everyday because they didn't have stoves
45.

thracian

a type of heavily armed gladiator, had a murmillo on helmet (a fish head)

48.

Titus

rules after Vespasian (his son); 79-81BC; gets sick and dies very quickly, uses veristic portraiture but with idealized body; a statue of him in the shrine of Augustus
139.

Torlonia relief

190-225CE; from the Severun period; offloading wine from a ship; an evil eye carved in as an apotropaic device; Bachus/Dionisus floating up top as god of wine/protective deity; a statue of Poseidon in the middle (may have actually existed); a ship coming in to harbor, a man and wife on it both making a sacrifice first time we see a woman making a sacrifice; the protective god of the lighthouse (wearing a faros on her head); a triumphal arch with a man with a scepter topped with a human head (carved) on top, riding a chariot of elephants we don't know who he is (only Domitian had this type of scepter, but unlikely he'd be in a Severun relief)

107.

Trajan

98-117 CE; the first non-Italic emperor; he's Spanish; his full name=Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus; not a youth when he's adopted; very successful general; portraits show static/helmet-like hair, classicizing to move away from the Flavians; does a lot for Southern Italy
125.

Trajan's markets

100-112 CE; removed an entire hill to make room for it, engineering feat; column there marks the height of the hill; just behind the forum; designed by Apollodorus; built entirely out of brick, except some storefronts were bordered with marble; roads around the forum and within the marketplace; terraced, different levels because built into the remaining side of the hill; roads on all three levels; uses groin vaults; clerestory; one street=Via Biberatica (modern name), where all the taverna and thermopolia are; paved with black basalt stones; where spices are sold; the highest level; reminiscent of the temple of fortuna b/c hemicycles, into side of a hill
111.

Trajan's military victories travertine Trimphal arch of Trajan

Against the Parthians and the Dacians; on the second of the Dacian victory coins, Dacia is portrayed as fertility to show that being conquered will be good for the Dacians a local, white limestone; very hard; facade on the Coliseum

35. 119.

how you enter the Imperial forum; covered in conquered individualized Dacian statues, heads bowed, hand clasped in front; Dacians made of foreign marble, paronazetto, purple, from Turkey to stress otherness; Trajan in a quadriga on top
175.

ustrinum

the funeral pier

39.

velabrum/ velaria

sails/awning that spread over the seating section of the Coliseum to shade the spectators; winching mechanisms on the ground outside; a group of sailors stationed in Rome just to work these sails; very important to keep the audience comfortable
24.

Vespacian

veristic, wrinkles, bald; his portraits put his old/veristic head on a perfect, young body-->discordant image, inheroic nudity, suported by his cuirass; very successful general, especiallt in Judea
32.

Vespacian's building pogram

core=Forum Pacis (AKA Templum Pacis), an imperial forum-->72 CE; a temple, but also a museum to show off the spoils of the Jewish wars; where the arc of the covenant stayed until the 4th cen AD when Rome was sacked; a parc in front for the people; trying to follow in Augustus' footsteps (Pacis) but no statue of Vespacian here because doesn't want to seem like Nero
51.

Vesuvius erupts Via Appia Via Traiana

79 AD Refurbished by Trajan Built by Trajan as a more direct route to Southern Italy than the Via Appia; uniform paving stones; issues a coin commemorating it

114. 115.

112.

Victory monument at Adamklissi

112CE; Trajan's; has a big trophy on top; a column on top of a big, cylindrical drum; metopes all over the drum; Datians are shown wearing pants, carved by local/conquered artists; built in the land of the conquered; a metope of rams to show that Dacia has reverted back to normal/peace/farming
89.

Villa of the Mysteries

A suburban villa on the outskirts of Pompeii; a huge fresco (one of the biggest one we have) that depicts scenes of the initiation into the cult of Dionisis; reserved for women, the only religious ceremony where women are allowed in; a drunk, lounging Dionisis, a demon whipping a naked girl, a satyr spying on the ritual, we really don't know what most of this means; the whole villa is closely associated with wine and grapes (but only for private use, not subsistence farming)
153.

Vindolanda

a famous Roman camp along Hadrian's wall; set up like a Roman town; one of the largest camps; in Northern England; soldiers were permanently stationed there, had wives in teh nearby town even though weren't technically allowed to marry while in service; soil=excelent preservation of letters b/w couples, childrens' shoes, etc not carved all the way around, only on the front and sides-->meant to be seen from the front only, against a wall, a frontal approach; defining characteristic=one continuous narrative; e.g. shows hercules aging as time goes on 20 BC; AKA the wailing wall; part of Herrod's second temple; where people come to mourn and pray; Roman built in Opus Quadratum Under Trajan

210.

western sarcophagus The western wall When is the roman empire the biggest? Where is Septimus Severus from? wilificans the year of four emperors Year of the Five emperors

29.

110.

224.

Leptis Magna, Libya, Africa

13. 22.

when someone is shown under a billowing cloak (rainbow/arched shaped) 68-69 CE; a bit of a civil war after Nero dies between Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespacian; Vespacian wins and starts the Flavian dynasty 193 CE; Pertinax, Didius Julianas, Clodius Albinus, Prescennius Niger, and Septimus Severus all fighting to see who will be emperor; S. Severus wins

216.

200.

zoro asteroism

the battle between good and evil