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Auto-ID Center
! International in ustry-sponsore research center ! MIT" Cam#ri ge $ni%ersity" an $ni%ersity of A elai e ! Design" e%elop" an eploy large-scale fiel trials inclu ing &'ID projects
Overview
! ! ! ! &a io 're(uency I entification )&'ID* E+C System Security ,enefits an Threats 'uture
! &'ID &ea er
8 Transcei%er 8 Can rea an write ata to Tag
$ransponder
! Consist of microchip that stores ata an antenna ! Acti%e transpon ers ha%e on-tag #attery ! +assi%e transpon ers o#tain all power from the interrogation signal of rea er ! Acti%e an passi%e only communicate when interrogate #y transcei%er
$ransceiver
! Consist of a &' mo ule" a control unit" an a coupling element to interrogate tags %ia &' communication ! Also ha%e secon ary interface to communicate with #ac-en systems ! &ea s tags locate in hostile en%ironment an are o#scure from %iew
RFID
! ,asic components of &'ID system com#ine in the same manner ! All o#jects are physically tagge with transpon ers ! Type of tag use %aries from application to application ! +assi%e tags are most promising
RFID
! Transcei%ers are strategically place for gi%en application ! Access Control has rea ers near entrance ! Sporting e%ents ha%e rea ers at the start an finish lines
Inductive Couplin"
! $ses magnetic fiel to in uce current in coupling element ! Current charges the on-tag capacitor that pro%i es operating %oltage ! This wor-s only in the near-fiel of signal 8 up to c9):;f* meters
Inductive Couplin"
! <perating %oltage at istance d is proportional to flu= ensity at d ! Magnetic fiel ecreases in power proportional to 69d> in near fiel ! 'lu= ensity is ma= when R ? d@:" where R is ra ius of rea er1s antenna coil
$ransponder Communication
! &'ID systems generally use the In ustrial-Scientific-Me ical #an s ! In near fiel " communication is achie%e %ia loa mo ulation ! In far fiel " #ac-scatter is use . ,ac-scatter is achie%e #y mo ulating the ra ar-cross section of tag antenna
! $S regulations for D6/ MEF limit transaction time to G55 ms ! 7imit of state information
Codin"
! 7e%el Co es
8 .on-&eturn-to-Hero 8 &eturn-to-Hero
! Transition Co es
8 Manchester 8 Miller
Codin" Considerations
! Co e must maintain power to tag as much as possi#le ! Co e must not consume too much #an wi th ! Co e must permit the etection of collisions
!odulation
! &' communications typically mo ulate high fre(uency carrier signal to transmit #ase#an co e ! Three classes of igital mo ulation are ASI" 'SI" an +SI. ! ASI most common in 6>./J MEF loa mo ulation ! +SI most common in D6/ MEF #ac-scatter mo ulation
$a" Anti-Collision
! 7imite power consumption ! State information may #e unrelia#le ! Collisions may #e ifficult to etect ue to %arying signal strengths ! Cannot #e assume to hear one another
Al"orit m Classification
! +ro#a#ilistic
8 Tags respon in ran omly generate times 8 Slotte Aloha scheme
! Deterministic
8 &ea er sorts through tags #ase on tag-ID 8 ,inary tree-wal-ing scheme
Re"ulations 'ffect
! $S regulations on 6>./J MEF #an wi th offer significantly less #an wi th" so Aloha is more common ! D6/ MEF #an wi th allows higher #an wi th" so eterministic algorithms are generally use
$ e 'PC System
! System that ena#les all o#jects to #e connecte to the Internet #y a ing an &'ID tag to the o#ject ! E+C ! <.S ! SACA.T ! Transpon ers
$ e 'PC
! Electronic +ro uct Co e ! ID scheme esigne to ena#le uni(ue i of all physical o#jects ! <nly ata store on tag" since information a#out o#ject is store on networ! E+C acts li-e a pointer
$ e O0S
! ! ! ! <#ject .ame Ser%ice Directory ser%ice that maps E+S to I+ ,ase entirely on D.S At the I+ a ress" ata is store in KM7 an can #e accesse %ia ETT+ an S<A+
$ e O0S
! &e uces power an memory re(uirements on tag ! Transfer ata communication to #ac-en networ-" sa%ing wireless #an wi th ! Ma-es system more ro#ust ! &e uces siFe of microchip on tag
Savant
! System #ase on hierarchical control an ata management ! +ro%i es automate control functionality ! Manages large %olumes of ata ! Acts as a gateway for the rea er networ- to the ne=t higher le%el
Savant
! Transfers computationally intensi%e functionality from tag to powere system ! Any single point of failure has only local effect ! Ena#les entire system to #e scala#le since rea er su#-systems are a e seamlessly
RFID $ransponder
! Most numerous parts of system ! Most cost-sensiti%e part ! +rotocols esigne for 6>./J MEF an D6/ MEF fre(uencies ! Implement a passwor -protecte Self Destruct comman
Previous #or1
! Contact-less an constraine computational resource similar to smart car s ! Analysis of smart car security concerns similar to &'ID ! &'ID especially suscepti#le to fault in uction an power analysis attac-s
Security 2oals
! Tags cannot compromise pri%acy of hol ers ! Information shoul not #e lea-e to unauthoriFe rea ers ! Shoul not #e possi#le to #uil longterm trac-ing associations ! Eol ers shoul #e a#le to etect an isa#le tags they carry
Security 2oals
! +u#licly a%aila#le tag output shoul #e ran omiFe ! +ri%ate tag contents shoul #e protecte #y access control an encryption ! Spoofing tags or rea ers shoul #e ifficult
Possi%le solutions
! Erase uni(ue serial num#ers at point of sale 8 trac-ing still possi#le #y associating AconstellationsB of tags ! +u#lic -ey cryptography 8 too e=pensi%e ! Share -ey 8 if one tag is compromise " entire #atch is effecte
Future Researc
! De%elopment of low cost crypto primiti%es 8 hash functions" ran om num#er generators" etc. ! 7ow cost har ware implementation w9o computational loss ! A aptation of symmetric encryption an pu#lic -ey algorithms from acti%e tags into passi%e tags
Future Researc
! De%eloping protocols that ma-e tags resilient to power interruption an fault in uction. ! +ower loss graceful reco%ery of tags ! &esearch on smart car s an other em#e e systems