disegno

used during Renaissance, in practice meant drawing.

described the conceptualizing phase. all artists engaged in design as part of their creative activities. design was not yet considered a full-time profession.

William Addison Dwiggins

is credited with inventing the term graphic design in 1922 to describe his various activities in
printed communications, like book design, illustration, typography, lettering and calligraphy.

What is not DESIGN?

to design is to plan
for the fulfillment of human satisfaction.
Sydney A. Gregory, 1966.

Finding the right physical components of a physical structure.

Christopher Alexander, 1963.

Decision making, in the face of uncertainty, with high penalties for error.
Morris Asimow, 1962.

A goal-directed problem-solving activity.

Bruce Archer, 1965.

Simulating what we want to make before we make it as many times as may be necessary to feel confident in the final result.
P. J. Booker, 1964.

The use of scientific principles, technical information and imagination in the definition of a mechanical structure, machine or system to perform specified functions with the maximum economy and efficiency.
Geoffrey Bertram Robert Fielden, 1963.

Relating product with situation to give satisfaction.

Sydney A. Gregory, 1966.

The optimum solution to the sum of the true needs of a particular set of circumstances.
Edward Matchett, 1968.

The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibilities.

Page, 1966.

Changing existing situations into preferred ones.

Herbert Simon.

Design is the conscious effort to impose a meaningful order.

Victor Papanek.

Design is to initiate change in man-made things.

John Chris Jones.

Graphic Design

An electrician isnt an opinion former, but a graphic designer is. My argument is that all graphic designers hold high levels of responsibility in society. We take invisible ideas and make them tangible. Thats our job.
Neville Brody.

Graphic design is a visual language uniting harmony and balance, color and light, scale and tension, form and content. But it is also an idiomatic language, a language of cues and puns and symbols and allusions, of cultural references and perceptual inferences that challenge both the intellect and the eye.
Jessica Helfand.

Graphic design is a creative process that combines art and technology to communicate ideas. The designer works with a variety of communication tools in order to convey a message from a client to a particular audience.
AIGA.org

Graphic design is the activity that organizes visual communication in society. Quality in graphic design is measured by the changes it produces in the audience.
John Frascara.

Lucky Strike case

owing to its impeccable whiteness, the Lucky pack looks, and is, clean. It automatically denotes freshness of content and immaculate manufacturing.
Raymond Loewy, 1942.

...cleanliness and Americanness gave the Lucky Strike packet an American image, which ensured it a national market. A member of any ethnic group could identify Lucky Strike as an American cigarette by virtue of the packs conspicuous cleanliness, and perhaps, by purchasing a packet, instantly feel part of American culture. Adrian Forty

No design works unless it embodies ideas that are held common by the people for whom the object is intended.
Adrian Forty.

The double diamond design process model, Design Council, 2005.

9. Redesign/Reimplementation 8. Testing and Evaluation

1. Analysis and Investigation

7. Prototyping

2. Framing of a design brief

6. Developmental Work

3. Information Gathering

5. Choosing the Solution 4. Generation of Alternative Solutions

Design process model, Hutchinson, 1991.

Design process model, Chicago Architecture Foundation.

Design process model, Don Koberg and Jim Bagnall, The Universal Traveler, 1977.

User-Centered Design
a.k.a Human-Centered Design

User-centered design is an approach to design that grounds the process in information about the people who will use the product. The design processes focus on users through the planning, design and development of a product.

Diagram of a UCD process from the ISO 13407. Identify need for human-centered design

Specify context of use

Evaluate designs

System satisfies specified requirements

Specify requirements

Create design solutions

Specify the context of use: Identify the people who will use the product, what they will use it for, and under what conditions they will use it. Specify requirements: Identify any business requirements or user goals that must be met for the product to be successful.

Create design solutions: This part of the process may be done in stages, building from a rough concept to a complete design. Evaluate designs: The most important part of this process is that evaluation - ideally through usability testing with actual users - is as integral as quality testing is to good software development.

BIG-Brand Integration Group, 2002 What is your anti-drug?

Wire Design (http://www.wiredesign.com/page/selected_ projects/wire_design/0,0,0,0.html)

Case studies

Define design problem Is the problem significant? Can visual communications contribute to its reduction?
Yes

No

Define causes of the problem Define target audience Begin divergent research Visually research target Gather quantitative data Enhance Design Problem Agree design objectives
plan and implement ways to measure this

Gather qualitative data

Agree channels of distribution Are channels an affordable and effective way to reach the target audience?
Yes No

Design prototype graphics Test on members of the target Are graphics appropriate?
Yes No

Test in small scale environment Re-evaluate the design objectives

No

Was the test successful?

Yes

A design process model Ian Noble & Russell Bestley, Visual Research: An Introduction to Research Methodologies in Graphic design, 2005.

Recommend improvements

Stage 4

Measure effectiveness

CONVERGENCE

Roll out full scale

TRANSFORMATION

Stage 3

DIVERGENCE

Stage 2

DEFINITION

Stage 1

The only important thing about design is how it relates to people.

Victor Papanek.

I never design a building before Ive seen the site and met the people who will be using it.
Frank Lloyd Wright.

Paul Bennet, Design in the Details http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_bennett_finds_design_in_the_ details.html.