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ENCE 461 Foundation Analysis and Design

Spread Footings Geotechnical Design

Topics in Geotechnical Design

Design for Downward Concentric Loads Design for Eccentric or Moment Loads Lightly Loaded Footings and Presumptive Bearing Pressure

Footings on rock

Footings on or Near Slopes

Design for Downward Concentric Loads

Depth of Embedment

Must be large enough to accomodate the required footing thickness Depth is measured either from the ground surface or the lower surface of a slab

Minimum Depth Square and Rectangular Footings

Load P, kips Minimum D, in. 0-65 12 65-140 18 140-260 24 260-420 30 420-650 36 Load P, kN Minimum D, mm 0-300 300 300-500 400 500-800 500 800-1100 600 1100-1500 700 1500-2000 800 2000-2700 900 2700-3500 1000

Minimum Depth Continuous Footings

Load P/b, kips/ft 0-10 10-20 20-28 28-36 36-44 Minimum D, in. 12 18 24 30 36 Load P/b, Minimum D, mm kN/m 0-170 300 170-250 400 250-330 500 330-410 600 410-490 700 490-570 800 570-650 900 650-740 1000

Situations which Require Greater Embedment Depths

Upper soils are loose or weak, or of unknown fill Soils prone to frost heave Soils are expansive Soils are prone to scour Footing is located at the top of a slope, where there is any possibility of a landslide

Situations Where a Maximum Depth Should be Specified

Potential undermining of existing foundations, streets, utility lines, etc. Presence of soft layers beneath a harder and stronger near-surface soils; desire to support footings in upper stratum (careful!) Desire to avoid working below the groundwater table Desire to avoid the expense of excavation shoring, needed for many footings more than 1.5 m (5') deep

Footing Width

Changing the width of the footing is the most common method by which the bearing capacity (and resistance to settlement) is designed to Increasing B causes the bearing pressure to decrease Since settlement and consolidation generally govern the design and sizing of footings, this analysis must be performed in addition to analysis for bearing capacity failure

Design for Eccentric or Moment Loads

Certain situations require that the load of the foundation not pass through its centroid Moments also produce a skewed bearing pressure on a foundation

Eccentric Load Example

Given

Foundation with two columns on one footing as shown Neglect weight of foundation FS = 3 B, L

Find

Eccentric Load Example

420 kips

Need to first determine the location and magnitude of the combined load of the columns for geotechnical purposes only

11.29'

Eccentric Load Example

Step 1: Develop preliminary values for the plan dimensions B and L.

L = 2 + 15 + 2 = 19' B = 2 + 2 = 4' Columns centred between the two long sides of the foundation

Eccentric Load Example

Step 2: Determine if the resultant of the bearing pressure acts within the middle third of the footing

Prelim.: 19' x 4'

For this design, middle third falls betwen 19/3 and 2*19/3 feet from the left, or 6.33' to 12.67'. Resultant at 11.29' falls in this region, so no soil liftoff

Equivalent Footing Procedure

Produce a smaller equivalent concentric footing with dimensions B' and L' according to the following formulas

B' = B 2eB L' = L - 2eL

Equivalent Footing Procedure

(NAVFAC DM 7.02)

Eccentric Load Example

Step 3: Determine the equivalent concentric footing using the procedure described:

B' = B = 4' (no eccentricity in B direction) eL = 11.29 19/2 = 11.29 9.5 = 1.79' L' = L 2eL = 19 (2)(1.79) = 15.42'

Prelim.: 19' x 4'

Eccentric Load Example

Step 4: Compute an equivalent bearing pressure

Prelim.: 19' x 4'

P W f q equ
u D B'L' 420 q equ
0 415.42 q equ
6.81 ksf

Eccentric Load Example

Compare qequ with the allowable bearing pressure qa

For clay, use FS = 3 (problem statement) Allowable column load = 189 kips < 420 kips
February 1, 2002 Illustration 13-5 Results Units of Measurement E SI or E Foundation Information Shape B= L= D= Soil Information c= phi = gamma = Dw = Factor of Safety F= Terzaghi Bearing Capacity q ult = n/a lb/ft^2 qa= n/a lb/ft^2 Allowable Column Load P = Err :502 k Vesic 9,179 lb/ft^2 3,060 lb/ft^2

Date Identification Input

RE SQ, CI, CO, or RE 4 ft 15.42 ft 0 ft

189 k

1700 lb/ft^2 0 deg 120 lb/ft^3 100 ft

Eccentric Load Example

Solution 1: Keep the length at 19' and increase the width until the desired bearing capacity is met

B = 8.5' for L = 15.42'

February 1, 2002 Illustration 13-5 Results Units of Measurement E SI or E Foundation Information Shape B= L= D= Soil Information c= phi = gamma = Dw = Factor of Safety F= Terzaghi Bearing Capacity q ult = n/a lb/ft^2 qa= n/a lb/ft^2 Allowable Column Load P = Err :502 k Vesic 9,675 lb/ft^2 3,225 lb/ft^2

Date Identification Input

RE SQ, CI, CO, or RE 8.5 ft 15.42 ft 0 ft

423 k

1700 lb/ft^2 0 deg 120 lb/ft^3 100 ft

Eccentric Load Example

Solution 2: Make the foundation concentric (L = 2 x 11.29 = 22.58') and size B accordingly

For L = 22.58', B = 6.1'

February 1, 2002 Illustration 13-5 Results Units of Measurement E SI or E Foundation Information Shape B= L= D= Soil Information c= phi = gamma = Dw = Factor of Safety F= Terzaghi Bearing Capacity q ult = n/a lb/ft^2 qa= n/a lb/ft^2 Allowable Column Load P = Err :502 k Vesic 9,197 lb/ft^2 3,066 lb/ft^2

Date Identification Input

RE SQ, CI, CO, or RE 6.1 ft 22.58 ft 0 ft

422 k

1700 lb/ft^2 0 deg 120 lb/ft^3 100 ft

Lightly Loaded Footings and Presumptive Bearing Pressures

Lightly loaded footings are those which meet the following criteria:

Square, circular, or rectangular footings subjected to vertical loads less than 200 kN (45 kips) Continuous footings subjected to vertical loads less than 60 kN/m (4 kips/ft)

Include typical one and two-story wood frame buildings and other similar structures A conservative approach; normally easier in these cases to design a conservative structure than to perform the analysis

Presumptive Bearing Pressures Rock

Allowable Bearing Pressure Tons Per sq ft Type of Bearing Material Consistency In Place Range Recommended Value for Use 80.0 Massive crystalline igneous and metamorphic rock: granite, dio rite, basalt, gneiss, thoroughly Hard, sound rock cemented conglomerate (sound condition allows minor cracks). Foliated metamorphic rock: slate, schist (sound Medium hard condition allows minor cracks). sound rock Sedimentary rock; hard cemented shales, Medium hard siltstone, sandstone, limestone without cavities. sound rock Weathered or broken bed rock of any kind except highly argil laceous rock (shale). RQD less than 25. Soft rock

60 to 100

30 to 40 15 to 25 8 to 12

35.0 20.0 10.0 10.0

Compaction shale or other highly argillaceous Soft rock 8 to 12 rock in sound condition. Notes:
Strength of the concrete may govern design with rock bearing foundations.
Beware of sinkholes when designing foundations on limestone (karst topography.)

Presumptive Bearing Pressures Sands

Allowable Bearing Pressure Tons Per sq ft Type of Bearing Material Well graded mixture of fine and coarsegrained soil: glacial till, hardpan, boulder clay (GW-GC, GC, SC) Consistency In Place Range Recommended Value for Use 10.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.5 1.5

Very compact

8 to 12 6 to 10 4 to 7 2 to 6 4 to 6 2 to 4 1 to 3 3 to 5 2 to 4 1 to 2

Very compact Gravel, gravel-sand mixtures, boulder gravel Medium to compact mixtures (SW, SP, SW, SP) Loose Very compact Coarse to medium sand, sand with little gravel (SW, SP) Medium to compact Loose Very compact Fine to medium sand, silty or clayey medium Medium to compact to coarse sand (SW, SM, SC) Loose

Presumptive Bearing Pressures Clays and Silts

Allowable Bearing Pressure Tons Per sq ft Type of Bearing Material Consistency In Place Medium to stiff Soft Range Recommended Value for Use 4.0 2.0 0.5 3.0 1.5 0.5

Very stiff to hard 3 to 6 Homogeneous inorganic clay, sandy or silty clay (CL, CH) 1 to 3 .5 to 1

Very stiff to hard 2 to 4 Inorganic silt, sandy or clayey silt, Medium to stiff 1 to 3 varved silt-clay-fine Sand Soft .5 to 1

Presumptive Bearing Pressures Notes

Compacted fill, placed with control of moisture, density, and lift thickness, has allowable bearing pressure of equivalent natural soil. Allowable bearing pressure on compressible fine grained soils is generally limited by considerations of overall settlement of structure. Allowable bearing pressure on organic soils or uncompacted fills is determined by investigation of individual case. If tabulated recommended value for rock exceeds unconfined compressive strength of intact specimen, allowable pressures equals unconfined compressive strength.

Typical Minimum Footing Dimensions

Footings on or Near Slopes

Two methods of solution

Use Vesi
's g factors NAVFAC-McCarthy Solution

Not a desirable situation, but in some cases a necessary one

Foundation near slope Foundation on slope

NAVFACMcCarthy Method

from Vesi
's method

NAVFAC-McCarthy Method

Parameters to consider

Cohesive vs. cohesionless soils

Cohesive soils
N
q = 1 Assume D = B/2 Determine Ncq from charts If B < H, assume stability number No or Ms = 0 If B > H, No or Ms =
H/c; other criteria as shown

Cohesionless soils, Ncq = 0

Using slope angle  and soil friction angle , determine N
q from charts

NAVFAC-McCarthy Method

Parameters to consider

Location of foundation relative to slope

Foundation on level ground behind slope: use Case I charts Foundation on slope: use Case II charts If dw is < D, use submerged weight of soil If dw > D + B, use moist weight If D < dw < D+B, interpolate unit weight of soil Method developed specifically for continuous foundations For non-continuous foundations, multiply level ground capacity by ratio of sloped ground capacity to level ground capacity for continuous foundations

Location of groundwater table

Continuous vs. non-continuous foundations

NAVFAC-McCarthy Method
Cohesionless Soil Cohesive Soil

NAVFAC-McCarthy Method

Cohesionless Soil

Cohesive Soil

Example of Footings on Slopes

Given

Bearing wall for warehouse Located close to slope Size of strip footing to be provided, ignore weight
4.5 kips/ft wall length 60 2'

Find

20' 7' clay unit weight = 100 pcf shear strength = 1 ksf

? 20'

2'

Example of Footings on Slopes

Need to find b/B (No = 0)

Example of Footings on Slopes

Curve used

For this problem, b = 7 B/2 Construct both geometrical and bearing capacity factor relationships into one spreadsheet

Example of Footings on Slopes

b b/B 2 0.2 2.5 0.28 3 0.38 3.5 0.5 4 0.67 4.5 0.9 5 1.25 5.5 1.83 6 3 6.5 6.5 B Ncq qult 10 4.4 4.6 9 4.5 4.7 8 4.6 4.8 7 4.9 5.1 6 5 5.2 5 5.3 5.5 4 5.7 5.9 3 6.2 6.4 2 6.9 7.1 1 7 7.2 FS 10.22 9.4 8.53 7.93 6.93 6.11 5.24 4.27 3.16 1.6

qult = cNcq +
DN
 N
     

Example of Footings on Slopes

Check using Vesi
's method

Capacity without slope is shown below gc = 1 60/147 = 0.59 gq = g
= (1 tan (60))2 = 0.54
February 1, 2002 Illustration 13-6 Results Units of Measurement E SI or E Foundation Information Shape B= L= D= Soil Information c= phi = gamma = Dw = Factor of Safety F= Terzaghi Bearing Capacity q ult = 5,900 lb/ft^2 qa= 1,967 lb/ft^2 Allowable Wall Load P/b = 4 k/ft Vesic 7,396 lb/ft^2 2,465 lb/ft^2

Date Identification Input

CO SQ, CI, CO, or RE 2 ft ft 2 ft

5 k/ft

1000 lb/ft^2 0 deg 100 lb/ft^3 100 ft

Example of Footings on Slopes

Since both factors are between 0.5 and 0.6, assume Vesi
level ground capacity should probably be doubled so that Q = 9 kips/ft Use B = 4.5'
Date Identification Input Units of Measurement E SI or E Foundation Information Shape B= L= D= Soil Information c= phi = gamma = Dw = Factor of Safety F= February 1, 2002 Illustration 13-6 Results Terzaghi Bearing Capacity q ult = 5,900 lb/ft^2 qa= 1,967 lb/ft^2 Allowable Wall Load P/b = 9 k/ft Vesic 6,254 lb/ft^2 2,085 lb/ft^2

CO SQ, CI, CO, or RE 4.5 ft ft 2 ft

9 k/ft

1000 lb/ft^2 0 deg 100 lb/ft^3 100 ft

Required Footing Setbacks

For example problem: H/3 = 20/3 = 6.67' from 45 degree line

Homework Set 2

Textbook Reading

McCarthy

Chapter 13, pp. 514-518 Chapter 14, pp. 561-597

Coduto: Chs. 8, 9, & 10 (optional) McCarthy: 12-7, 13-19, 13-22, 13-24, 13-26 Problems to follow Due Date: 18 February 2002

Problems

Homework Set 2

A column carrying a vertical downward dead load and live load of 150 kips and 120 kips, respectively, is to be supported on a 3' deep square spread footing. The soil beneath this footing is an undrained clay with su = 3000 psf and a
= 117 pcf. The groundwater table is below the bottom of the footing. Compute the width B required to obtain a factor of safety of 3 against bearing capacity failure. Use either Terzaghi or Vesi
criteria and include the weight of the foundation. A three story wood-frame building is to be built on a site underlain by sandy clay. This building will have wall loads of 1900 lb/ft on a certain exterior wall. Using presumptive bearing pressures and the minimum depth table, compute the required width and depth of the footing. Show your final design in a sketch.

Homework Set 2

A 39" wide, 24" deep continuous footing supports a wall load of 12 kips/ft. This footing is underlain by a fine-tomedium sand with c' = 0, ' = 31, and
= 122 pcf. The groundwater table is currently at a depth of 10' below the ground surface, but could rise to 4' below the ground surface during the life of the project. The factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure must be at least 3. Using Terzaghi's method, is the design acceptable? Provide computations to justify your answer. Comment on any special considerations.

Homework Set 2

A W16x50 steel column with 27" square base plate is to be supported on a square spread footing. This column has a design dead load of 200 kips and a design live load of 120 kips. The footing will be made of concrete with f'c = 2500 psi and reinforcing steel with fy = 60 ksi. The soil has an allowable bearing pressure of 3000 psi and the groundwater table is at a great depth. Determine the required footing thickness, size the flexural reinforcement, and show your design in a sketch. The ASD load for determining the required footing width should be computed as shown in the equations given in class. The factored loads should be computed using the ACI load factors.

Homework Set 2

A 25 m diameter cylindrical water storage tank is to be supported on a mat foundation. The weight of the tank and its contents will be 50 MN and the weight of the mat wil be 12 MN. According to a settlement analysis conducted using techniques described elsewhere, the total settlement will be 40 mm. The groundwater table is at a depth of 5 m below the bottom of the mat. Using the pseudo-coupled method, divide the mat into zones and compute ks for each zone. Then indicate the high-end and low-end values of k that should be used in the analysis.

Questions?