Fundamentos de Compresores, Curvas Performance

Centrifugal
Compressors
© 2006 Dresser-Rand
Topics
Centrifugal Compressor Model

How a Centrifugal works / Energy Conversion
Centrifugal Flowpaths
Performance Curves
Operation Limits: Surge & Overload
Factors Affecting Compressor Performance
Operational Issues – Optimizing Compressor
Efficiency
Axially or Horizontally Split Compressor
Radially or Vertically Split Compressor
Radially Split with Shear Ring Heads
Shear
Ring
O-Rings
Retaining
Ring
Shear Rings & O-Rings
The Centrifugal Effect
Centripetal
Force
Momentum
Velocity &
Direction
Centrifugal
Reaction
Gas Velocity Increase
V3
V2
V1
Gas Impeller Exit Angle
Exit Path at
Rated Flow
Low Flow Exit Path
Exit Path Due to
Backward Curve
Tangent
Exit Path
•© 2004
© 2006
by Dresser-Rand
Centrifugal Action
Cover Blades Disk
TIP OF THE
IMPELLER
High Velocity,
Higher Pressure
Gas Outlet
EYE OF THE
IMPELLER
Low Velocity,
Low Pressure
Gas Inlet
Impellers
Manufacturing
• Cast
• Riveted Types
• Welded • Open
Two Piece • Semi-Enclosed
Three Piece • Enclosed
Cover Blades Disk
Hub
Polygon Fit Impeller Rotor Assembly
Centrifugal Action Diffusion Passage
Diffusion
Diffusion Passage
Passage
P2 P2
P1 P1
Shaft
Impeller Impeller
Diffusion Passage Cross-Sectional Area
Diffusion Diffusion
Passage Passage
Diffusion Passage Velocity Changes
V1 Diffusion
Diffusion Passage
Passage
V2 V2
V1
V1 V1
Shaft
Impeller Impeller
Pressure, Volume and Temperature
1 ft.
Gas = 1 ft.3
1 ft.
1 ft.
Temperature and Molecule Energy
Level
Greater Temperature =
Greater Energy =
Higher Pressure
Pressure, Volume and Temperature
1 ft.
Gas = 1 ft.3
1 ft.
1 ft.
Add Heat
What is a Stage of Compression?
Centrifugal Stage
Return Bend
Return Bend
Diffuser
Reduces Velocity
Increases Static Pressure
Return Channel
Impeller
Increases Velocity
Increases Static Pressure
Guide Vanes
Centrifugal Compressor Stage
Energy Conversion
P4,V4,T4
P5,V1,T5
P3,V1,T3
P5,V1,T5
P2,V4,T2
P1,V1,T1
P3,V1,T3
P3 P5 P7 P9
Balance
Piston
P1
Straight Thru or Series Flow
SS In SS Out
P5 P7
P3 P9
Balance
Piston
P1
Series Flow with Sidestreams
P3 P7 P9
P5 Balance
Piston
P1
Compound Flow
P3 P5 P3
P1 P1
Parallel or Double Flow
P5 P9
D Wall
P1 P5
D Wall
Back to Back Flow with No Cooler
Back-to-Back Flow without a Cooler
Second Section
First Section Discharge
Suction
Second Section
Division Wall Inlet
Cross-
First Section Over
Discharge
P5 P9
D Wall
P1 P5
D Wall
Back to Back Flow with a Cooler
Bridgeovers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bridgeovers
Bridgeovers
Bridgeover
Inlet Guides
Fit to
Diaphragm
Interstage Labyrinth
Seal Grooves
Diaphragm
Return
Bend
Diffusion
Passage
Return
Passage
Inlet Guide In Diaphragm
Outside Diameter
of Impeller
Interstage Seals
Impeller
Function
P3 P5
Diffuser
Diaphragm P4
Shaft P2 Diaphragm
Interstage Labyrinth
Laby Seals Seal Labyrinth
Seal
Labyrinth
Location Labyrinth P1
Seal
P3
Seal
Shaft Impeller Shaft Impeller
Spacer Spacer
Labyrinth Seals
Seal
Turbulence
- Low Flow
Seal
Shaft
Low High
Pressure Pressure
Seal with Shaft

Worn Teeth
Low High
Pressure Pressure
Shaft Wet Gas

Laminar - Condensate
Low High High Flow Deposits
Pressure Pressure
Hole Pattern Division Wall Seal with
Swirl Brake
This design makes the seal insentive to preswirl even if the shunt is lost,
which can occur during overload operation
Performance Curves
and
Surge Control
Performance Curves
Head Concept
Basic Components
Fixed/Variable Speed
Surge/Overload
Effects on Performance
Head Concept
Mechanical: The “work” (energy) developed to raise a
weight of 1 pound by a distance of one (1) foot. Expressed
in foot-pound (or equivalent Kgm or Nm);
Gas Compressors: “ work” done by the compressor /
amount of gas. The head expressed in feet, is the height to
which the gas could be lifted
Head Concept
The height to which the gas is lifted depends on the velocity
of the gas
For any given RPM, the head developed by the compressor
is fairly constant, independent of the gas nature.
Head is depending upon:
• Compressor geometry (i.e. no of stages, impeller diameters)
• Compressor speed
Z: Compressibility Factor
R: Gas Constant = 1545 / MW
Ts: Suction Temperature (°R)
M: r: Pressure Ratio (Pd / Ps)

M: Polytrophic Exponent
Head Concept – Example
Compressor Performance Curves illustrates the
operating range and flexibility of a given compressor
120%
Surge
% Head, Pressure, Pressure Ratio
110% Region
Design
Point
100%
105%
100%
90% 95%
90%
85%
80% Speed
Lines
70%
Overload
Region
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

% Inlet Capacity or Flow
Compressor Performance Curves
There are two types of curves that are generally required,
section and overall:
• section refers to an impeller or sequence of impellers between two
nozzles such that there is no pressure drop or temp reduction
between impellers
• overall refers to a complete compressor or compressor train
Note: a back-to-back unit with a crossover may often be considered a
two-section compressor; but with respect to performance curves, it is a
single section since no pressure drop or cooling is introduced between
the impellers
For single section compressors, the section curves and

overall curves are one in the same
Design Point is the point at which usual operation is
expected and optimum efficiency is . It is the point at which
the vendor certifies that performance is within the tolerance
120%
110%
Design
Point
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Rated Point is intersection on the 100 % speed line
corresponding to the highest flow of any operating point
120%
110%
Rated
Point
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Stability: the percent of change in capacity between the rated (design
point) capacity and surge (limit) point, all at constant speed, is measured as
the stability of the centrifugal compressor. Indicates the capability of the
centrifugal compressor to operate at less than design flow
120%
110%
Design
Point
100%
% Stability
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Turndown: the percent of change in capacity between the rated
(Design point) capacity and the surge (limit) point, all at constant head or
pressure is measured as turndown of the centrifugal compressor. Indicates
the capability of the centrifugal compressor to operate at less than design
flow 120%
110%
Design
Point
100%
90%
80% % Turndown
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Rise to Surge: the percent of change in discharge pressure between
the rated point and surge limit at constant speed. High RTS means the
compressor can accommodate a modest increase in discharge pressure
with a little change in flow
120%
110%
Design
% RTS Point
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Surge Phenomenon
At any given speed, there is minimum flow, below which, the
compressor cannot be operated in a stable condition. This
minimum flow value is called “surge “ point.
Surge is oscillation of the entire flow of the compressor
system and this oscillation can be detrimental to the machine.
Compressor surge may be evidenced by the following:
a) Excessive rotor vibration
b) Increasingly higher process gas temp
c) Rapid changes in axial thrust
d) Sudden changes in load
e) Audible sounds (if surge is severe)
Surge Description Resistance to Flow Causes
Pressure to Rise Which
Causes Flow to Decrease
Sudden Reversal of Flow
Slams Thrust Disc Against
120% Inactive Thrust Bearing
Surge
110%
Region
Design
Point
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Surge Description Resistance to Flow Causes
Pressure to Rise Which
Causes Flow to Decrease
Sudden Reversal of Flow
Slams Thrust Disc Against
120% Inactive Thrust Bearing
Surge
110%
Region
Design
Point Pressure Builds along the
100%
Design Curve Back
to the Design Point
90%
80%
Pressure Ratio Drops Low Enough
70% for Flow to Instantaneously
Build Back to the Design Curve
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Surge Control System
Input Signals Required
1 - Suction Flow
2 - Suction Pressure
3 - Discharge Pressure
Suction 2
Flow Element
Flow 1 Pressure PT Pressure PT
Transmitter FT Transmitter Transmitter Discharge
3
Recycle PC
SP
G D A AC G E
B I I OO B T
Valve U C MCH
Surge Control
I/P In the PLC
Surge Control on Performance Curves
Operating Point Control Line
Surge Line
120%
110%
100%
Pressure Ratio
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Suction Flow
Surge Control System
Input Signals Required
1 - Suction Flow
2 - Suction Pressure
3 - Discharge Pressure
Suction 2
Flow Element
Flow 1 Pressure PT Pressure PT
Transmitter FT Transmitter Transmitter Discharge
3
Recycle PC
SP
G D A AC G E
B I I OO B T
Valve U C MCH
Surge Control
I/P In the PLC
Surge Control on Performance Curves
Operating Point Control Line
Surge Line Backup Line
120%
110%
100%
Pressure Ratio
90%
80%
70%
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Suction Flow
Surge Control
Surge Controller Performance

Map
Suction
Flow Element
PT
PT
FT Discharge
To Vent
Blow Off PC
SP
G D A AC G E
B I I OO B T
Valve U C MCH
Surge Control
I/P In the PLC
Cooler
Suction
Flow Element
Flow Pressure PT Pressure PT
Transmitter
FT
Transmitter Transmitter Discharge
Recycle PC
SP
G D A AC G E
B I I OO B T
Valve U C MCH
Surge Control
I/P In the PLC
Surge – Damage of Compressor Internals
High axial displacement
Deformation due to high

temperature
Surge
The frequency of the surge cycle varies inversely with the
volume of the system
If the check valve is located near compressor discharge
nozzle, the frequency will be much higher than of a system
with a large volume in the discharge upstream of the check
valve
The higher frequency of the surge, the intensity will be
lower (i.e. few cycles / minute up to more than 20 cycles /
sec)
The intensity of the surge increases with gas density ,
pressure and lower temperature
Surge - Effects of Gas Composition
Best Efficiency point
E%
Heavy Gas (propane, propylene)
Medium Gas (air, nitrogen, natural gas)
Light Gas (Hydrogen reach gases, i.e.
hydrocarbon processing plants)
Surge points
Q
Surge - Effects of Gas Composition
Observations made in respect to the heavy

gas:
The flow at surge is higher;
The stage produces more head than
corresponding to medium gas / light gas
The right side of the curve turns downward
(approaches stonewall) more rapidly
The curve is flatter in the opening stage (small
RTS)
External Causes and Effects of Surge
Restriction in suction or discharge of system

Process changes in pressure, temperatures, or gas MW
Internal plugging of flow passages of compressor (fouling)
Inadvertent loss of speed
Instrument or control valve malfunction
Operator error
Misdistribution of load in parallel operation
Improper assembly of compressor (impeller overlap)
Restriction in Suction / Discharge
Parallel Operation
Typically, for parallel operation, the flow is not split evenly and one
section or compressor handles more flow than the other, but both
sections are required to make the same pressure ratio
Careful analysis of the pressure ratio curves is required to insure
satisfactory operation and suitable overall range
“similar pressure ratio curves”

• At the design flow, section (1) is
much more flow than of section (2)
• If the total flow is reduced 10%,
the compressor slows down to
maintain the same pressure ratio
• The flow to each section is
reduced 10% (dashed line) since
the pressure ratio curves have a
approximately the same rise
“different pressure ratio curves” (section 2 pressure ratio curve is
steeper than section 1)
• If the total flow is reduced 10% the compressor slows down to maintain
pressure ratio
• Section (1) reduces more than 10% ( about 12.5% - the dashed line)
since its curve is shallower
• Section (2) reduces less than 10% (about 5% - dashed line) since its
curve is steeper
• The two sections are now
operating at significantly different
portions of the curve and are now
handling a different percentage of
the total flow than they were at the
design point.
• Section (1) is nearing surge.
Further reduction in flow would
force section one into surge
• The difference in the curve
shape results in a reduced overall
range for parallel operation
Impeller Overlap with Diffuser
Positive overlap Nominal Non Desirable

Limited Desired Limited
It is preferable that no impeller shall have negative overlap

The negative overlap is limited to 5% of the impeller tip
Overload
120%
Surge
110% Region
Design
Point
100%
105%
100%
90% 95%
90%
85%
80% Speed
Lines
70%
Overload
Region
60%
60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Choke Limit
Choke is the maximum flow that a centrifugal compressor
can handle at a given speed. At that point, the compressor is
unable to produce any net overall pressure ratio.
The maximum flow region of the compressor performance
curve is where the gas speeds approach Mach 1
Gas compression is no longer occurring in the compression
channels. This region of the curve, as it becomes almost
vertical at the choke limit, is also know as “Stonewall”
Stonewall is usually not detrimental to the compressor, it
simply limits the maximum flow. If choke occurs at an off
design condition, the maximum volume flow can be increased
by increasing the rotational speed
Performance Curves – Inlet Gas
Condition Effects
Performance Curves – Inlet Gas
Condition Effects
Factors Affecting Compressor
Performance
MW & Head - If MW increases, the head for a given ratio will decrease
in direct proportion
Temp & Head - If the Ts increases, the head for a given ratio will
increase in direct proportion
Zave & Head - If the average compressibility increases, the head will
increase in direct proportion
N and Head - If speed increases, the head will increase in direct
proportion
BHP and Head - If Head increases, the BHP will increase in direct
proportion
Flow and Speed - If the speed increases, the flow will increase in direct
proportion
Factors Affecting Compressor
Performance
N & BHP - If the speed increases, the BHP will increase in
proportion to the cube of the speed. (Because flow increases
directly as speed and head increases as the square of the
speed and BHP is the product of head X mass flow)
Density - The only thing a compressor impeller sees is inlet
capacity. Thus to get more capacity out of an existing
compressor it is necessary to change the density of the inlet
by:
• decreasing the suction temperature
• increasing the suction pressure
• increasing the MW of the gas
Compressor Off - Design Performance
Performance curves for axial and centrifugal
compressors are usually based on constant inlet
conditions (Ps, Ts, MW). In actual service, these
compressors rarely see these base curve conditions
exactly
If the field inlet conditions deviate more then 5% from
the curve inlet conditions then the field data can not be
accurately plotted on the curve without converting the field
data to curve conditions
To properly evaluate the compressor (running off
design), the performance parameters shall be corrected to
the design conditions
Allowable Variance for Inlet TZ / MW for
Acceptable Head Curve Accuracy
Operation Limitations
Compressor
Driver
Power
Process
Compressor Operation Issues-
Efficiency Drop
Internal recycle
Un-tuned Surge Control System
Leakage via by-pass valve(s) in process
Compressor operated out of “guaranteed
performance envelope”
Impeller & Diaphragm erosion
Fouling
Internal Recycle – Gap at the
diaphragm / guides splits
Internal Recycle – Gap at the
diaphragm / guides splits
Labyrinth Leakage
Leakage proportional to:
• ∆P
• Clearance
• Diameter
•1 / (No.Laby Teeth)0.5
Eye laby leakage is

approx. 10 times
spacer laby leakage
Eye Laby
Leakage
Spacer Laby
Leakage
Internal Recycle – Labyrinth Clearance
Process labyrinths can

be plugged by wet
particles in the gas flow
Shaft Spacer
Impeller Cover
Impeller Cover
PEEK Labyrinth
PEEK Physical Properties
GRADE COEF. TENSILE ELONGATION SPECIFIC
THERMAL STRENGTH (%) GRAVITY
EXPNSION (PSI)
(F)
Arlon CP 17 x 10 /-6 11,080 2.0 1.45
Torlon 18.8 12,900 6.6 1.44
4340
Fluorosint 19.4 1,100 10.0 2.32
500
Un- tuned Surge Control System
Recycle valve shall be calibrated at every planned S/D

• fast opening ( < 1 sec)
• total travel 0-100 %; 4 – 20 mA
• mechanical stop to coincide with 100 % close
Valve positioner shall match the command
FT instrument shall be calibrated at every planned S/D
Flow calculation block – correct constants, correct range
Fouling
… is the deposit and the non –uniform accumulation of
debris in the gas
Occurs due to carry over of liquids and debris from the
inlet suction scrubber
Polymerization may occur in wet gas and cracked gas
compressors applications if the temperature exceeds the
critical point beyond the polymerization process occurs
(235 F)
Fouling build up occurs usually on the impeller hub and
shroud. There is also a build up on the blades ( on the
pressure side)
Fouling
IGV partially clogged 1st stage impeller – hard deposits
Fouling Effects – Charge Gas
3M7 – Eroded Sleeves

Fouling Effects
April 25 '99 NPC Thai Fouling 9
Abrasive Scoring due to Fouling

Fouling Effects – Charge Gas
3M7 - Deterioration of stage clearances

Fouling Deposit Characterization
Scientifically characterization of the fouling deposits can
provide clear information about the actual cause(s) of the
problem(s) . Key deposit characterization includes:
1) Elemental Analysis - Chemical Composition (C, H, O, N, S)

2) Electron Microscopy Morphology – Microstructure composition
analysis components (asphaltene, oil, coke, and inorganic)
3) TGA (thermo gravimetric analyzer) - Thermal fractionation into
components
4) EDS (x-ray) Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy - Inorganic elements
5) X-RAY Diffraction - Inorganic compounds
Techniques to Prevent Fouling
Condition monitoring, both aerodynamic and

mechanical parameters
Process control
Online solvent injection
Coatings of Impellers and Diaphragms
Fouling - Condition Monitoring
(aerodynamic and mechanical parameters)
Monitor and trend the information regarding

process conditions
• MW
• Pressure
• Temperature
Vibration monitoring
• On line system
• Off line system
Condition Monitoring
Calculate and trend the compressor polytrophic

efficiency using the reference point (i.e. after
overhaul, revamp)
k − 1 log(Pd Ps )
ηp = ⋅
k log(Td Ts )
K – isentropic coefficient;
Cp , Cv – specific heat at constant pressure / volume
Condition Monitoring – DR RECON
Online System
Fouling - Process Control
Accurate control of process conditions can prevent

fouling ( for applications where polymers can be
formed)
Temperature control is the most important factor for

preventing polymer formations (i.e. Ethylene cracked
gas, Fluid catalytic cracker off-gas FSS)
Critical temperature above fouling occurs varies with

each process, compressor, application
Monitoring of process is required to establish the

temperature threshold for each case
Fouling – Online Fluid Injection
..injecting a small amount of solvent to reduce the friction
coefficient of the blade and impeller surface (maintain the
surface wet) thus preventing the fouling to build up on the
surface
The injection shall be done from the start (new equipment /
overhauled) , if not the fouling deposit could be dislodged
and moved downstream (blockage)
Injection objective is to prevent fouling accumulations, not
to provide on line cleaning of the impeller / blade
Non continuous solvent injection program will allow the
impeller / blade to dry and promote fouling
Fouling – Online Fluid Injection
Critical factors that ensure fouling will not form:
• Type of injection spray nozzles
• Location of the spray nozzles
• Selection of solvent
Solvent vapor pressure and internal comp
temperatures is necessary to determine if stage
or section solvent injection is applicable
Typically amount of solvent injection is 1-2 % of
total mass flow. Excessive injection could erode
leading edge blade tips, causing impeller fatigue
Online Fluid Injection
Solvent injection:
• Purpose is to maintain a wet surface to prevent fouling material
sticking (typically Naphtha based solvent)
• Injected at suction pipe of each section (Spool piece)
• Injected at compressor return bends regardless gas temperature
• 0.5 to 1.0% of total gas weight flow at each section is effective, but not
exceed 3% of total gas weight flow
H2O injection:
• Purpose is to reduce gas temperature ( by evaporation of water)
• Injected at return bends where discharge gas temperature is high
• Demi water (boiler feed water), with low oxygen content is
recommended. Filters to be installed at upstream of spray nozzle to
prevent clogging
Fluid Injection at Suction Nozzle
Fluid Injection at Return Bend
Online Fluid Injection
F Flowmeter Water Injection Nozzle
Solvent
PG Pressure Gauge Water Injection Connecting
Injection H2O
Piping (By Customer)
Valve Tank Tank
Optional Solvent Injection Nozzle
BFW Pump Optional Solvent Injection (Optional)
(By Customer) Connecting Piping (By Customer)
>20
kg/cm2
BFW PUMP
F F F F F F
PG PG PG PG PG PG
“A”
“A” F F F F F F F
Stg Stg Stg Stg Stg Stg PG PG PG PG PG PG PG
1 2 3 1 2 3
Sect 1 4M7-6 Sect 2 Stg Stg Stg Stg Stg Stg Stg
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
Sect 3 2M9-7 Sect 4
“B” “B”
F F
F F PG PG
PG PG
Coatings - Purpose
Prevent the base metal from external attack

Protect the blades against oxidation, corrosion, and
cracking problems
Extend the life of the impeller (protect the blades by being
sacrificial by allowing coating to be restripped and recoated)
Improve surface smoothness in order to reduce:
• friction in lieu of solvent injection

• erosion on compressor blades
Engineered Coatings – “Cold Coatings”
…. A Sacrificial Barrier Coating System with a Base
Coat and Multiple Topcoats
Benefits:
• Corrosion
a) Protection • Fouling
• Erosion
b) Improved Operation • Smoother Surface Finish

• Improved Resistance to Fouling
• Improved Efficiency
• Improved Reliability
D-R Corrosion / Antifoulant Coating
System EEC-C1
Hard Top Seal Coat
Sacrificial Base Coat
D-R Anti-foulant Coating System
EEC-A2 &A3
PTFE Top Coat

Barrier Coat
Sacrificial
Base Coat
Anti-Foulant Coating
EEC - A2
EEC - A3
Engineered Coatings – Thermal
Coatings
A metallic particle spray overlay applied by a High
Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) Process
Benefits:
• Dimensional Restoration
• Protection
• Wear
• Erosion
• Improved Wear Characteristics

Engineered Coatings – Thermal
Coatings
A metallic particle spray overlay applied by a High
Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) Process
Benefits:
• Dimensional Restoration
• Protection
• Wear
• Erosion
• Improved Wear Characteristics

HVOF Applied EEC - TC Coatings
Piston Rods
Impellers
Rotor Shafts
Coatings - SermaLon® Coating
The SermaLon coating system
consists of:
• Al-filled chromate/phosphate
bond coat;
• Intermediate high temperature
polymeric inhibitive coating
• PTFE impregnated topcoat
(provides a barrier against
corrosion and excellent resistance
to fouling)
The coating system provides excellent protection to 403 and 410

stainless substrates when exposed to corrosive steam conditions or
low pH wet chloride environments
Coatings - SermaLon® Coating
Advantages
Smooth surface finish and PTFE impregnated
topcoat contribute to performance recovery and
reduced fouling rate
Excellent bond strength
High resistance to corrosion fatigue
Applications
Centrifugal compressors exposed to
wet chlorides or excessive fouling
Steam turbine components exposed
to corrosive steam;
www.dresser-rand.com
info@dresser-rand.com

Fundamentos de Compresores, Curvas Performance

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Fundamentos de Compresores, Curvas Performance

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

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Centrifugal

 Centrifugal Compressor Model

Cover Blades Disk

Straight Thru or Series Flow

Series Flow with Sidestreams

Parallel or Double Flow

Back to Back Flow with No Cooler

Back to Back Flow with a Cooler

Seal with Shaft

Shaft Wet Gas

M: r: Pressure Ratio (Pd / Ps)

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

For single section compressors, the section curves and

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Surge Controller Performance

Deformation due to high

Observations made in respect to the heavy

 Restriction in suction or discharge of system

“similar pressure ratio curves”

Positive overlap Nominal Non Desirable

 It is preferable that no impeller shall have negative overlap

60% 80% 90% 100% 120%

Eye laby leakage is

Process labyrinths can

 Recycle valve shall be calibrated at every planned S/D

IGV partially clogged 1st stage impeller – hard deposits

3M7 – Eroded Sleeves

April 25 '99 NPC Thai Fouling 9

Abrasive Scoring due to Fouling

3M7 - Deterioration of stage clearances

1) Elemental Analysis - Chemical Composition (C, H, O, N, S)

Condition monitoring, both aerodynamic and

 Monitor and trend the information regarding

Calculate and trend the compressor polytrophic

 Accurate control of process conditions can prevent

 Temperature control is the most important factor for

 Critical temperature above fouling occurs varies with

 Monitoring of process is required to establish the

 Prevent the base metal from external attack

• friction in lieu of solvent injection

b) Improved Operation • Smoother Surface Finish

Hard Top Seal Coat

Sacrificial Base Coat

PTFE Top Coat

• Improved Wear Characteristics

• Improved Wear Characteristics

 The coating system provides excellent protection to 403 and 410

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

Centrifugal Compressor Model

For single section compressors, the section curves and

Restriction in suction or discharge of system

It is preferable that no impeller shall have negative overlap

Recycle valve shall be calibrated at every planned S/D

Condition monitoring, both aerodynamic and

Monitor and trend the information regarding

Calculate and trend the compressor polytrophic

Accurate control of process conditions can prevent

Temperature control is the most important factor for

Critical temperature above fouling occurs varies with

Monitoring of process is required to establish the

Prevent the base metal from external attack

The coating system provides excellent protection to 403 and 410