MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Deforming force
When an external force is applied on a body, it can change its size or shape or both. Such a force is called deforming force Elasticity If a body regains its original size and shape, on the removal of the deforming force, it is called elastic and the property is called elasticity. Examples: quartz, metals etc.

i.

Tensile Stress If there is an increase in the length or the extension of the body in the direction of the force applied, the stress developed is called tensile stress.

Plasticity
If a body does not regains its original size and shape, on the removal of the deforming force, it is called plastic and the property is called plasticity.

ii.

Here, l = Original length l = Increase in length Compressive Stress If there is a decrease in the length or the compression of the body due to the force applied, the stress developed is called compressive stress.

Examples: putty, wet mud, plasticine etc. Stress The restoring force acting per unit area is called stress.

Stress=
S.I unit = Nm2 or Pascal Dimensional formula = .

Types of Stress
I. Normal Stress when the restoring force acts perpendicular to the area, the stress is called normal stress.

Here, l = Original length l = Increase in length II. Tangential or Shearing Stress When a deforming force acting tangentially to the surface of a body produce a change in the shape of the body, then the stress developed is called tangential

Normal stress (longitudinal stress) can be sub-divided into the following categories:

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stress.

Volumetric Strain =

Strain Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension. Strain = III. It is a dimensionless quantity. Shearing Strain An angle (in radian) through which a plane perpendicular to the fixed surface of the cubical body gets turned under the effect of a tangential force.

Types of Strain
I Longitudinal Strain (Tensile or Linear starin) If the deforming force produces a change in length, the strain produced in the body is called longitudinal strain. Longitudinal Strain =

Shearing Strain =

II Volumetric Strain If the deforming force produces a change in volume alone, the strain produced in the body is called longitudinal strain.

 Hooke's Law

Proportional region
In this region (OA) stress is proportional to strain (Hooke's law), (i.e materials shows elastic behaviour). So the stress-strain graph is a straight line.

It is the basic law in elasticity With in elastic limit, stress and strain are proportional to each other Stress strain Stress = k strain Where, k is the proportionality constant, and is known as the modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity depends on (i) (ii) Nature of the material of the body. Temperature.

Elastic limit ( Yield Point)

Elastic limit is the maximum stress that can be applied without causing permanent deformation,

Plastic deformation
when the material does not regain its original dimension, it is said to have a permanent set, and the deformation is said to be plastic deformation. Stress-strain curve for elastomers A substance that can be elastically stretched to a large value of strain is called an elastomer.

It is independent of its dimensions (length, volume etc.) i.e K=

S.I unit = or Pascal (P) Dimensional formula = .

A typical Stress-strain curve for a metal:

They do not obey Hookes law, and always return to their original shape.

Elastic Moduli
Corresponding to the three type of strain, there are three types of modulus of elasticity Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (Y)

P = F/a B= Where, F - Force applied a - Volume of the object V - Original volume V - Change in volume Unit Nm2 or Pascal

Compressibility (k) Reciprocal

of bulk modulus of elasticity (B) i.e., k = 1/B Y= Rigidity Modulus or shear (G) G=

Y= Y= Where, F - Force applied r - Radius of the wire l - Original length l - Change in length Unit Nm2 or Pascal (denoted by Pa) Bulk modulus of elasticity (B) B=

Here, HAH = = GBG and HH = L Shearing strain = = Tangential stress = F/a G= Where, F - Force applied a - Area l - Original length l - Change in length Units Nm2 or Pascal

B= If P is the increase in pressure applied on the spherical body, then

Applications of Elastic Behaviour of Materials

The metallic parts of the machinery are never subjected to a stress beyond elastic limit; otherwise they will get permanently deformed. The thickness of the metallic rope used in the crane in order to lift a given load is decided from the knowledge of elastic limit of the material of the rope and the factor of safety. The bridges are designed in such a way that they do not bend much or break under the load of heavy traffic, force of strongly blowing wind, and their own weights.

he depression produced at middle point in the bar is given by,

Where, Y Youngs modulus W Load attached at its middle point l Length of the bar b Breadth of the bar d Depth supported horizontally In order to have smaller depression (), for a given load, l should be small while Y, b,and d should be large.