58-istam-sm-fp-30

Proceedings of 58th Congress of ISTAM (http://istam.iitkgp.ac.in) Held at : BESU Shibpur; Howrah, W.B. (www.becs.ac.in)

IDENTIFICATIONOFMATERIALPARAMETERSOFPULTRUDEDFRP COMPOSITEPLATESUSINGFINITEELEMENTMODELUPDATING
SubhajitMondalandSushantaChakraborty
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India

Abstract: An automatic inverse material property determination algorithm has been

implemented using finite element program and experimental modal testing using a gradient based inverse eigensensitivity method. The process depends upon the correlation between these two approaches to extract the in-plane elastic parameters from globally measured vibration responses of a pultruded FRP rectangular plate as specimen. The paper tries to formalise the entire process through a real experimental case study so that it can be used as a regular condition assessment and damage detection tool for pultruded FRP structures used in infrastructure application. Keywords: finite element model updating, composite laminate, experimental modal analysis, material parameter.

Introduction Apart from its usual weight sensitive aerospace applications, Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composite structures are now being rapidly deployed in infrastructural type of applications where cost and durability are more important. Most of this type of applications uses pultruded FRP sections. Moreover, fabrication of FRP is totally different from conventional metal structures, in the sense that the structural and material fabrications are a single process. Thus the finally achieved material properties still varies widely from the initial guess made from standard handbooks or from manufacturers average data. This makes considerable difference in finding the dynamic performances of such structures or while finding if the structure has developed any damage due to prolonged use. A large number of fabrication methods are in use in fabricating FRP structures for various applications, such as- autoclave moulding, resin transfer moulding, filament winding, pultrusion, out of which pultrusion process is mostly common in infrastructural applications. The pultrusion creates continuous profile, like beams, angles, tubes, plates etc by pulling raw constituent fibre and matrix through a shaping die and hot cured. With high fibre content and consistent quality and also due to the fact that the fibres are in tension while drawing, pultruded sections are much stronger and stiffer as compared to ordinary fabrication and preferred in construction industry. As such FRP pultruded sections has great application potentials where ordinary conventional materials like metals have serious problems, such as corrosion near sea shore etc. Investigators have proposed non-destructive techniques using finite element model updating to resolve this issue by estimating the average material constants from experimental modal tests data so that all subsequent analysis can be much relied upon, but the current literature provides only limited experimental case studies. This is especially true for pultruded sections deployed in infrastructural applications where such investigations perhaps are not existing. In addition to this, for infrastructural applications and long time existence of structures, nondestructive periodical health monitoring and condition assessment exercise is mandatory for pultruded FRP structures. The current investigation employs finite element analysis technique using ABAQUS, a real experimental modal testing and subsequent analysis using impact hammer type of excitation, correlates and updates the finite element model taking in-plane homogenised equivalent elastic parameters as the causes of discrepancies between these two models. Model updating
1

software FEMTools implements the inverse eigensensitivity method. Although automatic, the method is not straight forward and user intervention is needed in terms of application of weights in Bayesian environment. At last, the computed material constants are verified by actual quasi-static characterization tests in an UTM and the results are found to be encouraging. The main aim of the current investigation is to establish a complete experimental-numerical combined approach to estimate the material constants of pultruded FRP composite plate type of structures non-destructively from dynamic responses. The methodology demands very accurate measurement of natural frequencies and mode shape data from the directly measured frequency response functions. Literature Review The investigations to determine average in-plane material constants from dynamic testing date back to the mid-80s. The pioneer amongst them are Deobald and Gibson (1988), Frederiksen (1997) Etc. Deobold and Gibson (1988) used modal analysis and Rayleigh-Ritz technique to determine the material property orthotropic plate, they have identified that free free boundary condition is the best way to determine the elastic constant. More recently, Hwang et al. (2000) investigated for both thin and thick carbon epoxy composite plates. Joel et al. (2007) have used frequency and mode shape data to estimate properties of thick laminated composite plate. The approaches of finite element model updating have been summarised by the most referred paper of Mottershead and Friswell (1993). A very good literature survey regarding material property determination of FRP can be obtained from Rikards (2001) and Lauwagie (2005) and most recently from the paper of Ismail et al. (2013). Even then, the current literature is very scanty about the infrastructural application of finite element model updating. Experimental data for such inverse determination specific to pultruded section of FRP is perhaps non-existent. Mathematical Formulation and Numerical Implementation An eight nodded shell element (S8R) is used for the finite modelling of the composite plate in ABAQUS environment. A 12x12 mesh division was found to be adequate for proper discretization and is used throughout the present investigation. The finite element program requires initial values of all elastic parameters for modelling. These are selected tentatively from the manufacturers manual or from established handbooks. Apart from the in-plane elastic parameters, the finite element program also requires the transverse shear modulus (G13, G23) which is kept as 5.73E9 N/m^2, and Poissons ratio which is taken as 0.15 throughout the investigation specified. The mass density is assumed as 2120 kg/m^3, which were determined from actual physical measurement of similar samples. The basic eigen value problem of the vibrating plate can be expressed as

Ku = 2 Mu

(1)

Suitable changes are made to the initially guessed parameters {r} from the solution of the above equations and the finite element model of the pultruded FRP plate is updated following

Where K is the global stiffness matrix, M is the global mass matrix, U is the eigen-vector, The linearized first order approximation of the relationship between changes in measured modal properties (i.e. frequencies and mode shapes) and the changes in in-plane material constants of FRP composites (to be estimated) can be related through a sensitivity matrix as (2) {f } = [S ] {r}

{r}i +1 = {r}i + {r}i

(3)

The error between the experiment and finite element modelling is minimised in a weighted least square sense through this IEM. Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) which is defined as the measure of similarity or dissimilarity between two vectors is considered to check correlation between measured mode and numerical mode shape. MAC value equal to 1 indicate good correlation between two mode shapes. The entire methodology is explained through a flow chart in Fig. 1 and is self explanatory. The procedure stops when the error between the finite element model and the experiment falls below a predetermined small quantity.

InitialguessofParameter
Changein Parameters Experimentaleigenvaluesand eigenvectors

EigensolutionofFEmodel

CorrelationofMac,Eigendata

UpdateFEModel

Converged? Fig.1: Flow Chart of Model Updating Algorithm No Yes

Stop ConvergedValue

Experimental Investigation For this current work a rectangular pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composite plate of size 300 mm x 400 mm having thickness of 10 mm has been fabricated. Modal testing has been carried out by using Impact excitation from an Impact hammer (B&K force transducer IEPE 8206-002) and the responses were picked up by accelerometer. Both these digitised time signals were Fourier transformed in a B&K spectrum analyser 3560-GL4 and the Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) were estimated using the PULSE-LabShop modal testing software. The FRFs were then curve fitted using the MEScope VES modal

analysis software to extract the eigenvalues and mode shapes. Mode shapes are obtained upto 800 Hz frequency. Fig. 3(A) shows the Experimental setup for the modal testing. To obtain the material property from quasi static tensile test, FRP coupons as per ASTM standard (No.D3039/D3039M) has been performed. At least five nos. samples have been used for each of the parameters. Shear Modulus has been determine using 450 samples (Jones, 1998). Model updating to estimate material parameters Fig. 3(B) shows the experimentally and numerical obtained mode shapes. MAC value on the Fig. 2(B) shows good correlation between mode except 6th and 8th mode. The two modes are not used in updating. Table 1 shows the comparison and errors of different modes. Fig.2 (A) shows that transverse shear modulus and Poisson ration is very less sensitive.

Fig.2: (A) Sensitivity of Six Parameters (E1, E2, G12, G13, G23, 12), (B) MAC value

Fig. 3: (A) Experimental. Set Up for Modal Test, (B) Numerical and Experimental Modes

 Table 1: Comparison of Eigen Values after updating Mode No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Experimental Eigen values 162.81 255.84 417.42 480.98 574.8 658.95 709.67 743.51 Updated Eigen values 163.02 256.15 416.63 480.98 574.53 NA 709.34 NA % in Error 0.1 0.12 0.18 0.00 0.04 NA 0.04 NA

Fig.4:TypicalConvergenceCurveforE1

Fig.5: (A) Typical Convergence Curves for E2, (B) Typical Convergence Curves for G12 Table 2: Updated Parameters Trial: 1 Material Property Initial Value (GPa) 5.00 25.00 45.00 Trial: 2 Initial Value (GPa) 5.00 25.00 45.00 Trial:3 Initial Value (GPa) 2.00 10.0 20.00 Updated Parameter (GPa) Experimental Value (GPa)

E1 E2 G12

35.50 32.23 7.11

33.05 31.80 5.73

Fig. 4 and Fig.5 shows the converged elastic parameters from different initial values. Table 1 indicates that the eigenvalues of the updated model now matches exactly to the experimentally observed modal properties, thus establishing that the updated model is a proper representative model. The typical convergence curves which are monotonic from all initial values and only a few iterations are required for convergence. In case of in-plane shear modulus there is a little discrepancy between experimental result and updated results, though the updated response is well matched with the experimental one. This discrepancy may be due to the non availability of universal agreement on the best way to measure the shear properties (Jones, 1998). More number of samples should be used for characterization test to get proper average shear modulus. Moreover, updating of out of plane property and Poisson ratio and the modes of higher frequency range should be included to accurately predict the property of the composites Conclusion: The methodology can be replicated easily to correctly estimate the in-plane Youngs modulus of pultruded FRP sections non-destructively uniquely. The accuracy of the current methodology is verified by actual static testing. The present method can be implemented for condition assessment of composites from time to time on a long term basis conveniently. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Ismail, Z., Khov, H., and Li, W. L., Determination of material properties of orthotropic plates with general boundary conditions using Inverse method and Fourier Series, Measurement, 1169-1177, (2013). Joel Cugnoni, Thomas Gmur , Alain Schorderet, Inverse method based on modal analysis for characterizing the constitutive properties of thick composite plates, Computers and Structures, 85, 13101320,(2007). Lauwagie, Tom,Vibration-Based Methods for the Identification of the Elastic Properties of Layered Materials., Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of Leuven,(2005). Rikards, R., Chate, A. K., and Gailis, G., Identification of Elastic Properties of Laminates based on experiment Design, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 38, 50975115, (2001). Shun-Fa Hwang,Chao-Shui Chang, Determination of elastic constants of materials by vibration testing , composite structures, 49, 183-190, (2000). Frederiksen, P. S., Experimental procedure and results for the identification of elastic constants of thick orthotropic plates, Journal of Composite Materials, 31(4), 360382, (1997). Mottershead, J. E., and Friswell, M. I., Model Updating in Structural Dynamics: A Survey, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 167(2), 347375, (1993). Deobald LR, Gibson RF., Determination of elastic constant of orthotropic plate by modal analysis/Rayleigh-Ritz technique, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 124:269-283, (1988). Mechanics of Composite Materials, Robert M. Jones, Taylor & Francis(1998). ABAQUS/Standard Users Manual for Version 6.10. FEMtools Manual, Dynamic design solutions, Version 3.6.1. ASTM, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials, D3039/D3039M, (2008). MEscope VES, Ver. 4.0.0.96, Vibrant Technology Inc., (2007). Bruel & Kjaer, Pulse LabShop, Software Package, Ver. 13.1.0.246, (2008).