Diapositivas Bambu

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MODELLING BAMBOO AS A FUNCTIONALLY
GRADED MATERIAL
MODELLING BAMBOO AS A FUNCTIONALLY
GRADED MATERIAL
Emlio Carlos Nelli Silva
Associate Professor
Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering
Escola Politcnica da Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, SP,
Brazil
Glaucio H. Paulino and Mattew C. Walters
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Emlio Carlos Nelli Silva
Associate Professor
Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering
Escola Politcnica da Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, SP,
Brazil
Glaucio H. Paulino and Mattew C. Walters
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Acknowledgments:
NSF (USA)
NSF
ABMTENC - www.abmtenc.civ.puc-
rio.br
Outline
hIntroduction to Natural Fibers and FGM
hObjective and Motivation
hGraded Finite Element
hHomogenization Applied to Axisymmetric
Composites
hResults
hConclusions
hIntroduction to Natural Fibers and FGM
hObjective and Motivation
hGraded Finite Element
hHomogenization Applied to Axisymmetric
Composites
hResults
hConclusions
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Introduction Natural Fibers in Engineering
Optimized to the loading conditions they are subjected;
Multifunctional and adaptable;
Optimized to the loading conditions they are subjected;
Multifunctional and adaptable;
Low cost production;
Available mainly in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world;
Examples of Natural Fibers: bamboo,
coconut fibers, sisal, etc...
Promising material in housing
construction at underdeveloped or
developed countries (also composites such
as, bamboo + concrete);
Low cost production;
Available mainly in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world;
Examples of Natural Fibers: bamboo,
coconut fibers, sisal, etc...
Promising material in housing
construction at underdeveloped or
developed countries (also composites such
as, bamboo + concrete);
Natural Fibers
Biological Structures
Bamboo (Prof. Ghavami)
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Concept of FGM Materials
FGM materials possess continuously graded properties
with gradual change in microstructure which avoids
interface problems, such as, stress concentrations.
FGM materials possess continuously graded properties
with gradual change in microstructure which avoids
interface problems, such as, stress concentrations.
1-D
2-D
3-D
}
T
Hot
Ceramic matrix
with metallic
inclusions
} }} }
} }} }
} }} }
Metallic matrix
with ceramic
inclusions
Transition region
} }} }
Metallic Phase
T
Cold
Ceramic Phase
Microstructure
Microstructure
Types of gradation
Types of gradation
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Superheat-resistance
Thermal barrier coatings, aero-space
structures
Biomedical
Dental and bone implants, Artificial
skin
Military
Military vehicles and personal body
armor
Electro-magnetic and MEMS
Piezoelectric and thermoelectric
devices, sensors
Optical
Graded refractive index material
Applications of FGM Materials
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Natural FGM Materials
Bamboo is a FGM material
Bamboo is a FGM material
Cross section of culm
(70 % is made of natural fibers)
(Prof. Ghavami)
Distribution of
fibers in the
thickness
FGM sections
along length
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Motivation
Most part of works done with bamboo are experimental work
(to find bamboo strength and stiffness properties). Very few
works about Bamboo modeling (usually analytical work);
Due to complicated shapes and material distribution, the use of
numerical methods such as (finite element method) FEM can be a
great tool to help us to understand the mechanical behavior of
these structures;
Bamboo is a composite material where a microstructure can be
identified, thus, multiscale methods, such as homogenization can
be applied;
Traditional FEM gives a wrong stress distribution for the FGM
materials (layer approximation) graded finite element concept;
Most part of works done with bamboo are experimental work
(to find bamboo strength and stiffness properties). Very few
works about Bamboo modeling (usually analytical work);
Due to complicated shapes and material distribution, the use of
numerical methods such as (finite element method) FEM can be a
great tool to help us to understand the mechanical behavior of
these structures;
Bamboo is a composite material where a microstructure can be
identified, thus, multiscale methods, such as homogenization can
be applied;
Traditional FEM gives a wrong stress distribution for the FGM
materials (layer approximation) graded finite element concept;
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Objective
To apply computational techniques such as FEM and
a multiscale method (based on homogenization) to
characterize the bamboo tree behavior.
FEM formulation will be based on the so-called
graded finite element concept continuous material
distribution inside of the domain;
Homogenization theory is extended for axissymetric
composites;
To apply computational techniques such as FEM and
a multiscale method (based on homogenization) to
characterize the bamboo tree behavior.
FEM formulation will be based on the so-called
graded finite element concept continuous material
distribution inside of the domain;
Homogenization theory is extended for axissymetric
composites;
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Graded Finite Element
Traditional FEM layered
approximation (highly inaccurate)
Graded finite element [Kim and
Paulino 2002] continuous
material distribution inside unit cell
Traditional FEM layered
approximation (highly inaccurate)
Graded finite element [Kim and
Paulino 2002] continuous
material distribution inside unit cell
I
J
K
L
E
I
E
J
E
K
E
L
x
E
Continuous
distribution
Layered
approximation
E: material property
E
I
: material property
evaluated at FEM nodes
E: material property
E
I
: material property
evaluated at FEM nodes
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Homogenization - Multiscale Method
F F
unit cell
unit cell
homogenized
material
a)
b)
brick wall
perforated beam
homogenized
material
Homogenized
Material
Homogenized
Material
Example of application:
Homogenization method allows the calculation of
composite effective properties knowing the topology of
the composite unit cell.
Homogenization method allows the calculation of
composite effective properties knowing the topology of
the composite unit cell.
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Complex unit cell topologies implementation using FEM
Concept of Homogenization Method
It allows the replacement of the composite medium by an
equivalent homogeneous medium to solve the global
problem.
It allows the replacement of the composite medium by an
equivalent homogeneous medium to solve the global
problem.
it needs only the information about the unit cell
the unit cell can have any complex shape
it needs only the information about the unit cell
the unit cell can have any complex shape
Analytical methods
Advantage in relation to other methods:
Mixture rule models - no interaction between phases
Self-consistent methods - some interaction, limited to
simple geometries
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Periodic composites;
hAsymptotic analysis, mathematically correct;
h Scale of microstructure must be very small compared to
the size of the part;
Acoustic wavelength larger than unit cell dimensions.
(Dispersive behavior can also be modeled)
Component
Enlarged
Periodic Microstructure
x
y
Enlarged
Unit Cell (Microscale)
Assumptions
Concept of Homogenization Method
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hflow in porous media - Sanchez-Palencia (1980)
hconductivity (heat transfer) - Sanchez-Palencia (1980)
h viscoelasticity - Turb (1982)
hbiological materials (bones) - Hollister and Kikuchi
(1994)
helectromagnetism - Turb and Maugin (1991)
hpiezoelectricity - Telega (1990), Galka et al. (1992),
Turb and Maugin (1991), Otero et al. (1997)
etc
hflow in porous media - Sanchez-Palencia (1980)
hconductivity (heat transfer) - Sanchez-Palencia (1980)
h viscoelasticity - Turb (1982)
hbiological materials (bones) - Hollister and Kikuchi
(1994)
helectromagnetism - Turb and Maugin (1991)
hpiezoelectricity - Telega (1990), Galka et al. (1992),
Turb and Maugin (1991), Otero et al. (1997)
etc
Extension to Other Fields
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Axisymmetric Composites
Bamboo is a FGM
axisymmetric
composite
Bamboo is a FGM
axisymmetric
composite
Unit cell
The unit cell has a
plane strain behavior!!
The unit cell has a
plane strain behavior!!
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periodicity conditions
enforced in the unit cell
Physical Concept of Homogenization
Calculation of
effective properties (c
H
)
Unit Cell
Load Cases (2D model)
Solutions using FEM
Unit Cell
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Thickness of
walls
lacuna
Diaphragm
Internodal region
Bamboo Structure
Bamboo Structure
(Prof. Ghavami)
Bamboo Modelling
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Properties considered for bamboo [Nogata &
Takahashi, 1995]:
Youngs modulus fiber: 55 GPa
Youngs modulus matrix: 2 GPa
Poissons ratio: 0.35
FGM Law:
Dimensions:
External diameter: 80mm
Internal diameter: 56mm
Thickness: 12mm
Internodal distance: 350mm
Properties considered for bamboo [Nogata &
Takahashi, 1995]:
Youngs modulus fiber: 55 GPa
Youngs modulus matrix: 2 GPa
Poissons ratio: 0.35
FGM Law:
Dimensions:
External diameter: 80mm
Internal diameter: 56mm
Thickness: 12mm
Internodal distance: 350mm
2.2 /
3.75
r t
E e =
Bamboo Modelling
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Homogenization Results
Axisymmetric
tensor properties
Axisymmetric
tensor properties
Unit cell mesh: 20 x 20
isoparametric 4-node finite
elements
Unit cell mesh: 20 x 20
isoparametric 4-node finite
elements
Obtained homogenized properties for bamboo:
Obtained homogenized properties for bamboo:
12.54 5.37 5.37 0
5.37 18.41 6.81 0
GPa
5.37 6.81 17.33 0
0 0 0 3.58
H

=

E
Unit cell
These properties allow us to model bamboo as
an orthotropic homogeneous medium
These properties allow us to model bamboo as
an orthotropic homogeneous medium
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Macro Behavior Modelling
Two different material distributions are considered:
Homogeneous isotropic with properties averaged
along bamboo thickness: E=13.68 Gpa, =0.35;
Isotropic FGM considering the described FGM law;
Two different material distributions are considered:
Homogeneous isotropic with properties averaged
along bamboo thickness: E=13.68 Gpa, =0.35;
Isotropic FGM considering the described FGM law;
Three load cases: tension, torsion, bending
Three load cases: tension, torsion, bending
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FEM Models
mesh: 7,380
20-node brick
finite elements
(33,794 nodes)
mesh: 7,380
20-node brick
finite elements
(33,794 nodes)
One Cell
Two Cells
mesh: 14,760
20-node brick
finite elements
(66,417 nodes)
mesh: 14,760
20-node brick
finite elements
(66,417 nodes)
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Applied loads and Boundary Conditions
Tension
Tension
Torsion
Torsion
Bending
Bending
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Tension Results
Deformed Shape
Deformed Shape
Homogeneous Isotropic
FGM
FGM
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Tension Results
Von Mises Stress Distribution
FGM
FGM
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Torsion Results
Deformed Shape
Deformed Shape
FGM
FGM
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Torsion Results
FGM
FGM
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Bending Results
Deformed Shape
Deformed Shape
FGM
FGM
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Bending Results
FGM
FGM
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Comparison
Displacements
23.57 27.61 Bending
0.121 0.143 Torsion
22.80 23.22 Tension
FGM Homogeneous Load Case
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Continuation of the Work
How optimal is bamboo?
Structural optimization techniques such as
topology optimization can be applied to answer
this question!
Structural optimization techniques such as
topology optimization can be applied to answer
this question!
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?
Topology Optimization Concept
Optimum topology
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Formulation of Optimization Problem
Max
such that
[ ]{ } { }
1 0
0
1

=
I
N
I
I
fV
F U K
I
(for each node)
{ } { } F U
t
mean
C =
3
Layered structure
Plane stress behavior
Layered structure
Plane stress behavior
Material Model:
Material Model:
2 1
) 1 ( E E E
i i
+ =
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Example
Design of horizontal layered FGM structures
20 % volume constraint
Two materials are considered E
1
=1, E
2
=10,
1
=
2
=0.3
Design of horizontal layered FGM structures
20 % volume constraint
Two materials are considered E
1
=1, E
2
=10,
1
=
2
=0.3
Obtained property
distribution in y-
direction
Optimal topologies
Boundary
conditions
x
y
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Conclusions
Numerical simulations of bamboo structure using finite element
method and a multi-scale method were performed;
By using the graded finite element concept the continuous
change of bamboo properties along the thickness could be taken
into account, and its influence in the bamboo mechanical
behavior was shown;
By using homogenization method, the effective properties of
bamboo, were calculated allowing us to model bamboo as a
homogeneous medium;
Numerical simulation is a powerful tool to model natural fiber
composites helping us to understand their behavior.
Numerical simulations of bamboo structure using finite element
method and a multi-scale method were performed;
By using the graded finite element concept the continuous
change of bamboo properties along the thickness could be taken
into account, and its influence in the bamboo mechanical
behavior was shown;
By using homogenization method, the effective properties of
bamboo, were calculated allowing us to model bamboo as a
homogeneous medium;
Numerical simulation is a powerful tool to model natural fiber
composites helping us to understand their behavior.
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Flow Chart of the Optimization Procedure
Initializing and
data input
Initializing and
data input
Calculating (FEM)
Mean Compliance
Calculating (FEM)
Mean Compliance
Calculating
objective function
and constraints
Calculating
objective function
and constraints
Initially
Converged?
Plotting results
Plotting results
Calculating
sensitivity
Calculating
sensitivity
Optimizing
(Optimality Criteria)
with respect to ()
Optimizing
(Optimality Criteria)
with respect to ()
Updating material
distribution (design
variables)
Updating material
distribution (design
variables)
Final Topology
N
Y

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