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CHAPTER 9

MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION


Multiple-Choice Questions
1. a. b. c. d. e. Asexually produced daughter cells are identical to each other identical to the mother cell different from the mother cell different from each other identical to each other and identical to the mother cell Section: 9.1 Blooms: knowledge Ans: e 2. a. b. c. d. Sexual reproduction leads to uniform characteristics in a population results in ne combinations of genetic traits produces genetic clones re!uires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction e. produces genetic clones and re!uires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction Section: 9.1 Blooms: comprehension Ans: b ". #hich process is absolutely necessary for sexual reproduction to occur in a life cycle$ but is not necessarily re!uired for organisms that only reproduce asexually% a. prokaryotic fission b. mitosis c. meiosis d. cytokinesis e. karyokinesis Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension Ans: c &. a. The essence of meiosis is that 'ells are formed that recei(e one copy of each member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. b. 'ells are formed that recei(e t o copies of each member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. c. 'ells are formed that recei(e one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. d. 'ells are formed that recei(e t o members of each pair of homologous chromosomes. e. )one of the choices. Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension Ans: c 5. *f meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms$ a. The +ygote ould be haploid. b. ,ametes ould be haploid. c. -itosis ould be sufficient. d. The chromosome number ould double in each generation. e. .ggs ould be diploid but sperm ould be haploid. Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension Ans: d /. a. b. Through meiosis0 Alternate forms of genes are shuffled. 1arental 2)A is di(ided and distributed to forming gametes. c. The diploid chromosome number is reduced to haploid. d. 3ffspring are pro(ided ith ne gene combinations. e. All of these. Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension Ans: e 4. *f a parent cell has 1/ chromosomes and undergoes meiosis$ the resulting cells ill ha(e ho many chromosomes% a. /& b. "2 c. 1/ d. 8 e. & Section: 9.2 Blooms: application Ans: d 8. a. b. 5omologous chromosomes are the same si+e ha(e genes for the same characteristics 6e(en though the alleles may not be the same7 c. are in pairs$ one chromosome of each pair from the father and one from the mother d. pair up during meiosis e. all of these Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension Ans: e 8. 'hromosomes of a pair of homologous chromosomes may differ from each other in terms of a. si+e b. shape c. position of the centromere d. alleles e. none of these Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension

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Ans: d

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1:. 'opies of chromosomes linked together at their centromeres at the beginning of meiosis are appropriately called hat kind of chromatids% a. mother b. daughter c. sister d. homologous e. none of these Section: 9.2 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c 11. -eiosis typically results in the production of a. 2 diploid cells b. & diploid cells c. & haploid cells d. 2 haploid cells e. 1 triploid cell Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c 12. 2uring meiosis ** a. 'ytokinesis results in the formation of a total of t o cells. b. Sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other. c. 5omologous chromosomes pair up. d. 5omologous chromosomes separate. e. Sister chromatids exchange parts. Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: b 1". The chromosomal 2)A is duplicated in meiosis. a. prophase * b. metaphase * c. interphase d. prophase ** e. anaphase ** Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c 1&. The sister chromatids become separated during of meiosis. a. metaphase * b. anaphase * c. telophase * d. anaphase ** e. prophase ** Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: d of

15. .ach of the cells formed during telophase * is a. diploid b. tetraploid c. in synapsis d. ready to be fertili+ed e. haploid Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: e 1/. Sister chromatids are ;oined at the centromere in all of the stages of meiosis listed belo except a. metaphase ** b. anaphase ** c. telophase * d. metaphase * e. prophase ** Section: 9.3 Blooms: comprehension Ans: b 14. 'rossing o(er usually occurs in hich of the follo ing stages of meiosis% a. prophase * b. interphase c. anaphase ** d. metaphase * e. telophase ** Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a 18. 5omologous chromosomes separate during a. anaphase * b. anaphase ** c. metaphase * d. metaphase ** e. telophase ** Section: 9.4 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a 18. a. b. c. 'rossing o(er generally results in binary fission in(ol(es nucleoli in(ol(es breakages and exchanges being made bet een sister chromatids d. alters the composition of chromosomes and results in ne combinations of alleles being channeled into the daughter cells e. all of these Section: 9.4 Blooms: comprehension Ans: d

Chapter 9 -eiosis and Sexual 9eproduction

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2:. 1airing of homologues and crossing o(er occur during a. anaphase * b. metaphase ** c. prophase * d. prophase ** e. telophase ** Section: 9.4 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c 21. <nder fa(orable conditions$ during hich phase of meiosis ill the chromosomes appear as packets of four chromatids% a. anaphase * b. telophase ** c. anaphase ** d. prophase * e. metaphase ** Section: 9.4 Blooms: comprehension Ans: d 22. #hich does )3T occur in prophase * of meiosis% a. cytokinesis b. formation of groups of four chromatids c. homologue pairing d. crossing o(er e. condensation of chromatin Section: 9.4 Blooms: comprehension Ans: a 2". a. b. c. d. #hich is )3T true of human chromosomes% The haploid number is 2". The diploid number is &/. There are 2" pairs of chromosomes. 5uman gametes end up ith t o of each type of 2" chromosomes. e. 5uman gametes end up ith one of each type of 2" chromosomes. Section: 9.4 Blooms: knowledge Ans: d 2&. 'rossing o(er is one of the most important e(ents in meiosis because a. *t produces ne arrays of alleles on chromosomes. b. 5omologous chromosomes must be separated into different daughter cells. c. The number of chromosomes allotted to each daughter cell must be hal(ed. d. 5omologous chromatids must be separated into different daughter cells. e. All of these. Section: 9.4 Blooms: comprehension Ans: a

25. #hich of the follo ing is most probable at a metaphase * alignment% a. All maternal chromosomes are on the same side. b. All paternal chromosomes are on the same side. c. .ach side has a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes. d. All maternal chromosomes are on one side$ all paternal on the other. e. All of these are e!ually probable. Section: 9.4 Blooms: comprehension Ans: c 2/. 5o many metaphase alignments are possible in humans% a. 22" b. 2&/ c. 2"2 d. &/2 e. &/ Section: 9.4 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a 24. *f a diploid organism has a genome consisting of & chromosomes$ it can produce different combinations of chromosomes. 6disregarding crossing o(er7. a. & b. 8 c. 12 d. 1/ e. /& Section: 9.4 Blooms: application Ans: d 28. a. b. c. d. 'rossing o(er increases the (ariability in gametes occurs bet een nonhomologous chromatids pre(ents genetic recombination occurs bet een nonhomologous chromatids and pre(ents genetic recombination e. all of the choices Section: 9.4 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a 28. *f a child more strongly resembles the maternal grandmother than the maternal grandfather$ the explanation could be due to random chromosome alignment during the mother=s a. prophase * b. metaphase * c. telophase * d. metaphase ** e. anaphase ** Section: 9.4 Blooms: synthesis Ans: b

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":. *n plants$ meiosis leads directly to the production of a. gametes b. gametophytes c. spores d. sporophytes e. none of these Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c "1. a. b. c. d. e. ,amete formation is the result of the process of mitosis the pairing of homologous chromosomes the formation of sex cells formation of the +ygote a process that occurs only in asexually reproducing forms Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c "2. The stage of sperm de(elopment directly before the mature sperm is called a. sperm mother cell b. spermatid c. spermatagonium d. primary spermatocyte e. secondary spermatocyte Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: b "". The mature o(um is produced by maturation of the a. oogonium b. primary oocyte c. secondary polar body d. polar body * e. none of these Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: e "&. 5o many mature eggs are produced from a single initial oocyte% a. one b. t o c. three d. four e. eight Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a "5. #hich of the follo ing cells is not haploid% a. secondary spermatocyte b. spermatid c. primary oocyte d. secondary polar body e. o(um Section: 9.5 Blooms: comprehension Ans: c

"/. A pine tree is called a sporophyte because it a. de(elops from a spore b. produces spores c. is haploid d. can reproduce sexually and asexually e. cannot undergo meiosis Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: b "4. #hich does )3T produce (ariation% a. crossing o(er b. random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis c. asexual reproduction d. genetic recombination of alleles e. sexual reproduction Section: 9. Blooms: knowledge Ans: c "8. *n comparing mitosis and meiosis$ hich of the follo ing statements is true% a. -eiosis * is more like mitosis than is meiosis **. b. Both processes result in four cells. c. Synapsis 6pairing of chromosomes7 occurs in both. d. 'hromatids are present only in mitosis. e. -eiosis ** resembles mitosis. Section: 9. Blooms: comprehension Ans: e

M%tchin& Questions
"8. 'hoose the one most appropriate ans er for each. 1. >>>>>> interphase 2. " &. 5. /. 4. 8. 8. a. b. c. d. e. >>>>>> anaphase * >>>>>> chromatid >>>>>> anaphase ** >>>>>> metaphase * >>>>>> metaphase ** >>>>>> prophase * >>>>>> telophase * >>>>>> telophase ** 2)A duplication occurs here. 5omologous chromosomes associate$ crossing o(er occurs$ chromosomes condense. Tertrads of homologous chromosomes align on the e!uator. 'hromatids separate$ mo(e to opposite poles. ?our cells formed@ .ach cell has one of each unduplicated chromosome.

Chapter 9 -eiosis and Sexual 9eproduction

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f. g. h. i.

5omologous chromosomes separate@ mo(e to opposite poles As in mitosis$ duplicated chromosomes align on the e!uator. T o cells formed@ each has one of each duplicated chromosome. -issing ninth ans er choice Blooms: knowledge 1. a 2. f 3. d 4. c 5. g 6. b 7. h 8. e 9. ?

Ans er !uestions &"A&/ by using the fi(e numbers belo . a. b. c. d. e. 1: 2: &: /: 8:

&". 5o many sperm ould e(entually be produced from 2: spermatids% &&. 5o many sperm ould e(entually be produced from 2: primary spermatocytes% &5. 5o many o(a 6eggs7 ould e(entually result from 2: secondary oocytes% &/. 5o many o(a 6eggs7 ould e(entually result from 2: primary oocytes% Section: 9.5 Answers: Blooms: application 43. b 46. b 44. e 45. b

Sections: 9.3 Answers:

Cl%ssi(ic%tion Questions
#ith reference to the mammalian reproducti(e system$ ans er !uestions &:A&2 by using the fi(e items listed belo . *. **. ***. *B. B. sperm mature o(a primary oocytes primary spermatocytes +ygotes

&:. 2uring fertili+ation$ hich t o items combine to form a fertili+ed egg% a. * and ** b. * and *** c. * and *B d. ** and *B e. *** and *B Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a &1. #hich item6s7 is6are7 the same as fertili+ed eggs% a. ** only b. *** only c. B only d. ** and *** e. *** and B Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c &2. #hich is a normal se!uence of de(elopment% a. * CD ** CD *** b. * CD *B CD B c. ** CD *** CD B d. *** CD ** CD B e. * CD *B E ** CD B Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: d

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed under aAe belo . Ans er !uestions &4A5& ith reference to these phases of meiosis. a. b. c. d. e. prophase * prophase ** anaphase ** anaphase * telophase *

&4. The formation of groups of four chromatids occurs during this stage. &8. 9ecombination (ia crossing o(er occurs during this stage. &8. The number of homologous chromosomes is reduced by half at the end of this phase. 5:. 2uring this stage the sister chromatids separate. 51. ?ollo ing this phase$ each indi(idual cell is haploid. 52. 'hiasmata are present during this stage. 5". 2uring this phase the homologous chromosomes separate. 5&. )e genetic combinations$ upon hich natural selection can act$ are present after this stage. Sections: 9.3! 9.4! 9.5 Answers: 47. a 50. c 53. d Blooms: knowledge 48. a 51. e 54. a 49. d 52. a

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Selectin& the E*ception


55. ?our of the fi(e ans ers listed belo concern cells ith t o chromosome sets. Select the exception. a. +ygote b. somatic cells c. gamete d. diploid e. skin cells Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c 5/. ?our of the fi(e ans ers listed belo are characteristic of meiosis. Select the exception. a. in(ol(es t o di(isions b. reduces the number of chromosomes c. results in producing genetically identical cells d. produces haploid cells e. occurs in the gonads Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: c 54. ?our of the fi(e ans ers listed belo are terms describing haploid cells. Select the exception. a. o(um b. primary spermatocyte c. spermatid d. polar body e. secondary spermatocyte Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: b

58. ?our of the fi(e ans ers listed belo are haploid cells. Select the exception. a. +ygote b. spore c. egg d. sperm e. metophyte Section: 9.5 Blooms: knowledge Ans: a 58. ?our of the fi(e ans ers listed belo are characteristics of polar bodies. Select the exception. a. dumping places for excess genetic material b. ha(e no kno n biological function c. are produced during meiosis d. ill ser(e as gametes if something happens to the egg e. genetically identical to oocytes Section: 9.2 Blooms: comprehension Ans: d /:. ?our of the fi(e ans ers listed belo are haploid stages of meiosis. Select the exception. a. anaphase * b. metaphase * c. prophase * d. telophase * Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: d

L%+elin&
/1. 1ut the stages of meiosis in the correct order$ naming each stage.

Chapter 9 -eiosis and Sexual 9eproduction

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1. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ". >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> &. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 5. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> /. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 4. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 8. >>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Section: 9.3 Blooms: knowledge Ans: 1. H; prophase 2. !; "e#aphase 3. A; anaphase 4. $; #e%ophase 5. &; prophase 6. '; "e#aphase 7. (; anaphase 8. ); #e%ophase

Sho,t Ans-e,s
/2. #hat is the difference bet een gamete formation in male and female animals% Section: 9.5 Blooms: Comprehension Ans: n "a%es* a%% fo+r prod+c#s of "e,os,s can de-e%op ,n#o "a#+re sper" b. beco",ng co"pac# and grow,ng f%age%%a. n fe"a%es* on%. one of #he fo+r prod+c#s can go on #o de-e%op ,n#o an egg s,nce d+r,ng ce%% d,-,s,on* one of #he da+gh#er ce%%s ge#s "os# of #he c.#op%as"* #he o#her beco",ng a po%ar bod.. /he %arge ooc.#e has s#oc0p,%ed #he n+#r,en#s necessar. for ear%. de-e%op"en#. /". 5o are the products of meiosis different in plants and animals% Section: 9.5 Blooms: comprehension Ans: n an,"a%s* #he prod+c#s of "e,os,s go on #o for" ga"e#es d,rec#%.. n p%an#s* #he prod+c#s of "e,os,s are spores. /he spores ger",na#e and de-e%op ,n#o hap%o,d ga"e#oph.#es. /he ga"e#oph.#es #hen go on #o prod+ce #he ga"e#es. /&. 5o do the products of meiosis differ from those of mitosis% Sections: 9.2! 9.3! 9.4! and recall Blooms: synthesis Ans: 1e,os,s s#ar#s w,#h a d,p%o,d ce%% and prod+ces fo+r gene#,ca%%. d,fferen# hap%o,d ce%%s. 1,#os,s "a. s#ar# w,#h e,#her d,p%o,d of hap%o,d ce%%s and prod+ces #wo ce%%s #ha# are gene#,ca%%. ,den#,ca% #o each o#her and #o #he or,g,na% ce%%. /5. #hy is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction% Section: 9.2 Blooms: analysis Ans: f #he chro"oso"e n+"ber were no# red+ced fro" #he d,p%o,d #o #he hap%o,d n+"ber before ga"e#es are prod+ced* each s+cceed,ng genera#,on wo+%d ha-e #w,ce #he n+"ber of chro"oso"es as #he genera#,on before.

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