Exam 2 Study Guide CHEM 121, F 2013, S.

Berger The second exam (in class Tuesday, November 19) will cover the material in Chapters 4, 7, 8, and 9.2-9.3 (with the exceptions of 4.6, 4.9, and 8.7), the Stoichiometry and Conductivity modules, and the Copper Chemistry and Analysis of Acids labs. The following is a list of key concepts to study and skills to master. Practice problems for each chapter are provided to help you study, but note that these problems may not cover everything that will be on the exam. Notes You will be given a periodic table, solubility rules, relevant formulas/constants, and the colors corresponding to wavelengths in the visible spectrum (see the second page of this study guide). You are expected to know SI prefixes. No books or notes are allowed. Calculators (with nothing saved in the memory) are allowed. Your answers to numerical problems must include appropriate units and significant figures. Correct answers with no work shown will not receive credit. The format of the exam will be 40% multiple choice and 60% short answer (note the change from Exam 1). Chapter 4 (practice problems: 4.31-4.39, 4.41-4.45, 4.55, 4.57, 4.59d, 4.61, 4.63, 4.67- 4.71, 4.75- 4.79, 4.89- 4.93, 4.97) Identify precipitation, acid/base, and redox reactions. Using solubility rules (given on the exam), predict the solubility of a compound. Predict products of precipitation and acid/base reactions, write complete and net ionic equations. Know the list of strong acids and bases (Table 4.3), and write equations for their dissociation in solution. Understand definitions of acids and bases, and identify acids and bases in chemical reactions. Calculate oxidation numbers; use them to identify what is oxidized/reduced, and what is the oxidizing/reducing agent. (Memorize the rules in Table 4.5, but dont worry about the exceptions.) Know what strong, weak, and non-electrolytes look like at the atomic level in solution, and whether or not they conduct electricity. Understand the definition of molarity (including units). Perform various types of calculations involving solutions. These include the molar concentrations of dissolved substances and dissociated ions, dilutions, and titrations. Chapter 7 (practice problems: 7.25, 7.33a, 7.37, 7.43- 7.47, 7.55, 7.67, 7.71- 7.75, 7.87, 7.103) Understand and be able to use the equations relating wavelength, frequency, and photon energy: c = and E = h (given on exam). Be able to make qualitative predictions related to the photoelectric effect. Understand the basic features of the Bohr model of the atom, as well as similarities and differences among it, Rutherfords model, and the quantum mechanical model (i.e., orbitals). Recognize that the colors in emission spectra represent the differences between electron energy levels, and be able to interpret emission diagrams such as Figure 7.11. Understand that orbitals represent probability maps of the position of electrons. Know roughly how each quantum number relates to the size/shape/energy/orientation of atomic orbitals. Determine allowable combinations of quantum numbers for an electron. Recognize the shapes of s, p, and d orbitals. Understand that orbitals with more nodes are higher in energy (but you are not required to calculate how many nodes an orbital has). Chapter 8 (and bits of 9) (practice problems: 8.43, 8.47-8.53, 8.57, 8.59, 8.61, 8.63, 8.69, 8.71, 8.79, 9.21, 9.41, 9.45, 9.49) Use the Aufbau, Hund, and Pauli principles to write ground state electron configurations (including noble gas shorthand) for main group and transition metal atoms and ions. (Do not memorize exceptions to the Aufbau principle, and I dont care whether you write ns before or after (n-1)d as long as orbitals are filled correctly.) Identify core and valence electrons. Be able to write or recognize an excited state configuration of an atom or ion. Describe and explain trends in atomic and ionic radius, using the concepts of principal quantum number (n) and effective nuclear charge. Describe and explain trends in ionization energy and electron affinity. Explain and predict large jumps in ionization energy from one electron to the next for a particular atom .

You will be given this page with your exam:

Constants h = 6.626 10-34 Js c = 3.00 108 m/s NA = 6.022 1023 mol-1 1 Hz = 1 s-1

Equations c = E = h

Visible spectrum Color Wavelengths Violet 380-450 nm Blue 450-495 nm Green 495-570 nm Yellow 570-590 nm Orange 590-620 nm Red 620-750 nm