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MCE341: Thermodynamics II

Ch9: Problems


Dr. Mehmet Fatih Orhan
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Example 1
A gas turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton
cycle between the pressure limits of 100 and 800kPa. Air
enters the compressor at 30
o
C and leaves at 330
o
C at a mass
flowrate of 200kg/s. The maximum cycle temperature is
1400K. During operation of the cycle, the net power output is
measured experimentally to be 60MW. Assume constant
properties for air at 300K with c
v
=0.718kJ/kgK, c
p
=1.005kJ/
kgK, R=0.287kJ/kgK, k=1.4:
(a) Sketch the T-s diagram of the cycle
(b) Determine the isentropic efficiency of the turbine for
these operating conditions
(c) Determine the cycle thermal efficiency
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Example 2
A gas turbine power plant operates on a modified Brayton
cycle (see Figure) with an overall pressure ratio of 8. Air
enters the compressor at 0
o
C and 100kPa. The maximum
cycle temperature is 1500K. The compressor and the turbines
are isentropic. The high pressure turbine develops just
enough power to run the compressor. Assume constant
properties for air at 300K with c
v
=0.718kJ/kgK, c
p
=1.005kJ/
kgK, R=0.287kJ/kgK, k=1.4:
(a) Sketch the T-s diagram of the cycle
(b) Determine the temperature and pressure at state 4
(c) If the net power output is 200MW determine mass
flowrate of the air into the compressor in kg/s
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Example 2
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170 Chapter 7 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties
Net
Power
Fuel
1 Air
Combustion
Chamber
Compressor
Gas
Generating
Turbine
Power
Turbine


5
Exhaust Gas
2
3
4
Figure 7.4 Air basic gas turbine compression and expansion process.
EXAMPLE 7.1 Air Basic Power Cycle Gas Turbine
Compression and Expansion: Ideal
Gas Working Fluid
We want to solve for temperatures, ow rates, and power produc-
tion for the air basic gas turbine engine shown in Figure 7.4. We
rst generate a solution with the initial values provided below, and
then generate a general solution to this problem in Excel. In the
Excel solution, we will want to be sure that the conditions, marked
as Variable below, are allowed to accept any valuein the sheet
we use named cells. The values in these cells can then be varied
to solve any ideal air cycle. This type of general solution will be
needed for a cogeneration system economic optimization, as per-
formed in Chapter 10.
For an ideal air cycle, air can be taken as an ideal gas with
the following properties: heat capacity

.
,
C
P
ig
air
= 0 24 Btu/lb-R (Vari-
able) and specic heat ratio

C
C
P
V
= = 1.4 (Variable).
We also know the following: The air inlet temperature
T
1
= 519 R (Variable), P
1
= 1 atm, and air enters the compressor at
1 lb/s (Variable). The compression ratio (P
2
/P
1
) = 15.9 (Variable).
There is no pressure drop in the combustion chamber (P
3
= P
2
) and
the turbine inlet temperature T
3
= 2520 R (Variable). The compres-
sor efciency (isentropic) = 87% (Variable %). The gas generating
turbine efciency (isentropic) = 89% (Variable %). The power
turbine efciency (isentropic) = 89% (Variable %) and P
5
is atmo-
spheric. For Example 7.1, the ow rate of gas through the system
will be taken as constant at 1 lb/s. We will account for the mass of
fuel added in the next example. When the Excel solution is com-
plete, you should be able to change any variable and see the
effect. For example, if you double the air ow rate from 1 to 2 lb/s,
the net power produced should double.
SOLUTION To solve for the needed temperatures, ow rates,
and power production, we will use the equations developed in
Section 7.3. We will systematically use these equations (steps ao
below) and then generalize these calculations in an Excel sheet.
(a) Determine T
2
actual, the actual temperature out of the
compressor (Eq. (7.32)):
T T T
P
P
2 2 1
2
1
1
1
1
= +

_
,

( )
( )
actual
isentropic
compression

11

1
]
1
1

T T
2 2
0 4
1 4
519 1
1
0 87
15 9
1 0
1 = +

_
,

1
]
1
1

( )
.
.
.
( . )
.
actual

=1237 38 . R.
(b) Determine the actual rate of work in the compressor (Eq.
(7.29)):
= = ( )
dW
dt
F h FC T T
C
P
ig

,air 2 1
dW
dt
C
( ) . . actual
lb
s
Btu
lb-R
=

( ) = 1 0 24 1237 38 519 1772 41 . .

Btu
s
(c) Determine the actual work done on the compressor per
pound of working uid:
W
dW
dt
F
C
= = =
172 4
1
172 41
.
. .
Btu
s
lb
s
Btu
lb
(d) Determine the rate of heat addition to the combustion
chamber. The gas ow rate through the system is assumed
constant, so we can write
high
pressure
high
pressure
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Example 3
A gas turbine power plant operating on the simple Brayton
cycle has a pressure ratio of 7. Air enters the compressor at
0
o
C and 100kPa. The maximum cycle temperature is 1500K.
The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80% and the
turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 90%. Assume constant
properties for air at 300K with c
v
=0.718kJ/kgK, c
p
=1.005kJ/
kgK, R=0.287kJ/kgK, k=1.4:
(a) Sketch the T-s diagram of the cycle
(b) If the net power output is 150MW determine the volume
flowrate of the air into the compressor in m
3
/s
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Example 4
Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal
Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 45MW. Steam
enters the turbine at 7MPa and 500
o
C and is cooled in the
condenser at a pressure of 10kPa by running cooling water
from a lake through the tubes of the condenser at a rate of
2000kg/s.
(a) Sketch the T-s diagram of the cycle
(b) Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle
(c) Determine the mass flowrate of the steam
(d) Determine the temperature of the cooling water
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Example 5
Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple
Rankine cycle with an isentropic efficiency of 87% for both
the turbine and the pump and has a net power output of
45MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7MPa and 500
o
C and is
cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10kPa by running
cooling water from a lake through the tubes of the condenser
at a rate of 2000kg/s.
(a) Sketch the T-s diagram of the cycle
(b) Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle
(c) Determine the mass flowrate of the steam
(d) Determine the temperature of the cooling water
(
Example 6
Consider a coal-fired steam power plant that produces
120MW of electric power. The power plant operates on a
simple ideal Rankine cycle with turbine inlet conditions of
9MPa and 550
o
C and a condenser pressure of 15kPa. The
coal has a heating vale of 29300kJ/kg. Assuming that 75% of
this energy is transferred to the steam in the boiler and that
the electric generator has an efficiency of 96% determine:
(a) The overall plant efficiency (the ratio of electric power
output to the energy input as fuel)
(b) The required rate of fuel (coal) supply
)
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Example 7
An ideal reheat Rankine cycle with water as the working
fluid operates the boiler at 15000kPa, the reheater at
2000kPa and the condenser at 100kPa. The temperature is
450
o
C at the entrance of the high pressure and low pressure
turbines. The mass flowrate through the cycle is 1.74kg/s.
Determine:
(a) The power used by pumps
(b) The power produced by the cycle
(c) The rate of heat transfer in the reheater
(d) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
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Example 8
Consider a steam power plant that operates on the ideal
reheat Rankine cycle. The plant maintains the inlet of the
high pressure turbine at 4MPa and 300
o
C, the inlet of the low
pressure turbine at 1.4MPa and 300
o
C and the condenser at
75kPa. The net power produced by this plant is 5000kW.
Determine:
(a) The rate of head addition and rejection
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
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Example 9
A steam power plant operates on the reheat Rankine cycle.
Steam enters the high pressure turbine at 12.5MPa and
550
o
C at a rate of 7.7kg/s and leaves at 2MPa. Steam is then
reheated at a constant pressure to 450
o
C before it expands in
the low pressure turbine. The isentropic efficiencies of the
turbine and the pump are 85% and 90% respectively. Stem
leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid. If the moisture
content of the steam at the exit of the turbine is not to exceed
5% determine:
(a) The condenser pressure
(b) The net power output
(c) The thermal efficiency
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