NAME OF COURSE: APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN AGRICULTURAL WASTE RECYCLING NAME: MUNIHU EVERLYNE MARTHA HOME

ADDRESS: P.O BOX 546-40500-NYAMIRA-KENYA OFFICE ADDRESS: P.O. BOX !-40500-NYAMIRA-KENYA TELEPHONE: " 54- 0# $ !!%4 OFFICE TELEPHONE: " 54-05&-6$44 $# E-MAIL ADDRESS: '(')*+,-+./-0*1/22.32, COUNTRY: KENYA

ORGANISATION: MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

POSITION: DISTRICT HOME ECONOMICS OFFICER NYAMIRA DISTRICT 4NYAN5A PROVINCE

M163/ 0$ ORGANI5ATIONAL CHART 1

R2)'7 28 D.796.39 H2,' E32+2,.37 O88.3'6 Reporting to the District Agricultural Officer, the District Home Economics Officer is responsible for: a) Coordinating implementation of programmes and projects on utrition, !ood utili"ation, #outh in Agriculture, Home Economics, mainstreaming Human Rights, H$%&A$D', Drug and 'ubstances Abuse and other cross cutting issues( b) )ro*iding technical guidance and bac+stopping staff under him&her( c) )articipating in monitoring and e*aluation( d) Collection, anal,sis storage and dissemination of information on A( e) )articipating in project identification, proposals formulation, -rite.ups and appraisal in the District( f) Assessing training needs for staff( g) Coordinating mainstreaming on #outh in Agriculture, Home Economics, Human Rights, H$%&A$D', Drug and 'ubstances Abuse in the District acti*ities h) )romoting appropriate technolog, /energ, sa*ing technologies, health and sanitation) i) 0iaising -ith the principals of Agricultural 1raining Centres in the de*elopment of training pac+ages( j) )articipating in food sur*e,s, sta+eholder fora, agricultural sho-s, field da,s and committees( +) Compiling sectional progress reports, -or+ plans and budgets(

MAIN TASK OF THE ORGANI5ATION 1he 2inistr, of Agriculture in 3en,a is the main sector in food production( 4

1he mandate of the 2inistr, of Agriculture in 3en,a is to promote and facilitate production of food and Agricultural ra- materials for food securit, and incomes5 ad*ance agro.based industries and agricultural e6ports5 and enhance sustainable land use resources as basis for agricultural enterprises( 2ajor responsibilit, is creating and promoting an enabling en*ironment for pla,ers in the agriculture industr,, through de*elopment of effecti*e policies and strategies( $t achie*es this, through:. .the Central Agricultural 7oard .the ational En*ironmental 2anagement Authorit, and .ministerial policies that promote collaboration -ith all partners and people interested in agriculture for de*elopment V.7.2+: 1o be the leading agent to-ards the achie*ement of food securit, for all, emplo,ment creation, income generation and po*ert, reduction in 3en,a( M.77.2+: 1o impro*e the li*elihoods of 3en,ans b, promotion of competiti*e Agriculture through creation of enabling en*ironment, pro*ision of support ser*ices and ensuring sustainable natural resources management( C26' 8-+39.2+7 28 9/' M.+.796* 1he core functions of 2OA re*ol*e around its mandate and ensure the ministr, achie*es its *ision and mission( 1hese functions include5 1( !ormulation, implementation and monitoring of agricultural legislations, regulations and policies( 4( )ro*ision of agricultural e6tension ser*ices( 8( 'upporting agricultural research and promoting technolog, deli*er,( 9( !acilitating and representing Agricultural state corporations in the go*ernment( :( De*elopment, implementation and coordination of programs in the Agricultural sector( ;( Regulating <ualit, control of inputs produce and products from the Agricultural sector( =( 2anagement and control of )ests and Diseases in crops( >( )romoting management and conser*ation of natural resource base for agriculture( ?( Collecting, maintaining, and managing information on the agriculture sector( AGRICULTURAL CONTRIBUTION @ Agriculture is the main source of food for >AB of 3en,aCs population( @ 1he sector also emplo,s about 9:B of the -or+ing population -ho are emplo,ed as labourersD in factories that are agriculturall, based( @ Agricultural sector contributes up to 4;B of ational ED)( T/' 3/1))'+:'7 813.+: 7-791.+1;)' <'(')2=,'+9 28 9/' 1:6.3-)9-6' 7'3926 .+ K'+*1 .+3)-<': >i)!ood $nsecurit, among the 3en,an people /ii) $nade<uate mar+ets and mar+eting infrastructure /iii) )ests and diseases: /i*)High cost and lo- <ualit, of +e, inputs /*) $nade<uate e6tension co*erage /*i)$nappropriate legal and regulator, frame-or+ /*ii) 0imited access to affordable credit /*iii) $nsecurit, /i6) )oor infrastructure /6) $nade<uate lin+age bet-een agricultural researchers and the ministr, 8

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

/6i)'ocio.cultural influences on technolog, adoption PRIORITY AREAS FOR INTERVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES $n %$'$O 4A8A and 'RA.4AA9.19 priorit, inter*ention areas:. Re*ie-ing and harmoni"ing the legal, regulator, and institutional frame-or+( $ncreasing profitabilit, and commerciali"ation of agricultural production through impro*ed mar+et access and *alue addition Rehabilitation of the resource base in the Arid F'emi Arid 0ands through irrigation and promotion of crop *arieties that -ould best perform in these areas( $mpro*ing e6tension and research ser*ices for enhanced agricultural producti*it, Rehabilitation of agricultural products mar+eting infrastructure $ncreasing access to <ualit, farm inputs and financial ser*ices( Restructuring and pri*atising non.core functions of parastatals and ministries to bring about efficienc,, accountabilit,F effecti*eness( !ormulating food securit, polic, and programmes(

M.+.796* 28 A:6.3-)9-6' S9619':.3 P)1+ 00&- 0$ !ollo-ing the e6pir, of Economic Reco*er, 'trateg, in December 4AA=, the Eo*ernment embar+ed on a ne- long.term *ision to guide national de*elopment in the ne6t 48 ,ears, the %ision 4A8A 'trateg,( $t is the ne- long.term economic blueprint for the countr,( $t is moti*ated b, collecti*e aspiration for a much better societ, than the one -e ha*e toda,, b, the ,ear 4A8A( $n 4AA9, the 'trateg, for Re*itili"ation of Agriculture -as de*eloped and implemented as a sectoral *ision meant to respond to the decline -itnessed in the sector and tied -ell -ith the ER'( 1he 'RA has no- been re*ised to align it -ith the %ision 4A8A 'trateg, alongside other de*elopment programmes, both -ithin and outside the agriculture sector thus resulting in the ne- Agricultural 'ector De*elopment 'trateg, /A'D', 4AA?. 4A1>)( 1he A'D' recogni"es that 'RA has achie*ed its objecti*e of re*itali"ing agriculture to the e6tent that it is no- on a de*elopment trajector,( 1he strategic *ision of the A'D' is an agricultural sector that is innovative, commerciallyoriented and modern farming, as reflected in the 3en,a %ision 4A8A( A'D' identifies the o*erall sector goal for the sector -hich is to achie*e an a*erage gro-th rate of = per cent per ,ear o*er the ne6t : ,ears(

GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE COUNTRY THE COUNTRY

3en,a is situated astride the e<uator on the East Coast of Africa( A countr, -ith fascinating features ranging from the sno- capped 2ount 3en,a, the Ereat Rift %alle, -ith some geothermal acti*ities, the *ast plains teeming -ith -ildlife, to the sunn, and sand, beaches along the coastline( Capital Cit, airobi situated at the heart of the countr, is the business and communication hub for East and Central Africa( 3en,aDs historic coastal cit, of 2ombasa has a natural harbor, 3ilindini, and ser*es as the regional gate-a,( 3en,a has a land area of :>=,AAA+m4 and a population of 9A,>;8,AAA/4A1A estimate)( Official languages in 3en,a are 3is-ahili -hich is the national language and English( 9

1he education s,stem in 3en,a is >.9.9/> ,ears in )rimar,, 9,ears in 'econdar, and 9,ears in the Gni*ersit,)( THE CLIMATE 3en,a has pleasant di*erse climate, from the hot and humid coast, the often cold and -et highlands and the lo- plains( 1emperatures range from a high of 8=oc to free"ing point at the top of 2t(3en,a( AGRICULTURAL WASTE RECYCLING ational En*ironmental 2anagement Authorit, / E2A) is a parastatal -hich deals -ith issues of -aste management in the countr,(

KENYA?S ECONOMY >THE ECONOMIC SURVEY OF 0$0@.

Domestic Econom, 1he econom, posted a real ED) gro-th of 4(;B in 4AA?( Agriculture contributes 49(9B to ED)( 3en,a has a per ca pita gross ational $ncome of G'D ==A per annum( A:6.3-)9-6' 1he effect of the global economic recession coupled -ith drought has resulted in continued contraction of the Agricultural sector( As a conse<uence prices of most agricultural commodities recorded an up-ard trend in response to the decline in production( Cash crops produced include coffee, tea, p,rethrum, -heat, Rice, sugarcane( 1he countr, relies ;AB on domestic production( 1he deficit is imported( $mports include rice, 2ai"e, fruits(

E+(.62+,'+91) 7.9-19.2+ .+ K'+*1

1he en*ironment is an increasingl, important issue in de*elopment as those li*ing belo- the po*ert, line directl, rel, on the -ater and land resources surrounding their communities( Hith onl, >B of arable land and =:B of its -or+force engaged in agriculture, 3en,an farmers face gro-ing problems of soil erosion, deforestation, -ater pollution, and desertification( 1he recent drought I the most se*ere in independent 3en,aDs histor, I de*astated the countr,, lea*ing 8(: million people -ithout enough food to sur*i*e( 2ean-hile, in orthern 3en,a, pastoralists ha*e lost their herds to star*ation and conflicting tensions are mounting o*er scarce -ater resources( Hhile global -arming ma, be responsible for 3en,aDs se*ere droughts, current farming practices are also leading to the gro-th of en*ironmental problems( Rampant pesticide use contaminates -ater resources -hile food production is declining due to soil erosion( Heaning farmersD off of unsustainable methods is a difficult tas+ in an, circumstance, much less during times of economic desperation( !arming and dail, life are also complicated b, sharing the land -ith abundant -ildlife( Human I -ildlife conflicts ha*e been increasing as most of 3en,aDs traditional nomadic tribes are settling on to permanent plots of land and ta+ing up :

farming( Hildlife is integral to the ecos,stem, let alone 3en,aDs -ell.+no-n tourism industr,( 'ecuring the conser*ation of nati*e flora and fauna is critical to the regionDs future on a number of le*els( $n 4AA9 3en,a made international headlines -hen one of its o-n -on the prestigious obel )eace )ri"e( Hangari 2aathai/2a, her soul rest in peace), the first 3en,an -oman to earn a )hD in East Africa, -as also the first African -oman to -in the obel )eace )ri"e in the seldom.recogni"ed field of the en*ironment( 'he -as recogni"ed for her -or+ as founder of the Ereen 7elt 2o*ement, a on.Eo*ernmental Organi"ation that empo-ers -omen to ta+e o-nership of their en*ironment b, planting trees to combat deforestation -hile pro*iding fuel -ood and food( 'ustainable agriculture, -ater and -aste management, en*ironmental conser*ation, and en*ironmental education are crucial aspect of ensuring food securit,(

K'+*1 AIDS I+<.31926 7-6('* 00#

1he 4AA= 3A$' estimate of national H$% pre*alence for adults aged 1:.9?,ears -as =(9B >(>B of -omen and :(:B of men are infected -ith H$%&A$D' O*erall, =(1B of adults /aged 1:.;9,rs) -ere infected -ith H$%&A$D'( ,an"a has the highest pre*alence of 19(?B( Gncircumcised men -ere li+el, to be infected -ith H$% than circumcised /18(4B *s 8(?B)( 7: most men in ,an"a are not circumcised(

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND RECYCLING IN KENYA

OF

AGRICULTURAL

WASTE

3en,a has had problems of agricultural -aste since time memorial( 2an, companies in 3en,a as -ell as indi*iduals ha*e ta+en ad*antage of the disparit, in standards that e6ist and flout rules on -aste management( Commonl, found S2).< A179'7 .+3)-<': domestic and mar+et -astes, food -aste including *egetable and fruit peelings, charcoal ash( 1his also includes -aste from institutions and commercial centres( H269.3-)9-61) 1+< 1:6.3-)9-61) A179': garden refuse, leaf litter, cut grass, tree pruning, -eeds, animal dung, crop residues, -aste from public par+s etc( 2anure: poultr,, pig, co-( A:62-.+<-796.1) A179': -aste generated b, abattoirs, bre-eries, processing and agro.based industries S)-<:' 1+< ;.2-72).<: human faecal matter from septic tan+s and treatment plants Eenerall,, solid -aste is managed through land fills, incineration and rec,cling or re.use( Ho-e*er, in 3en,a up to the ,ear 4A1A, no 3en,an cit, had a sanitar, landfill, incinerations are too e6orbitant hence solid -aste piles in inner cit, streets are a common site in most to-ns in 3en,a( !rom the piles, >AB is food and other organic -astes, 1AB is plastics, 4B metal and glass and 8B mi6ed refuse( 2ost farmers in 3en,a ha*e been using fertili"ers in planting and top dressing their crops( 2ost of the fertili"ers are -ashed into la+es and other -ater catchment areas b, rain -ater( ;

'olid -astes from homes and industries too end up in these habitats hence affecting marine life e(g( mass death of flamingoes in 0a+e a+uru( 3en,ans ha*e for a long time used fresh -aste from *egetable mar+ets, restaurants and hotels as -ell as food processing industries as feed for li*estoc+, direct application into the soil, manure application and organi"ed compositing( EXISTING LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 1) E %$RO 2E 1A0 2A AEE2E 1 A D CO.ORD$ A1$O AC1 /HA'1E 2A AEE2E 1) REEG0A1$O ', 4AA;( 1his act is regulated b, ational En*ironmental 2anagement Authorit,(

1he AC1 gi*es pro*isions on the responsibilit, of -aste generators, transporters, -aste treatment b, operators of disposal sites, re<uirement of En*ironmental audit and re use and rec,cling plants, general obligation to mitigate pollution and treatment of industrial -aste, Ha"ardous -aste specifications, Re<uirement for En*ironmental $mpact Assessment, Handling, storing and transporting of ha"ardous -aste, 1reatment of ha"ardous -aste, E6port )ermit, 1ransit of ha"ardous -aste, $nsurance and Register of )ermits, pesticides and to6ic substances disposal and miscellaneous pro*isions -hich includes transitional pro*ision for transporting -aste, transitional pro*ision for disposal facilities, Offences and penalties and Operation of regulations
@ L231) G2('6+,'+9 A39 CAP 65 1he 0ocal Eo*ernment Act is the frame-or+ la- go*erning 0ocal Authorities in 3en,a, and puts the responsibilit, of -aste management on the respecti*e 0ocal Authorit,( 'ection 1;Astates that Je*er, municipal council and e*er, to-n and urban council shall ha*e po-er to establish and maintain sanitar, ser*ices for the remo*al and destruction of, or other-ise dealing -ith, all +inds of refuse and effluent and, -here an, such ser*ice is established, to compel the use of such ser*ice b, persons to -hom the ser*ice is a*ailableD( %@ P-;).3 H'1)9/ A39 CAP 4 1he go*ernment has in the past used the )ublic Health Act to compel 0ocal Authorities to impro*e sanitar, conditions(

EXISTING PROBLEMSBOBSTACLES IN THE APPLICANT?S SECTION 1he 3en,an farmer is faced -ith a challenge of small land si"es( 1hough this ma, be ad*antageous because the, can concentrate effort on the small space to ma6imi"e production, the, also face the ris+ of not full, con*erting to organic farming as the, ma, not be able to maintain the re<uired distance to ma+e a farm completel, organic 2ar+et for organic produce is not established since there has not been labelling of organic produce so that consumers could be a-are of chemical free produce that are not harmful to their health( Organic farming tends to be labour intensi*e ma+ing most farmers to sh, off( Cultural issues interferes -ith e6tension message deli*er,/Eender parit,) 0ac+ of e<uipment to carr, out demonstrations on appropriate technologies
OBSTACLES IN SOLVING THE PROBLEMS

Attitude Ifarmers -ant to ma+e <uic+ mone, -ithout being in*ol*ed in man, acti*ities of production( 0imited funding 0imited +no- hoCOUNTER MEASURES 0earning about *arious -aste rec,cling appropriate technologies that are gender friendl, FUTURE PROGRAMMEBPROCECT ON AGRICUTURAL WASTE RECYCLING De*elopment partners -elcome the fact that Eo*ernmentDs Economic Reco*er, 'trateg, for Health and Emplo,ment Creation /ER'HEC) recogni"es Kthe need to achie*e broad macro and sectoral objecti*es and targets -ithout compromising the health of the en*ironmentL( Ho-e*er, for Eo*ernment to reali"e its commitments made in the ER'HEC, it has put in place the follo-ing measures: 1he go*ernment, through the ational 2anagement Authorit,, is -or+ing to-ards de*eloping sound legislation and polic, guidelines to help curb the ha"ard of agricultural -aste( E2A has continued to rehabilitate and restore the airobi Ri*er 7asin -ith the aim of enhancing the ecological integrit, and socio.economic *alue of the ri*er basin( Acti*ities include solid -aste management from illegal dumpsites -ithin the ri*er basin and the riparian reser*e, clearing of the ri*er channel and tree planting in cleared and cleaned areas( 1his -or+ has been successful b, the engagement of the ,outh under the Kazi Kwa Vijana /33%) initiati*e under the economic stimulus plan of the Eo*ernment of 3en,a. ( airobi Ri*er had become a dumpsite for all agricultural -aste from municipal mar+ets) 2ombasa municipal council has patterned -ith an $talian solid -aste management firm Macorrossi $mpressen in ta+ing care of cleaning the cit, and healing the en*ironment( 2ainstreaming of en*ironmental policies and principles into strategic de*elopment plans and in +e, sectors, ensuring that the inclusion of en*ironmental considerations does not impact negati*el, on economic reco*er, and po*ert, reduction( E<uipping E2A -ith the necessar, resources and e<uipment that -ill enable the de*elopment of tools and standards for effecti*e management and monitoring of compliance( $t is onl, -hen these tools are in place that E2CA can be effecti*el, implemented( Re*ie-ing and harmoni"ing e6isting policies and la-s pertaining to en*ironment and ensuring that the, ha*e ade<uate legal bac+ing )romoting collaboration bet-een ministries and semi.autonomous go*ernment agencies on en*ironmental issues $ntegrating en*ironmental issues into ci*ic and formal education programmes H2A 9/' 961.+.+: 32-67' .7 6')19'< 92 9/' 8-9-6' =62:61,,'7 All the future programmes are geared to-ards -aste management and sa*ing the se*erel, damaged en*ironment in 3en,a thus the training -ill be *ital as it is also focusing on the same( EXPECTATIONS FROM THE TRAINING M1.+ .+9'6'79.+: 7-;D'39 16'1 .+ 9/' 961.+.+: .+3)-<' Organic farming and organic *egetable production because: >

1he concept of organic farming is still ne- in 3en,a though a greater group of the farming communit, is becoming more a-are of it through information transfer( Organic farming to the local man is considered to be farming -ithout use of chemicals and is most farmers ma, prefer it if gi*en information( 2ost of the organic produce in +en,a is consumed locall, because the population is getting to be more sensiti*e to their o-n health issues( H2A 92 1==)* E+2A)'<:' )'16+'< ;13E 19 /2,' 1rain other fello- officers and demonstrate on composting and organic farming and other technologies learnt( )romote collaboration -ith *arious sta+eholder and partners on acti*ities on sustainable agriculture Educate mar+et users on proper -a, of disposing agricultural -aste 1echnical guidance to farmers through field da,s, on.farm trials and demonstrations and farmer group trainings O9/'6 ,199'67 )est and disease control5 are there ne- technologies besides the concoctions mi6ed in 3en,aN 2ar+eting and distribution5.1he ministr, of Agriculture through a*ailable e6tension methodologies promotes agriculture for business, Ho- does 1hailand handle such challengesN Cases of pollution of -ater sources increase -ith -ash of fertili"er deposit into ri*ers and other -ater sources( $s there sal*ation for 3en,a subsistence farmingN Organic farming in 1hailand5 is it as labour intensi*e as it is in 3en,aN 'hare e6periences -ith other learners from other countries on the subject e(g( in 3en,a -e promote appropriate technologies on energ, conser*ation /technologies are here belo-)( Mi+o +isasa Charcoal ba+ing O*en )ortable +isasa F uhai

Roc+et sto*es

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