SRI RAMANATHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE NADUPATTI - 638056.

DEPARTMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL TECHONOLOGY

PC-3217 FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS

LABORATORY MANUAL

SRI RAMANATHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE NADUPATTI - 638056. LABORATORY RECORD 2013 - 2014
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INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

INDEX

S.NO.

DATE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

MARKS

STAFF SIGN

CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICE METER

CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURI METER

CALCULATION OF RATE OF FLOW USING ROTO METER

4 5 6

FLOW THROUGH PIPES PERFOMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFOMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

7 8 9 10

CALIBRATION OF V-NOTCH FLOW THROUGH HELICAL COIL FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PIPE FITTINGS VERIFYING BERNOULLIS THEOREM

FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS LAB

1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter. 2. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter. 3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Roto meter. 4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes. 5. Conducting experiments and drawing the performance curves on centrifugal pump. 6. Conducting experiments and drawing the performance curves on reciprocating pump. 7. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for the v-notch

8. Compare the friction factor characteristic curve of helical coil

9. Conducting experiments for flow through valves and pipe fittings 10. Verifying the Bernoullis theorem

DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICE METER

Exp No: 1 Date :

AIM: To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Orifice meter 2. Differential U tube 3. Collecting tank 4. Stop watch 5. Scale

FORMULAE: 1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Q act = A x h / t 2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE: Q th = a 1 x a 2 x 2 g h / a 12 a 22 Where: A h = Area of collecting tank in m2 = Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm (m3 / s) (m3 / s)

a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2 a 2 = Area of the throat in m2 g t = Specify gravity in m / s2 = Time taken for h cm rise of water

H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (H1 ~ H2) (s m / s 1 - 1)

Where: H1 = Manometric head in first limb H2 = Manometric head in second limb S m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6 s1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:

Co- efficient of discharge = Q act / Q th

(no units)

DESCRIPTION: Orifice meter has two sections. First one is of area a1, and second one of area a2, it does not have throat like venturimeter but a small holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer.

PROCEDURE: 1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments 2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow 3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer 4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted 5. The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted 6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe 7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated

RESULT: The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter is (no unit)

S.no H1 cm H2 cm of Hg of Hg m3 / s

Diameter in mm

Manometric reading

Manometric head H=(H1~H2) x 12.6 x 10-2

Time taken for h Actual cm rise of water t discharge Sec Q act x 10-3 m3 / s Theoretical discharge Qth x 10-3 Co-efficient of discharge Cd (no unit)

Mean Cd =

DETERMINATION OF THE CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER

Exp No: 2 Date:

AIM: To determine the coefficient of discharge for liquid flowing through venturimeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Venturimeter 2. Stop watch 3. Collecting tank 4. Differential U-tube 5. Manometer 6. Scale FORMULAE: 1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Q act = A x h / t 2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE: Qth = a 1 x a 2 x 2 g h / a 12 a 22 Where: A = Area of collecting tank in m2 h = Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in m2 a 2 = Area of the throat in m2 g t = Specify gravity in m / s2 = Time taken for h cm rise of water (m3 / s) (m3 / s)

H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (H1 ~ H2) (s m /s 1 - 1)

Where: H1 = Manometric head in first limb H2 = Manometric head in second limb s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6 s1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1 3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE: Co- efficient of discharge = Q act / Q th (no units)

DESCRIPTION: Venturi meter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is represented as a
1

and the later is a

water or any other liquid flows through the Venturi meter

and it passes to the throat area the value of discharge is same at a 1 and a 2 .

PROCEDURE: 1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments 2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow 3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer 4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted 5. The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted 6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe 7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated

RESULT: The co efficient of discharge through Venturimeter is (no unit)

S.no sec m /s
3

Diameter in mm H1 cm H2 cm of Hg of Hg (no unit)

Manometric reading

Manometric head H=(H1~H2) x 12.6 x 10-2

Time taken for h cm rise of water t Actual discharge Q act x 10-3 m3 / s Theoretical discharge Qth x 10-3 Co-efficient of discharge Cd

Mean Cd =

CALCULATION OF RATE OF FLOW USING ROTOMETER

Exp No: 3 Date: AIM: To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Rotometer setup 2. 3. FORMULAE: 1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Q act = A x h/ t Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2) h= 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10-2 m). t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank. (m3 / s) Measuring scale Stopwatch.

CONVERSION: Actual flow rate (lit / min), Qact = Qact x 1000 x 60 Percentage error of Rotometer = Rotometer reading = R ~ Qact / R x 100 % lit /min

Rotometer reading ~ Actual x 100 %

PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened 2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe 3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute 4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank 5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings 6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted 7. Graph is drawn by ploting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer

RESULT: The percentage error of the Rotometer was found to be. %

S.no

Rotometer Reading (lpm)

Actual Discharge Qact (m3/sec)

Time taken for 10cm rise of water In tank (t sec) Actual discharge Qact (lpm) Percentage Error of Rotometer (%)

DETERMINATION OF FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Exp No: 4 Date:

AIM: To determine the co-efficient of friction of the given pipe.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping 2. Differential u-tube manometer 3. Collecting tank with piezometer 4. Stopwatch 5. Scale

FORMULAE: 1. FRICTION FACTOR ( F ): f = 2 x g x d x h f / l x v2 Where, g = Acceleration due to gravity d = Diameter of the pipe l = Length of the pipe v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe h f = Loss of head due to friction = h1 ~ h2 Where h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs (m / sec2) (m) (m) (m / s) (m) (no unit)

2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Q=Axh/t Where A = Area of the collecting tank (m2) h = Rise of water for 5 cm t = Time taken for 5 cm rise (m) (sec) (m3 / sec)

3. VELOCITY: V=Q/a Where Q = Actual discharge A = Area of the pipe DESCRIPTION: When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more the frictional resistance. The loss of head between selected lengths of the pipe is observed. (m3/ sec) (m2) (m / sec)

PROCEDURE:

1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the pipe line is measured 2. Keeping the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened 3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h 1 and h2 are noted 4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow rate and then the corresponding readings are noted.

RESULT: 1. The co-efficient of friction f for given pipe = x 10-2 (no unit) 2. The co-efficient of friction for given pipe by graphical method = x 10-2 ( no unit)

Manometer readings Actual discharge Qact x 10-3 m3 / s Velocity V m/s m2 / s 2 Friction factor f x 10-2 h1 x 10-2 h2 x 10-2 hf = (h1-h2) x 10-2 Time for 5cm rise of water t sec

V2

S.no

Diameter of pipe mm

Mean f =

PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Exp No: 5 Date: AIM: To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Centrifugal pump setup 2. Meter scale 3. Stop watch FORMULAE :

1.ACTUAL DISCHARGE: Q act = A x y / t Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2) y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank. (m3 / s)

2. TOTAL HEAD: H = Hd + Hs + Z

Where: Hd = Discharge head, meter Hs = Suction head, meter Z = Datum head, meter

3. INPUT POWER: I/P = (3600 N 1000) / (E T) Where, N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc E = Energy meter constant T = time taken for Nr revolutions 4. OUTPUT POWER: Po = x g x Q x H / 1000 Where, = Density of water (kg / m) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) H = Total head of water 5. EFFICIENCY: o = (Output power o/p / input power I/p) 100 % Where, O/p = Output power kW I/ p = Input power kW (m) (watts) (rev / Kw hr) (seconds) (watts)

DESCRIPTION: PRIMING: The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for the removal of air before starting is called priming. After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the delivery pipe to the required height.

PROCEDURE: 1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit 2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head 3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading 4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank 5. Measure the area of collecting tank 6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment 7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.

GRAPHS:

1. Actual discharge Vs Total head 2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency 3. Actual discharge Vs Input power 4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

RESULT: Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied and the maximum efficiency was found to be _____________

S. no
3

Suction gauge Hs m of water m \sec

3

Suction head Hs m of water

Delivery Gauge Reading (hd) m of water

Delivery Head (Hd) m of water

Total Head (H) m of water

Time taken for h rise of water (t) S Time taken for Nr revolutio ntS Actual Discharge (Qact) x10Input Power (Pi ) watt

Output Power (Po) watt

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

Exp No: 6 Date: AIM: To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Reciprocating pump 2. Meter scale 3. Stop watch FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q act = A x y / t
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)

(m3 / s)

y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank

2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + Hs + Z Where: Hd = Discharge head; Hd = Pd x 10, m Hs = Suction head; Pd = Ps x 0.0136, m Z = Datum head, m Pd = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2 Ps = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg

3. INPUT POWER: Pi = (3600 N) / (E T) (Kw)

Where, N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc E = Energy meter constant T = time taken for N revolutions 4. OUTPUT POWER: Po = x g x Q x H / 1000 Where, = Density of water g = Acceleration due to gravity H = Total head of water Q = Discharge 5. EFFICIENCY: o = (Output power po / input power pi) 100 % Where, Po = Output power KW Pi = Input power KW PROCEDURE: 1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit 2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head 3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading 4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank 5. Measure the area of collecting tank 6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment 7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc. (Kw) (kg / m) (m / s2) (m) (m3 / sec) (rev / Kw hr) (seconds)

GRAPHS: 1. Actual discharge Vs Total head 2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency 3. Actual discharge Vs Input power 4. Actual discharge Vs Output power RESULT: The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the efficiency is calculated %

S . n o Suction head Hs = Ps x 0.0136 Datum head Z m Total head H Time taken for 10 cm of rise of water in tank t sec Actual discharge Qact m/s Time taken for N rev of energy meter disc t sec Input power Pi kw

Delivery pressure reading Pd kg / cm2

Suction pressure reading Ps mm of Hg

Delivery head Hd=Pdx10 .0

Output power Po kw

Mean =

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR THE V-NOTCH

Exp No: 7 Date: AIM: Determination of co-efficient of discharge for the v-notch of given angle using FRANCTS formula and hence determines its notch constants.

THEORY: Liquid flow in an open channel may be method by means of a weir, which consists of a cam over which or through a notch m which the liquid flows the terms rectangular well, triangle well, etc. Generally refers to the shape of notch can accumulate a wide range of flow rates although this in turn reduces its accuracy. FORMULAE: By experimental Qth = 0.53 Cd 2 tan /2 H2.5 By graphical Cd = 1.875 k / ( 2 tan /2) Cd, g & are constant throughout the experiment the equation recomes, Q = kHn Taking log on both sides ln Q = ln k + n ln H n, k constants evaluated from plot of H(vs)Q

NOMENCLATURE: h1 & h2 Level of manometer m w Weight of flowing fluid, kg t Time

g Acceleration due to gravity m Mass of flow rate kg/s f Density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3 Angle of notch degree H Wt of liquid above open of notch m Q Volumetric flow rate m3/s

PROCEDURE: 1. The weight below the apex of the notch is measured. 2. Then allow the water to flow over the notch until the steady state is reached. 3. The height of the liquid above the notch apex is determined. 4. The mass flow rate for the same height of the liquid is measured and 5. The procedure is repeated for various flow rate.

GRAPH: Actual discharge Vs Total head RESULT:

The notch constants are k

The co-efficient of discharge

(i) By experimental Cd =

(ii) By graphical Cd = OBSERVATION: h1 Intial height = 0.021 m = angle of notch = 60o

Time

mo Cd

S.no

h2 10-2 m

[s]

Weight kg

kg/s

Qth 10-4 m3/s H 10-3 m Q act x10-3 m3\sec Hs/2 10-9 m

FLOW THROUGH HELICAL COIL

Exp No: 8 Date:

AIM:

To compare the fractional factor characteristic curve of coil with that of conventional pipe having some length diameter and roughness. Hence the critical NRP for fluid through coils.

THEORY: Whenever fluid flows in a contact there will be a pressure drop along with the direction of flow in pipe by knowing p and friction. p can be calculated (or) vice versa. The flow equation is valid for steady flow in uniform circular pipes running fluid under isothermal condition and considering the roughness inside the surface of the pipe. However the modified tanning factor is applicable when the flow is through coil. Thus flow for through curved pipe of coil a secondary calculation of fluid called double eddy or dean effect take place in a plane at right angle to main flow. Because of this calculation. There is friction loss in curved pipe can be expressed in the forms of equivalent length Le of straight pipe. The equivalent length Le is calculated from standard graphs expressing functions of Reynolds number critical NRec is calculated by equation NRec = 2100 [1+12 FORMULA: Tanning friction factor f = 2V 2 Lp Where, p = Rm (m f )g N/m2 Relation between coil friction factor and NRe Fc = 0.08 NRe-0.25 + 0.01 (D/Dc) 0.5
pDC D

NOMENCLATURE: h1, h2 Level of manometer (m) w Weight of flowing fluid (kg) t Time in sec g Acceleration due to gravity m/s2 Rm Difference in level of manometer (m) f - Density of the flowing fluid (kg/m3) V Velocity of the flowing fluid (m/s) m Density of the manometric fluid Viscosity of the flowing fluid (Ns/m2) p Pressure drop (N/m) L Length of pipe (m) De Coil diameter (m) f Tanning function factor NRe - Reynolds number m* - Mall flow rate (kg/s) fc Frictional factor of coil NRec critical Reynolds number PROCEDURE: 1. First ensure that there is no air bubbles in the flow passage. 2. Then allow the water to flow through coils. 3. After steady state is attained. 4. Note down the pressure difference in the manometer and mass flow rate. 5. Repeat the procedure for various flows and calculate f & NRe. GRAPH: NRe Vs F NRe Vs Fc

RESULT: The relationship between the parameter tube NRe and f for the convention pipe has been compared with that of coil. The critical NRec of the coil was calculated reported NRec =

OBSERVATION:

Length of the coil Diameter of pipe Density of the fluid, f Viscosity of fluid Diameter of the coil D
3.14 4

= 550 mm = 16.3 mm =1000 kg/m3 = 0.001 Ns/m2 = 610 mm

Density of manometer fluid m = 13600 kg/m3

A = r2 =

(0.0163)2 10-6

= 2.086 10-4 m

NRe

NRec

S.no

h1 10-2 m

h2 10-2 m

Rm 10-2 m

p N/m2 w kg t [S] mx kg/s ec 10-4 m/s Fc 10-3

m/s

F 10-3

FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PIPE FITTINGS

Exp No: 9 Date: AIM: To find the less co-efficient for the given valve under full and half opening conditions and for pipe fittings. THEORY: Valves and pipe fittings disturb the normal flow lines causes friction in short time with many valves and pipe fittings. The friction less from these valves and pipe fittings may be greater than that from a straight pipe. The friction loss can be found from the equation for the given valve and pipe fitting. FORMULA: HL = kf v/2g H L = Rm ( NOMENCLATURE: w Weight of flowing fluid kg t - Time (s) Rm Difference in level of manometer Q Volumetric flow rate m3/s V Average velocity of the flowing fluid m/s f Density of the flowing fluid kg/m3 H1 Friction loss by pipe fitting or valve (m) Kf Loss factor of the valve (or) pipe fitting g Acceleration due to gravity m3/s D Diameter of the pipe m

PROCEDURE: 1. The manometer is connected across the fitting of valve. 2. The valve is kept in half opened (or) fully opened condition for which loss factor can be determined. 3. The air bubble is released from manometer by allowing the fluid to flow through the pipe. 4. The rotor meter and manometer readings are noted down for various flow rates. 5. The same procedure is repeated for any one pipe fitting (90o bend).

GRAPHS: The following graphs are drawn V2/2g Vs H for valve [Both full and half opening] and pipe fitting

RESULT: The loss co-efficient of given valve 1) For half opening By experiment = By graph = 2) For full opening By experiment = By graph = 3) For pipe fitting (90o elbow) By experimental = By graph =

OBSERVATION: Diameter of the pipe D = 22 m Density of the fluid f = 1000 kg/m3 Density of the manometer fluid m = 1595 kg/m3 Valve at full opening:

s.no

Rm 10-2m

H2 10-2m

t s

10-3 m3/s

V m/s

kf

V2/2g m

Valve at half opening: V2/2g m

s.no

Rm 10-2 m

H 10-3 m

w kg

t s

S 10 m/s
-3

V m/s

kf

For pipe fitting (90o elbow): V2/2g m

s.no

Rm 10-2 m

H 10-3 m

w kg

t s

S 10 m/s
-3

V m/s

kf

VERIFYING THE BERNOULLIS THEOREM

Exp No: 10 Date: AIM: To verify the Bernoulis theorem experimentally total head is constant at all point. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1) Bernoulis apparatus 2) Scale and stop watch ASSUMPTION: The application of Bernoulis equation is strictly made according to the following assumption. 1. Flow non viscous 2. Flow is steady flow 3. Flow is irrotational

FORMULAE: 1. Area of Collecting Tank (A) A = l*b 2. Discharge (Q) Q = A*R/T 3. Velocity (V) V= Q/A 4. Velocity load V2/2g 5. Datum head pressure (Z+ w) 6. Total head (Z+ w)* V2/2g

NOMENCLATURE: A Level of manometer m l Length of the collecting tank, m b Breadth of the collecting tank, m g Acceleration due to gravity w Density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3 R Rise of water level, m Z Datum Head m Q Volumetric flow rate m3/s PROCEDURE: 1. Open the inlet valve in the supply tank to get a ready flow 2. Open the valve fitted outlet of the diet. 3. For h meter of water collection of the tank note the time elapsed t in second. 4. Assume the base of the apparatus as data in measure the height of the water level in the piezometer tube above the base measure the cross section of duct at the respective piezometer tube. 5. Repeat the experiment by varying the discharge with the help of out value. Note the water level in the piezometer tubes. 6. RESULT: From the observation and tabulation concluded that the total head at all sections of the duct remains constant. This is proves the Bernoullis theorem. OBSERVATION: Dimension of collecting tank Length (l) = 300 mm 0.3 m Breadth (b) = 0.3 m Rise of water level (R) = 1000 mm = 0.1 mm Tabulate the readings and calculate the average value of total head.

s.no

Time taken for 4 cm rise

Discharge Ag/T (m3/s)

Duel area depth a (m)

Velocity V =Z/a m/s

Velocity head V2/2g

Data head pressure (z+ w) m

Total load (z+ w) * V2/2g