NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.

P)
SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS

INTRODUCTION: In the last chapter, we have seen that when a part of a beam is subjected to a constant bending moment and zero shear force, then there will be only bending stresses in the beam. The shear stress will be zero as shear stress is equal to shear force divided by the area. As the shear force is zero, the shear stress will also be zero. But in actual practice, a beam is subjected to a bending moment which various from section to section. Also the shear force acting on the beam is not zero. It also various from section to section; Due to these shear forces, the beam will be subjected to shear stresses. These shear stresses will be acting across the transverse section of the beam. These transverse shear stresses will produce complimentary horizontal shear stresses, which will be acting on longitudinal layers of the beam. Hence the beam will also be subjected to shear stresses.

SHEAR STRESS AT A SECTION: Shows a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load; for a uniformly distributed load, the shear force and bending moment will vary along the length of the beam. Consider two sections AB and CD of this beam at a distance apart.

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Let at the section AB, F=shear force M=Bending moment And at section CD, F+dF=shear force M+dM=Bending moment I=Moment of inertia of the section about the neutral axis.

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Let it is required to find the shear stress on the section AB at a distance y1 from the neutral axis. Figure shows the cross-section area of the beam. On the crosssection of the beam, let EF be a line at a distance of y1 from the neutral axis. Now consider the part of the beam above the level EF and between the section AB and CD. This part of the beam may be taken to consist of an infinite number of elemental cylinders each of area and length . Consider one such elemental cylinder at a distance y from the neutral axis. Area of elemental cylinder Length of elemental cylinder Distance of elemental cylinder from neutral axis Let AB Intensity of bending stress on the end of the elemental cylinder on section

Let section AB

Intensity of bending stress on the end of the elemental cylinder on

The bending stress at distance y from the neutral axis is given by equation

For a given beam, the bending stress is a function of bending moment and the distance y from the neutral axis. Let us find the bending stress on the end of the elemental cylinder at the section AB and also at the section CD. Bending stress on the end of elemental cylinder on the section AB, (where bending moment is M) will be

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Similarly, the bending stress on the end of elemental cylinder on the section CD, (where bending moment is M+dM) is

Now let us find the forces on the two ends of the elemental cylinder Force on the end of the elemental cylinder on the section AB

Similarly, Force on the end of the elemental cylinder on the section CD

At the two ends of the elemental cylinder, the forces are different. They are acting along the same line but are in opposite direction. Hence there will be unbalanced force on the elemental cylinder. Net unbalanced force on the elemental cylinder

The total unbalanced force above the level EF and between the two section AB and CD may be found out by considering all the elemental cylinders between the
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sections AB and CD and above the level EF (i.e., by integrating the above equation) Total unbalanced force A=Area of the section above the level EF (or above y1) Distance of the C.G. of the area A from the neutral axis

Due to the total unbalanced force acting on the part of the beam above the level EF and between the section AB and CD. The beam may fail due to shear. Hence in order the above part may not fail by shear, the horizontal section of the beam at the level EF must offer a shear resistance. This shear resistance at least must be equal to total unbalanced force to avoid failure due to shear.

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Shear resistance (or shear force) at the level EF

Let

Area on which is acting

Equating the two values of shear force given by equation

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SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT SECTION RECTANGLE SECTION: Shown a rectangular section of a beam of width b and depth d; Let F is the Shear force acting at the section. Consider a level EF at a distance y from the neutral axis.

The shear stress at this level is given by equation Where A = Area of the section above y (i.e. shaded area ABFE) ( ( ) )

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( )

b = actual width of the section at the level EF I = M.O.I of the whole section about N.A. Substituting these values in the above equation, we get ( ) ( )

From the above equation we see that increases as y decreases. Also the variation of with respect to y is a parabolic. At the top level, and hence ( )

At the neutral axis,

and hence ( ( ) )

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Maximum Shear force: -

Substituting the above value in equation we get

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CIRCULAR SECTION: Shown a circular section of a beam; Let R is the radius of the circular section and F is the Shear force acting on the section. Consider a level EF at a distance y from the neutral axis.

The shear stress at this level is given by equation

Consider a strip of thickness dy at a distance y from the neutral axis. Let dA is the area of a strip.
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Then

Moment of this area about N.A

Moment of the whole shaded area about the N.A is obtained by integrating the above equation between the limits y and R.

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Substituting the value of in the equation

The above equation shows that the Shear stress distribution across a circular section is parabolic. It is also clear from the above equation that with the increase of y, the shear stress decreases.

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But average Shear stress,

Hence above equation becomes

TRIANGULAR SECTION: -

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I-SECTION: -

The shear stress at this level is given by equation

In this case the shear stress distribution in the web and shear stress distribution in the flange are to be calculated separately. Let us first calculate the shear stress distribution in the flange.

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(i)

Shear stress distribution in the flange.

Width of the section = B Shaded area of the flange ( )

Distance of C.G of the shaded area from neutral axis is given by ( ) ( )

Shear stress in flange become

[( )

Hence the variation of shear stress with respect to y in the flange is parabolic. It is also clear from the equation that with the increase of y, shear stress decrease; (i) Shear stress at the upper edge of the flange where [( ) ]

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(ii)

Shear stress at the lower edge of the flange where [( ) ]

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(ii)

Shear stress distribution in the web.

Consider a section at a distance y in the web from the N.A as shown Width of the section = b Here is made up of two parts i.e. moment of flange area about N.A plus moment of shaded area about N.A ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Hence stress distribution in the web become

)]

It is clear from the equation that the variation of with respect to y is parabolic. Also with the increase of y, decreases.

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(i)

Shear stress at the neutral axis where will be maximum at that will be [ ( )]

[ (ii)

At the junction of top of the web and bottom of the flange where [ ( )]

The shear stress distribution for the web and flange is shown. The shear stress at the junction of the flange and the web changes abruptly. The equation gives the stress at the junction of the flange and

the web when the stress distribution is considered in the flange. But equation [ ] gives the stress at the junction when stress distribution is to [ ]

considered in the web. From these two equations it is clear that stress at the junction changes abruptly from

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Shear Stress distribution of few figures: -

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