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RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE ACTIVITY

Wahyudi*), Nur Islamiah Dassir, Nurwira Supiarni Modern Physics LaboratoryPhysics Department FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar
Abstract. After done experiment about radioactive substance activity. Objective of this experiment is investigate the characteristics of the emission of radioactivity some radioactive substance, investigate and compare the penetrating power of light , , and , investigate the ability of various materials to absorb radiation and investigate the relation between the distance to the source of the radioactive source activity. The first acitivity is to answer the first objective, where we observe the radioactive activity by alpha, beta and gamma source. The second activity to answer the second and the third objective, we use 4 barrier and one without barrier for each radioactive source. The third acitivity is to answer the fourth objective, how the relationship between average of cps with distance of radioactive source? and what is inverse square law obtain in this experiment or not? Based on the analysis of data, the largest activity of radioactive and the largest penetrating power is beta, then gamma and the smallest is alpha. Inverse square law is not obtained on this experiment, because the gradient of logaritmic graph for beta () is 0,997 and for Gamma () is 1,097.

Keywords: radioactive, radioactive source, inverse square law, radioactive substace INTRODUCTION In that month, February 1896, Becquerel was experimenting with using phosphorescent materials. The technique is quite simple experiments. Becquerel wrap a photographic plate by using black paper, in order to protect it from light, and then put it on top of a phosphorescent material. Becquerel then shine a direct light while before washing the plates. Because it is known that x -rays can penetrate paper, photographic plates wrapped in paper will be blackened if it is formed in the process of X-ray. Initially, the experimental results is negative. But when Becquerel using potassium uranyl disulfat K2UO2(SO4)22H2O, finally he observed that the reported symptoms to the Academy on February 24. Several Weeks later, on March 2, 1896, Becquerel back a report to the Academy. Listed in this report the discovery of radioactivity that would make his name famous. Becquerel wrote in the report, "A photographic plates, with silver gelatin bromide, wrapped in a light -tight place in a black cloth, covered on one side with aluminum; if we shine the full light of the sun, even during a full day, plates the photography will not blackened. But if we put on the aluminum sheet, on the outside, a layer of uranium salts[...] then we had been illuminated for a few hours in the sun, we'll soon see, after the photographic plates were washed as usual, shadow will appear black crystal layer upon the sensitive plate." Becquerel's discovery that it was not alleged by him, implied in the next two paragraphs in the report." I am very confident that the following fact is very important especially for me and is outside the expected akanteramati phenomenon: the same crystal layer, placed on a photographic plate by means the same [...] but still kept in the dark , will also produce the same photographic prints . I came to this observation after going through this activity:Based on my previous experiments I had prepared on Wednesday 26th and Thursday 27th February, and because in those days, the sun only appears intermittently, I save back experimental materials I had prepared it into a dark drawer, while leaving nearby uranium salt layer. Because the sun does not shine well after a couple of days later, I then wash it with a photographic plate allegations are vague image. Figure it did appear, but in contrast to my expectations, the image has a high intensity." Becquerel then continued his experiments in a place that really dark and still obtained the same results. This means, in addition to X-rays, there must be a new kind of other types of light that seems to shine without fosforesens caused by a substance. In 1896 Becquerel continued to learn new light. Still in March, Becquerel discovered that these rays can empty the charge electroscope. That is, the beam causes the air is conductive. Becquerel then find that all the uranium mixture, is not fosforesensatau, which has been examined over the years, light emitting it. He concluded

that pure uranium metal should be the most powerful radiation which is then demonstrated through experiments. At the end of 1896, Becquerel reported on the ability of a material to absorb a wide range of these rays. Although the phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel, the name itself radioactivity given by Marie Curie, discoverer of other radioactive elements besides uranium, namely polonium and radium. On the findings of this radioactivity, Antoine Henri Becquerel, together with spouses Pierre Curie and Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903, five years before Becquerel died. THEORY One of the unique properties possessed by the atom is its ability to spontaneously transform from a nucleus with Z and N values at the core of the other particular. This event is called the decay. Such properties are owned by an unstable nucleus and the nucleus is called radioactive. Figure 1, shows a plot of all the known nuclei, with stable nuclei indicated by dark shading. For the lighter stable nuclei, the neutron and proton numbers are noughly equal. However, for the heavy stable nuclei, the factor ( 1) in the Coulomb repulsion energy grows rapidly, so extra neutrons are rewuired to supply the additioal binding energy needed for stability. For this reason, all heavy stale nuclei have > .

proton or a proton to a neutron). Nuclei are unstable in excited states, which can transition to ground states through gamma decay) are examples of the general subject of rdioactive decay. In the remainder of this section, we establish some of the basic properties of tadioactive decay, and in the following section s we treat alpha, beta, and gamma decay separately. The rate at which unstable radioactive nuclei decay in a sample of material is called the activity of the sample. The greater the activity, the more nuclear decays per second. (The activity has nothong to do with the kind of decays or of radiations emitted by the sample, or with the energy of the emitted radiations). The activity is determined only by the number of decays per second). The basic unit for measuring activity is the curie. Originally, the curie was defined as the activity of one gram of radium; that definition has since been replaced by am more convenient one: 1 = 3,7 1010 / One curie is quite a large activity, and so we workmore often with units of milicurie ( ), equal to 10-3 , and microcurie ( ), equal to 10-6 . Consider a sample with a mass of a few grams, containing the order of 1023 atoms. If the activity were as large as 1 , about 1010 of the nuclei in the sample would decay every second. We could also say that for one nucleus, the probability of decaying during each secong is about 1010/1023 or 10-13. This quantity, the decay probability per nucleus per second, is called the decay constant (represented by th esymbol ). We assume that is a small number, and that it is constant in time for any particular material the probability of any one nucleus decaying doesnt depend on the age of the sample. The activity depends on the number of radioactive nuclei in the sample and also on the probability , for each nucleus to decay: = ... (1)

FIGURE 1. Stable nuclei are shown in color; known radioactive nuclei are in light shading. Most of the nuclei represented in Figure 1 are unstable, which means that the transform themselves into more stable nuclei by changing their and through alpha decay (emission of 4 2) or beta decay (changing a neutron to a

which is equivalent to decays/s = decays/s per nucleus number of nuclei. Both and are functions of the time . As our sample decays, certainly decreases there are fewer radioactive nuclei left. If decreases and is constant, then must also

decreases with time, and so then number of decays per second becomes smaller with increasing time. We can regard as the change in the number of radioactive nuclei per unit time the more nuclei decay per second, the larger is . =

... (2)

A minus sign must be present because is negatice ( is decreasing with time), and we want to be a positive number). Combining equation 1 and 2 we have = , or

FIGURE 2. Activity of a radioactive sample as a function of time.

... (3)

This equation can be integrated directly to yield = 0 ... (4) FIGURE 3. Semi log plot of activity versus time. The half-life, t1/2, of the decay is the time that it takes for the activity to be reduced by half, as shown in Figure 2. That is, when t = t1/2, a = 0 = 0 2 , 2 from which we find 1 0.693 1 = ln 2 = 2 2 Another useful parameter is the mean lifetime : 1 = When t = ,a = a0e1 = 0.37a0.[2] EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY In this experiment, we used the apparatus: Geiger-Muller (GM) Tube, Rate meter, Computer, Radioactive source, Sample holder, varnier caliper and Micrometer. Various material we used in this experiment are: Radiation alpha (); Po-210, 138 d, 0.1 Ci, Radiation beta (); Sr-90, 28.6 y, 0.1 Ci, Radiation gamma (); Co-60, 5.27 y, 1 Ci In this experiment, there was three activity. The first activity is Recognize the activity of radioactive substance, the second
1 1

Where 0 represents the number of radioactive nuclei originally present at = 0. Equation 4 is the exponential law od radioactive decay, which tells us how the number of radioactive nuclei in a sample decreases with time. We cant easily measure , but we can put this equation in a more useful form by multiplying on both sides by , which gives = 0 ... (5)

Where is the original activity ( = ). Suppose we count the number of decays of our sample in one second (by counting for one second the radiations resulting from the decays). Repeating the measurement, we could then plot the activity a as a function of time, as shown in Figure 2. This plot shows the exponential dependence expected on the basis of (4). It is often more useful to plot a as a function of t on a semilogarithmic scale, as shown in Figure 3. On this kind of plot, Eq. (4) gives a straight line of slope .

activity is Measuring penetrating power of , , and particle, and the third activity is the inverse square law. Before did this experiment, made sure every apparatus was connected to power source. Then, turned on computer to record data and program STX. After computer was turned on, opened STX program and turn on ratemeter to counted activity of radioactive substance. In first activity, to recognize activity of radioactivity source. First, clicked experiment on taskbar of STX program and chosen plateau to did this first activity. Then, put radioactive substance (e.g. source ) in rack of sample in fourth level of it. After chosen plateau, the new task pane would open and adjust the preset time, time remaining and step voltage also range of voltage. For preset time, adjusted it about 30 second, for time remaining would adjusted automatically by adjusted step voltage and range of voltage. Range of voltage is about 300 volt where it started 700 V to 1100 V and step voltage is 20 V. By this adjustment, so runs remaining will 21 step. Before clicked the start button, checkmark the show graph and then clicked the start button. After clicked start button, first task pane would open and it would record radioactivity of radioactivity substance automatically and wait it till it done record the radioactivity. It could be indicated by turn on stop light in ratemeter apparatus. After that saved as data of record to chosen folder with specific name to made it can be known. After this measurement, measured another radioactive substance like source and and did the same step to measure it. In the second activity, we wanted to know the penetrating power of , , and particles. To know penetrating power each particle, use the half life of radioactive substance by chosen half time when after clicked experiment. After that task pane would be open, adjusted voltage worked on 900 V and preset time also in 30 seconds and runs remaining is 10 times. Before do recording data, measured thickness of barrier plat by made of lead with symbol Q, R, S, and T, where thickness of lead Q is 0,1355 cm, thickness of lead R is 0,218 cm, thickness of lead S is 0,3595 cm and thickness of lead T is 0,534 cm. Put radioactive substance in level 5 of rack sample and put barrier in level 3 of rack sample. After that, started measurement by click start button in task pane of experiment

half time. Then, waited till it finished recording data. After that saved as data of record to chosen folder with specific name to made it can be known. After this measurement, measured another radioactive substance like source and and did the same step to measure it. Used another radioactive source like and . Third activity of this experiment, we want to know about inverse square law. Step of this experiment is put radioactive source (e.g. particle) in level 1 and measured distance between top of rack sample to level one of rack sample by using varnier caliper. Same step with second activity to made work STX program, clicked experiment and chosen half life in 900 V. For preset time used 30 s and runs remaining is 10 times. Waited till it finished recording data After that saved as data of record to chosen folder with specific name to made it can be known. After this measurement, measured another radioactive substance like source and and did the same step to measure it. Used another radioactive source like and . EXPERIMENT RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS 1st activity. Knowing activity of radiactive substance
Maximun of cps
1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3

Kind of Radiation Source

FIGURE 4. Graph of radiation source. (1) alpha (2) beta and (3) gamma. From the graph, we can see that the smallest activity of radiactive is radiactive source beta ( ), the second is radiactive source gamma () and the largest is radioactive source alpha (). TABLE 1. Activity of radioactive source Radioactive Deviation Max Average Source Standar 1008 845,81 208,42 307 223,05 82,47

50

36,00

9,67
Average of cps

So, from the graph and the table we can know that has the largest activity of radioactive. So, the answer of the first objective of experiment is beta characteristic has the largest acivity, its showed maximun value of count per sekon (cps) is 1008, although which second is gamma with value 307 and the smallest activity of radioactive is alpha, where maximun cps is 50. 2 activity. Measure penetrating of (, , and radiation.
nd

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

y = 239,9167e-3,4150x R = 0,4301

0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600 0,800 Thickness of lead (cm)

50 Average of cps 45 y = 36,80003e-0,15436x R = 0,75888

FIGURE 6. Graph of relation between thickness of lead and average of cps for Beta () From the equation of graph above, we get y = 239,916e-3,4150x Where, it analogs to It = Ioe-t So, value of decay constanta is = 3,4150 decay/cm DC = R2 x 100% = 43,01% RU = 100%-43,01% = 56,99% = 100% =1,946 decay/cm = 3,42 1,95 /
250 200 150 100 50 0

40
35 30 0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600 0,800

Thickness of Lead

From the equation of graph above, we get y = 36,80003e-0,15436x Where, it analogs to It = Ioe-t So, value of decay constanta is = 0,1543 decay/cm DC = R2 x 100% = 75,89% RU = 100%-43,01% = 24,11% = 100% = 0,037 decay/cm = 0,15 0,04 /

Average of cps

FIGURE 5. Graph of relation between thickness of lead and average of cps for Alpha ( )

y = 169,1e-0,63x R = 0,643

0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600 0,800 Thickness of lead

FIGURE 7. Graph of relation between thickness of lead and average of cps () From the equation of graph above, we get y = 169,1e-0,63x Where, it analogs to It = Ioe-t So, value of decay constanta is = 0,63 decay/cm DC = R2 x 100% =64,3% RU = 100%-64,3% = 35,7% = 100% = 0,23 decay/cm = 0,63 0,23 /

According to graph, we can get coeffient value of material penetrating power with a exponetial equation, = e t , where It is intensity of radioactive without resistance and Io is intesity of radioactive with resistance, althouh t is thicknes of resistance. According to analysis of data, value is not bad because the value of cps is sensitivity, where cps is influenced by source of radioactivty. The second and third objective answered by this second activity, where largest penetrating power is beta, the second is gamma, and the smallest is alpha. Its showed by coefficient of material penetrating power. 3rd activity. The inverse square law TABLE 2. Table of the third activity analysis Distan Distan Sourc ce Avera Average cps x ce (D) e Squar ge cps D2 cm e 4375,6 10854,22 1,575 2,481 1654,6 16158,20 Beta 3,125 9,766 5,325 28,356 881,6 24998,32 920,2 1,575 2,481 2282,61 Gamm 405,5 3,125 9,766 3959,91 a 243,0 5,325 28,356 6890,47
5000 average of cps 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2 4 6

5000

average of cps

4000 3000 2000 1000 0

y = 7964,x - 729,7 R = 0,993

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1/D^2 (cm)

FIGURE 9. Relation between 1/D2 and average of cps for Beta ()

log (avergae of cps)

4,50 3,00 y = 0,66x + 3,892 R = 0,997 1,50 0,00 -1,50 -1,00 -0,50 0,00 0,50

-2,00

log (1/D)

FIGURE 10. Relation between log(1/D) and log(average of cps) for Beta ()
1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 y = -173,4x + 1102, R = 0,854 2 4 6

Average of cps

y = -892,7x + 5287, R = 0,840

Distance (D) (cm)

Distance (D) (cm)

FIGURE 8. Relation between Distance and average of cps for Beta ()

FIGURE 11. Relation between Distance and average of cps for Gamma ()

1000 800 600 400 200 0 0

y = 1801,x + 198,1 R = 0,996 0,2 0,4 0,6

1/D^2 (cm)

FIGURE 12. Relation between 1/D2 and average of cps for Gamma ()
Log (average of cps) 4 3

physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. In this activity, will be proved if the distance laying radioactive source is subject to the inverse square law is the rank two. Based on above graph for radioactive source of Beta () is 0,997. Although for radioactive source of Gamma () is 1,097, this value is bad (not relevance with inverse square law) too like the second activity because measuring apparaus sensitivity which influence cps average value. CONCLUSION According to result of experiment, the largest activity of radioactive and the largest penetrating power is beta, the second is gamma and the smallest is alpha. Although, inverse square law not obtained in the experiment. REFERENCE

Average of cps

y = 1,097x + 3,171 R = 0,996

2 1 0

-1

-0,5 0 Log (1/D)

0,5

FIGURE 13. Relation between log(1/D) and log(average of cps) for Gamma () Some equation in physics is an inverse square law, for example is equation of this experiment which stating that a specified

[1] Beiser, Arthur. 2003. Concepts of Modern Physics Sixth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. [2] Krane, Kenneth. 1992. Fisika Modern. Jakarta : UI Press. [3] Subaer, dkk. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Eksperimen Fisika I Unit Laboratorium Fisika Modern Jurusan Fisika FMIPA UNM

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