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GRID
Smart grid
Dramatic changes of the Power Sector From a one-way centralized structure Generation -> Consumption..
Power flow
12kV
380kV
380kV
Power plant
220/110kV
110kV
25kV
Heavy Industry
Residential Areas
380/220kV
20kV
20kV
400/230V
Residential -
Farmhouses Farmhouses
Smart grid
to a multi-directional flow of energy and information
Industrial Plants CHP
Central power plant Fuel Cells Micro-turbines Department Stores Residential Virtual Power Plant Storage
Wind Farms
Power flows
The Smart Grid transforms the current Grid to one that functions more cooperatively, responsively and organically
Smart grid
Drivers Grid security: prevention of major failures inception Capacity
Stability
Reliability Life extension of the existing assets
Condition monitoring
Scope of the Condition Monitoring
A Condition Monitoring system enables Assessment of the actual operative conditions of equipment Maintenance scheduling, Earlier identification of potential failure inception
Support decision of activities (maintenance, operation, engineering and, eventually for asset management)
Type of Condition Monitoring Off-line monitoring (-> time-based inspections) On-line monitoring (continuous) Expert monitoring (data crunching & analysis, support to diagnostic)
Expert Level RPH Manager PD Manager BW Manager Substation Level GIS Watch Bay Level BWatch3 Gas density and CB PDWatch Partial discharge RPH controller controlled switching
Expertise
EXPERT LEVEL
MANAGE Expert SW
SUBSTATION LEVEL
Operation
BAY LEVEL
Maintenance
SF6
PD
TRAINING
CB
Agenda
SF6 monitoring
Density switch
L1 L2 L3
N cables x6 wires
LVCC
Main drawbacks :
No indication in case of any sensor problem SF6 leakage in the atmosphere without indication before stage 1
LVCC
BWatch3 is an on-line fully digital GIS monitoring sytem Main functions are
Dielectric gas density monitoring Gas leakage detection Enclosure internal fault localisation
SF6 characteristics
T155-CB Filling pressure 8.5 bar abs @ 20C Density 56.95 g/l Liquefaction -25C
Sensor bus
Ethernet TCP/IP
Monitoring gateway
Level 2 alarms
Monitoring LAN
IEC 61850-8-1
RS232 link
CT
To next GIS bays
CB
HV equipments
Some pictures
Designed to operate under the most adverse env. conditions
Agenda
SF6 monitoring
Circuit-breaker pole
CT
CMU
Auxiliary Contacts
CSa CSb
Travel Sensor
Ethernet TCP/IP
LCC
CoilWatch
Interface Relays
IWatch
BWatch3
Monitoring Gateway
BK CPU
GM
CB travel curves
Agenda
SF6 monitoring
Context
GIS are proven to be very reliable but high costs are involved in case of failure
The majority of incidents encountered on GIS is of dielectric origin. The incipient defects are a source of PD activity before a flashover occurred in the compartment :
For voltage class > 300 kV, more than 50% of failures is breakdown of insulation (1) Of these failures, 90% occurred during normal AC service conditions
(1) CIGRE
Brochure 150
E 0
E0
E0
E0
Partial discharges generate electromagnetic waves in the UHF range (200 MHz - 1500 MHz) guided along GIS enclosures
The signal is tapped through antennas located within the GIS enclosure
Defaul t
Acquisition Unit: UHF100 module 6 PD Couplers Frequency scan (3001200MHz) Synchronisation by VT (inductive) or coupler (capacitive) Phase resolved analysis Ethernet 100 MHz Integration inside LVCC or stand-alone box (GIB / GIL)
Usual UHF method: alarm triggered by a threshold on analog UHF signal (Phase resolved analysis)
Normal conditions Defect conditions
PD threshold level
OK
Examples
Light noise
Corona noise
GIS UHF signals
Innovative approach: spectrum analysis (frequency scan) with band exclusion preprocessing External noise gating through ambiant sensor
Normal conditions
-60
-60
-70
-80
-80
-90
-90
Central Unit Internet HMI PC UHF links Synchronisation links Ethernet links Ethernet switches MODEM
Remote PC
Practical : PD couplers are shown on mimic diagram together with gas compartments
2 - PD EXPERTISE
1 - PD ACQUISITION
Protrusion electrode
Floating electrode
SPACER VOID
Conclusion
PDWatch is the first system in the market capable to discriminate through innovative techniques between real partial discharges & external noises
User-friendly interfaces enable maintenance staff to Training sessions and manufacturer accreditations available for superior expertise
Assess severity of the partial discharge activity & provide relevant guidance for operation
Network constraints
For very high voltage networks, (above 362kV), insulation levels are determined by switching overvoltages generated during closing and more critically reclosing of overhead lines Minimizing these overvoltages has a direct impact on network security & availability
HV switching corresponds to a sudden change of systems conditions, giving rise to different kinds of transient phenomena
Travelling waves (reflections on long transmission lines) Significant overvoltages (up to 4 p.u.) Strong inrush currents
Sending end
Transmission line
System
Voltage [p.u.]
Voltage [p.u.]
-1
-1
-2 0
-2
50
100
Reclosing sequence with maximum overvoltage produced when CB closed at beat maximum across circuit-breaker
Time [ms]
100
200
300
400
200
250
Re-built window
tCB
tdRPH
Predicted
tCB Circuit-breaker operating time tdRPH Time delay introduced by point on wave controller
tdRPH
tCB
Real time
Closing output
(1) CIGRE
WG C4.306
Tc Td
Tcb
-1
-2
-3
-4
-1
-5
-2
-6 -3 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 Time (sec)
Tc Td
2
Differential voltage (p.u.)
Tcb
-1
2
CB current (secondary value A)
-2
-3
-4
-1
-5
-2
-6 -3 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 Time (sec)
Conclusion