Optical Fiber Technology 19 (2013) 461467

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Optical Fiber Technology

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Proposal for highly birefringent broadband dispersion compensating octagonal photonic crystal ber
Md. Selim Habib a,, Md. Samiul Habib a, S.M. Abdur Razzak a, Md. Anwar Hossain b
a b

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a highly birefringent photonic crystal ber based on a modied octagonal structure for broadband dispersion compensation covering the S, C, and L-communication bands i.e. wavelength ranging from 1460 to 1625 nm. It is shown theoretically that it is possible to obtain negative dispersion coefcient of about 400 to 725 ps/(nm km) over S and L-bands and a relative dispersion slope (RDS) close to that of single mode ber (SMF) of about 0.0036 nm1. According to simulation, birefringence of the order 1.81 102 is obtained at 1.55 lm wavelength. Moreover, effective area, residual dispersion, effective dispersion, connement loss, and nonlinear coefcient of the proposed modied octagonal photonic crystal ber (M-OPCF) are also reported and discussed. 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 17 November 2012 Revised 23 May 2013 Available online 19 June 2013 Keywords: Dispersion compensating ber Finite element method High birefringence Photonic crystal ber Residual dispersion

1. Introduction Photonic crystal bers (PCFs) or holey bers (HFs) or microstructure optical bers (MOFs) have a microscopic array of air channels running down their length that make a low index cladding around the undoped silica core [1]. Such holey claddings in PCFs help tuning dispersion slope and controlling connement losses in a way that was not possible in conventional bers [2]. PCFs offer exibility in tuning dispersion [3,4] which is crucial in designing dispersion compensating ber design. The dispersion must be compensated in the long-distance optical data transmission system to suppress the broadening of pulse. One way to realize this is to use the dispersion compensating bers (DCFs) having large negative dispersion [5]. To minimize the insertion loss and reduce the cost, the DCFs should be as short as possible, and the magnitude of negative dispersion should be as large as possible. To efciently compensate the dispersion at all the frequencies of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), the negative dispersion of DCFs should span a wide spectrum. Again, the dispersion and dispersion slope should be compensated at the same time [6]. Therefore, in designing DCFs, it is important to take into consideration dispersion, dispersion slope, relative dispersion slope, bandwidth, and mode property [7]. Highly birefringence photonic crystal bers (HB-PCFs) on the other hand are suitable for various novel applications including sensing application. For such PCFs, high birefringence with high negative disper Corresponding author. Fax: +880 721750356.
E-mail address: selim041073@yahoo.com (Md. Selim Habib). 1068-5200/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2013.05.014

sion coefcient is crucial. The idea of using PCF for dispersion compensation (DC) was rst proposed by Birks et al. [8]. However, the design suffers from its small effective area. A similar approach was used whereby the designed PCF was optimized for broadband DC with a dispersion coefcient of approximately 475 ps/ (nm km) and a small effective area and resulted in a large coupling loss with SMF but no information about connement loss was reported [9]. In addition, several attempts have been made by other groups with the aim of achieving a high negative dispersion as well as a suitable bandwidth for dispersion compensation. For example, Huttunen et al. [10] theoretically investigated a dual-core PCF with a highly doped internal core, resulting in a dispersion peak of 59,000 ps/(nm km) and a modal effective area of 10 lm2. Unfortunately, highly doped bers, besides exhibiting high connement losses, also make the design and fabrication process more difcult [11] and no attempt was made to match the relative dispersion slope (RDS) to that of the conventional SMF. Fujisawa et al. [12] employed a genetic algorithm procedure in a PCF for DC design to cover the entire S-band. The peak dispersion of 500 ps/ (nm km) was achieved at the expense of using a PCF structure with 14 air-hole rings. Recently, Matsui et al. have theoretically proposed a PCF capable of DC in all three telecommunications bands simultaneously [13]. The penalties for this type of design are a low dispersion parameter [approximately 100 ps/(nm km)], which requires a long ber to compensate for the accumulated dispersion of the transmission ber, and a more complicated arrangement of the internal air-holes in the inner cladding, than that used in previous cases. Recently, it has been reported that all glass (solid) DCFs can achieve a high negative dispersion of approximately

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250 to 300 ps/(nm km) [14]. However, conventional solid optical bers such as conventional DCFs, have some limitations related to their structure, for instance, materials of different thermal expansion coefcients (i.e., germanium-doped core and silica cladding regions). In addition, another drawback of germanium (or other index increasing dopants) doping in the core of conventional solid DCFs is increased ber loss and a signicant increase in nonlinearity owing to the high doping concentrations [15]. Besides these, several designs for single-material PCFs have been proposed to achieve a high negative dispersion coefcient or a wide compensation bandwidth [7]. Those PCFs possess air-holes arrayed in a triangular lattice with the same air-hole diameter or with a dual concentric core (with two different air-hole sizes), and they cannot simultaneously have a negative dispersion coefcient larger than 600 ps/(nm km) and a compensation bandwidth wider than C band. A honeycomb structure PCF with a Ge-doped central core has been proposed for a wide compensation bandwidth and a large dispersion coefcient which can reach 1350 ps/(nm km) [16] but the doped core will lead to fabrication difculties. In a recent report, a PCF with the rst ring of special grapefruit holes is proposed and its potential as a broadband dispersion compensation ber is shown [17]. However, the feasibility for practical ber links has not been numerically studied and the structural variations analyzed are virtually not random in nature; therefore the model does not accurately represent inuences from fabrication. In this paper, we propose a modied octagonal PCF (M-OPCF) that has both high negative dispersion coefcient of about 588 ps/(nm km) at 1.55 lm and high birefringence. We numerically investigate the dispersion compensation characteristics of the M-OPCF over the S, C and L-bands and show that the M-OPCF can be designed simply by introducing the defects into the core by omitting several air-holes from a conventional OPCF and using the elliptical air-holes adjacent to the OPCF core to produce high birefringence that has better polarization maintaining properties. In addition to this, the designed ber has an effective dispersion range of 0.20 ps/(nm km) in the entire S and L-bands. Undoubtedly, the proposed PCF architecture will be greatly applicable to optical communication systems.

two air-holes missing in the rst ring (the dotted circle). Pitch K is related to K1 by the relation K1  0.765K. The designed octagonal PCFs have isosceles triangular unit lattices with a vertex angle of 45. Due to such lattices, OPCFs contain more air-holes in the cladding region with the same numbers of rings than hexagonal PCFs (HPCFs). In the designed M-OPCFs, the total number of airholes for rings 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are respectively 6, 24, 48, 80, and 120, whereas in a regular triangular lattice, the number of air-holes is 6, 18, 36, 60, and 90, respectively. This results in a higher air-lling ratio and a lower refractive index around the core, thereby providing strong connement ability. Air-holes adjacent to the core are transformed to elliptical air-holes (oval holes) by stretching them vertically. The minor axis and major axis lengths of the elliptical air-holes are dened as ds and df respectively. It is known that the size of the air-holes near the PCF core affects the dispersion characteristics [17]. This is also true when the circular air-holes are replaced with several elliptical air-holes near the core, as is carried out here to obtain better DC properties. It is also known that, when using a conventional PCF topology, it is difcult to engineer a high negative chromatic dispersion, and control dispersion slope, connement loss, high nonlinear coefcient and polarization maintaining properties simultaneously. Consequently, we need to incorporate a structure with a higher degree of freedom regarding the total number of geometrical design parameters. Hence, by engineering the four design parameters, namely, pitch K, air-hole diameters d, d1, and ellipticity g, we can suitably design transmission properties such as chromatic dispersion, dispersion slope, and RDS, to simultaneously achieve a high negative dispersion coefcient, low connement loss, and high birefringence over S and L-bands. In our simulations, we use the ratio g = ds/df for the ellipticity of the air-holes near the core, as shown in Fig. 1. 3. Numerical method The nite element method (FEM) with circular perfectly matched boundary layers (PML) is used to simulate properties of the proposed PCF. To model the leakage, an efcient boundary condition has to be used, which produces no reection at the boundary. PMLs are the most efcient absorption boundary conditions for this purpose [18]. Using the FEM, the PCF cross-section is divided into homogeneous subspaces where Maxwells equations are solved by accounting for the adjacent subspaces. These subspaces are triangles that allow a good approximation of the circular structures. Using the PML, from Maxwells curl equations the following vectorial equation is obtained [19]
2 r s1 r E k2 0 neff sE 0

2. Geometries of the proposed M-OPCF Fig. 1 shows the transverse cross section of the proposed PCF with optimized air-hole diameters d, d1, pitch K, and ellipticity, g. In contrast to conventional OPCF, the proposed structure has

where E is the electric eld vector, k0 is the wave number in the vacuum, neff is the refractive index of the domain, [s] is the PML matrix, [s]1 is the inverse matrix of [s]. The effective refractive index of the base mode is given as neff b = k0, where b is the propagation constant. Once the modal effective refractive index neff is obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem using FEM, the chromatic dispersion D(k), connement loss Lc, and effective area Aeff can be calculated given by [20]. The chromatic dispersion D(k) of PCFs is calculated using the following

Dk

k d Reneff c dk2

Fig. 1. Transverse cross section of the designed M-OPCF showing pitch K, air-hole channels with diameter d, and d1, ellipses with dimensions ds and df. For octagonal structure, K is related to K1 by K1  0.765K. The dotted circle in the rst ring represents the missing air-hole.

in ps/(nm km), where Re[neff] is the real part of effective refractive index neff, k is the wavelength in vaccum, c is the velocity of light in vacuum. The material dispersion can be obtained from the three-term Sellmeiers formula and it is directly included in the calculation. In PCFs, the chromatic dispersion D(k) is related to the

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additional design parameters like geometry of the air-holes, pitch, and hole diameters. By optimizing these parameters, suitable guiding properties can be obtained. Because of the positive dispersion and dispersion slope of the SMF, the fundamental requirements of a DCF for WDM operation are a large negative dispersion and a dispersion slope over a broad range of wavelengths. Assuming that a ber link consists of a transmission ber SMF of length LSMF with the dispersion DSMF(k) and a DCF of length LDCF with the dispersion DDCF(k), the effective dispersion after compensation, De(k), on the ber link in series can be written as [9]

De k DSMF kLSMF DDCF kLDCF =LSMF LDCF

To compensate for the accumulated dispersion of the SMF over a range of wavelengths, the following conditions must be satised [21]

RDS SSMF k=DSMF k SDCF k=DDCF k

SSMF(k) and SDCF(k) are the dispersion slopes for the SMF and DCF, respectively. The unit of RDS is nm1. Once the RDS of the DCF is close to that of the single mode ber, SMF, the design of the broadband DCF is accomplished. The RDS is used to judge DC satisfaction over a range of wavelengths. Connement loss is the light connement ability within the core region. By suitable choice of pitch, number of rings, position and diameter of air-holes, it is possible to control both dispersion and connement loss. The connement loss Lc is obtained from the imaginary part of neff as follows

Lc 8:686 k0 Imneff

With the unit dB/m, where Im[neff] is the imaginary part of the refractive index. The complex refractive index of fundamental mode can be solved from Maxwells equations as an eigenvalue problem with the FEM. The effective area Aeff is calculated as follows

Aeff

ZZ

jEj dx dy

2 , ZZ

jEj4 dx dy

in (lm2), where E is the electric eld amplitude in the medium. In PCFs, the birefringence properties are imperative for polarization maintaining applications. PCFs with polarization maintaining (PM) properties are essential in applications such as in eliminating the effect of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and in stabilizing the operation of optical devices, and can also be used in sensing applications. The birefringence is dened as [22]

supermode, and the other is second order supermode. Guidance occurs in the inner and outer core. The propagation behavior of the PCF is the same as in [24]. At wavelengths shorter than the phase-matching wavelength k0, the propagation eld is conned to the inner core. At wavelengths longer than k0 the mode eld is conned to the outer core. Around k0, optical eld coupling between the inner and outer core modes occurs. In the previously reported designs, the inner cladding usually had regular circular air-holes. This gave the inner core a strong guidance ability. At wavelengths shorter than the phase-matching wavelength, the mode eld is well conned in the inner core. Therefore, the dispersion of the PCF is the waveguide dispersion of the inner core mode, which is usually small. Negative dispersion occurs only in a narrow wavelength range around the phase-matching wavelength when the mode eld can redistribute from the inner core to the outer core. Such a ber has only narrowband negative dispersion [25]. To broaden the bandwidth of the negative dispersion, we introduce elliptical with two missing air-holes in the inner cladding. By extending the air space of the inner cladding toward the inner core, the inner core is compressed. The diameter of inner core is 1.22 lm, which is at the level of the wavelength dimension. The guidance ability of the inner core is weakened. Thus, the mode eld cannot be trapped tightly in the inner core, and part of the eld leaks out and is coupled to the outer core in a wide wavelength range. It can be considered that part of the fundamental mode eld exists in the inner core and part in the elliptical holes and the outer core. Therefore, the redistribution of the mode eld occurs constantly when wavelength varies. This is unlike to the previously reported designs, where redistribution of the eld occurs only in the narrow range of wavelength around the phase-matching wavelength. Therefore, the key reason of broadening of the bandwidth of negative dispersion in our proposed design is that elliptical with two missing air-holes in the rst ring weaken the inner cores guidance ability so that eld distribution of the fundamental mode occurs whenever the wavelength varies. This redistribution is not limited to a narrow band of wavelength around the phase-matching wavelength. Fig. 2 shows wavelength response of chromatic dispersion of the proposed M-OPCF for optimum design parameters. Optimizing the parameters g, K, d1, and d, negative dispersion coefcient of 588 ps/(nm km) and 207 ps/(nm km) is obtained at 1.55 lm for x-polarized mode and y-polarized mode respectively. For optimization of the parameters, a simple technique is applied. First, the ellipticity, g is chosen 0.764, 0.787, 0.812, 0.838, and 0.896 while the rest of the geometrical parameters are kept constant to K = 0.90 lm, d/K = 0.70, and d1/K = 0.43. A larger value of air-hole

B jnx ny j

where nx and ny are the mode indices of the two orthogonal polarization fundamental modes. As the holey cladding in PCFs makes the large difference of refractive index between the silica core and cladding, light concentrates more into a very small area of the core, resulting in enhanced effective nonlinearity. A small effective area provides the high optical power density necessary for nonlinear effects to be signicant, and the nonlinear coefcient c calculated by using the following equation [23]

   2p n2 k Aeff

in w1 km1, where n2 is the nonlinear refractive index. 4. Numerical results and discussion Due to the geometry of the proposed M-OPCF shown in Fig. 1, the ber supports two supermodes. One is fundamental
Fig. 2. Wavelength response of chromatic dispersion of the proposed M-OPCF for both x- and y-polarization for the optimum design parameters: K = 0.90 lm, d/ K = 0.70, d1/K = 0.43 and g = 0.764.

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diameter, d is chosen for better eld connement, while the airhole diameter, d1 is chosen smaller to shape the dispersion slope. From Fig. 3, it can be seen that chromatic dispersion of the fast axis mode decreases as the ellipticity, g decreases, for example, at k = 1.55 lm, the dispersion gures are about 351, 427, 473, 526, 588 ps/(nm km) for g = 0.896, 0.838, 0.812, 0.787, and 0.764 respectively. From these results, it is clear that for g = 0.764, a large negative dispersion [400 to 725 ps/(nm km)] is obtained, which monotonically decreases over the S, and Lwavelength bands and, furthermore, possesses a negative dispersion slope, providing good dispersion compensation. The dispersion value of the proposed PCF at k = 1.55 lm is about 588 ps/(nm km), far exceeding the dispersion values of conventional dispersion compensating bers [15] [typically 100 ps/ (nm km)]. Fig. 4 reveals the effect of pitch, K on chromatic dispersion when other parameters are kept constant. At k = 1.55 lm, it is observed that dispersion value decreases (increase in absolute dispersion value) when scaling down the parameter K. It can be clearly seen that the design parameter K = 0.90 lm possesses a larger negative dispersion value than the other design parameters. After shaping the dispersion curve to the desired level (Fig. 2) in the way just described, we then have checked the dispersion accuracy of the design. It is known that in a standard ber draw, 1% variations in ber global diameter may occur [26] during the fabrication process. Therefore, roughly an accuracy of 2% may require ensuring dispersion tolerance [27]. To account for this structural variation, air-hole diameter, d1 is varied up to 5% from their optimum values. Corresponding dispersion curve is shown in Fig. 5. Solid lines indicate dispersion curves due to increment in parameters and dashed lines for decrement. Fig. 5 depicts the dispersion accuracy of the proposed ber for air-hole diameter, d1 along with the optimum dispersion curve. It is found that the M-OPCF maintains dispersion within a 50 ps/ (nm km) for variations of and up to 1% at 1.55 lm. Fig. 6 shows dispersion accuracy of the proposed ber for pitch, K along with the optimum dispersion curve. This gure ensures that design accuracy of the ber up to 1% change in the pitch is within 68 ps/(nm km) maintaining desired dispersion characteristics. Fig. 7 shows dispersion accuracy of the proposed ber for airhole diameter, d along with the optimum dispersion curve. This gure ensures that design accuracy of the ber up to 1% change in the pitch is within 44 ps/(nm km) maintaining desired dispersion characteristics. According to Eq. (6), Fig. 8 shows effective areas of the ber for optimum design parameters and for global diameter variations of order 15%. The effective area of the ber at 1.55 lm is 3.43 lm2. It changes about 0.14 lm2 for 2% change in parame-

Fig. 4. Dispersion properties of M-OPCF for d/K = 0.70, d1/K = 0.43 and g = 0.764, and K = 0.90 to 1.00 lm.

Fig. 5. Dispersion properties of M-OPCF: optimum dispersion and effects of changing d1.

Fig. 6. Dispersion properties of M-OPCF: optimum dispersion and effects of changing pitch K.

Fig. 3. Dispersion properties of M-OPCF showing the effect of air-hole ellipticity, g when other geometrical parameters are kept constant.

ters. At this point, we would like to address possible limitations of our proposed PCF design associated with a small effective area. First, its small effective area presents potential difculties in the input coupling and output coupling of light. Nevertheless, it has been reported that PCFs can be interfaced to conventional SMFs using a tapered intermediate PCF (reported 0.1 dB measured taper loss) mode matched to each ber at each end [28]. Another possible solution to the splicing problem is to splice the PCFs to

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(a)

Fig. 7. Dispersion properties of M-OPCF: optimum dispersion and effects of air-hole diameter d.

(b)

Fig. 9. Connement loss of the proposed M-OPCF for (a) x-polarization mode (b) ypolarization mode for the optimum design parameters and also for bers global diameter variations of order 15% around the optimum value. Fig. 8. Effective area of the proposed M-OPCF for optimum design parameters and also for bers global diameter variations of order 15% around the optimum value.

conventional SMFs in a specially constructed manner [29]. The splice-free interface of PCFs with the SMF technique is versatile enough to interface with any type of index guiding silica PCF [29]. We believe that our proposed PCF can be interfaced with existing technology without major complications. One important point worthy of consideration is the fabrication issue. The OPCF can be drawn from individual stackable units of suitable size and shape [30]. Moreover, PCFs with elliptical air-holes can be fabricated [31]. Therefore, we believe that the M-OPCF could be fabricated without any major complication. Fig. 9 shows wavelength dependence of bers connement losses of x-polarized mode and y-polarized mode according to Eq. (5) for optimum design parameters and also for bers global diameter variations of order 15%. Note that the loss is increasing smoothly with the wavelength and there is no evidence of abrupt change in leakage. Again increasing losses due to corresponding decrease in air-hole diameters are also consistent. Connement loss at 1.55 lm is less than 10 dB/m and 1 dB/m for x-polarized mode and y-polarized mode respectively considering ve air-hole rings. It is also evident from Fig. 9 that changes in design parameters up to 2% have an insignicant effect on the connement losses. Fig. 10a shows the calculated residual dispersion obtained after the dispersion compensation by a 1.17 km long optimized M-OPCF for the dispersion accumulated in one span (40 km long) of the transmission ber, SMF. It can be observed that the residual dispersion ranges from 7 to 4 ps/nm in the entire S and L-bands,

which enables the proposed PCF to be a suitable candidate for high-bit-rate transmission systems [32]. Fig. 10b shows the effective dispersion of the SMF + M-OPCF for the optimum design parameters. The length ratio of the compensated ber (SMF) to the compensating ber M-OPCF, which is the variation in the effective dispersion over a considered wavelength range (S and L-bands), is the smallest one. The effective dispersion should be lower than 0.8 ps/(nm km) to compensate for a 40 Gbps system [12]. As shown in Fig. 8b, with an effective dispersion within a 0.2 ps/(nm km) range, it is clearly proved that our proposed M-OPCF (with optimized parameters) is suitable for systems with high bit rates, particularly in the S and L-bands. Fig. 11a shows effective refractive indices for the orthogonal axis of the optimum proposed M-OPCF design with their respective fundamental electric eld properties at k = 1.55 lm. It is found that the effective refractive index of the slow-axis direction is higher than that of the fast-axis direction, and that their differences provide a high birefringence on the order of 102. The asymmetrical design of the core of the proposed M-OPCF causes a considerable increase in linear birefringence properties, which is suitable for polarization maintaining (PM) applications. PCFs with PM properties are enviable in many applications [32]. However, conventional PM bers show a modal birefringence of about 5 104. In our design, the realized beat length is far smaller than that of conventional PM bers. Fig. 11b shows the wavelength dependence of birefringence achieved for the M-OPCF. The results shown here are those for the optimized geometrical parameters and it can be seen that the M-OPCF exhibits a high birefringence of about 1.81 102, which is approximately 35 times larger than that of conventional PM bers [33] and a beat length of about

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(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

Fig. 10. (a and b) The wavelength dependence of residual dispersion and effective dispersion of SMF and M-OPCF for the optimum design parameters: K = 0.90 lm, d/ K = 0.70, d1/K = 0.43 and g = 0.764. Here, corresponding residual dispersion curve after compensating for 40 km SMFs.

Fig. 11. (a) Variation in the effective refractive index for the slow and fast axis of the optimized M-OPCF. (The insets are electric eld distributions at k = 1.55 lm for each polarization.) (b) Birefringence property for the optimum design parameters: K = 0.90 lm, d/K = 0.70, d1/K = 0.43 and g = 0.764.

0.085 mm, both at k = 1.55 lm. The realized beat length is smaller than that of Ref. [22]. This shows that the proposed M-OPCF is highly birefringent and for that reason should show a high polarization extinction ratio, and can be used to eliminate the effect of PMD in transmission systems and many other areas where PM properties are required, such as sensing applications. There is an advantage of having both high birefringence and high negative dispersion, particularly in optical amplication applications. Typical long conventional optical ber links do not maintain linear polarization; the Raman gain assumes an average value, which is approximately half of the corresponding polarized gain. Thus, with a maintained linear polarization, gain efciency may be improved by approximately a factor of 2 [34]. The proposed M-OPCF is such that it offers a high birefringence as well as a high negative dispersion, which leads to a relatively small ber length required to achieve dispersion compensation. Hence, we expect that the MOPCF will be able to maintain linear polarization. As we considered a simple condition for designing broadband dispersion compensation phenomena, it is worth noting that, at k = 1.55 lm, the RDS for the dispersion curve with g = 0.764 is close to that of the SMF (for the SMF; RDS  0.0036 nm1) [35] as shown in Table 1. From the results shown in Table 1, it can be clearly seen that hole ellipticity, g can be used to tune the desirable RDS so that it can match that of the SMF. The RDS of proposed M-OPCF is close to 0.0036 nm1 for the optimum design parameters K = 0.90 lm, d/K = 0.70, d1/K = 0.43 and g = 0.764. Fig. 12 shows the wavelength dependence of the nonlinear coefcient for the optimum design parameters. The nonlinear coefcient is found 31.85 W1 Km1 at 1.55 lm, which may be

Table 1 Effect of ellipticity, g on M-OPCFs RDS when the other geometrical parameters (d, d1 and K) are kept constant at 1.55 lm. Ellipticity, g 0.764 0.787 0.812 0.838 0.896 RDS (nm1) 0.0036 0.0034 0.0033 0.0031 0.0028

Fig. 12. Nonlinear coefcient c of the proposed M-OPCF for the optimum design parameters: K = 0.90 lm, d/K = 0.70, d1/K = 0.43 and g = 0.764.

Md. Selim Habib et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 19 (2013) 461467 Table 2 Comparison between properties of the proposed M-OPCF and other various PCFs for DC applications at 1.55 lm. PCFs Ref. [9] Ref. [22] M-OPCF D(k) Ps/(nm km) 474.5 239.5 588.0 B(|nx ny|) 1.67 102 1.81 102 Aeff (lm2) 1.60 2.60 3.43 NDP (Nr, NK, Nd) 6, 1, 1 5, 1, 2

467

suitable for nonlinear applications. Finally, a comparison is made between properties of the M-OPCF and some other bers designed for dispersion compensation. Table 2 compares those bers taking into account the dispersion coefcient, birefringence, and effective area. Nr, NK, and Nd correspond to the number of rings, pitches, and different sized air-hole diameters used in PCF design, respectively. It clearly indicates that the designed ber is better for dispersion compensation and sensing applications. 5. Conclusions A relatively simple highly birefringent broadband dispersion compensating M-OPCF has been reported. It is shown through numerical results that the proposed broadband dispersion compensating M-OPCF can be designed to provide high negative dispersion coefcients of about 400 to 725 ps/(nm km) over the S, and L-bands and an RDS close to that of a conventional singlemode ber simultaneously. We also successfully achieved an effective dispersion of 0.20 ps/(nm km), which allows the designed ber suitable for systems with high bit rates within the S, C and L-communication bands. The proposed ber exhibits birefringence as high as 1.81 102. Hence, the ber is a promising candidate for PM and sensing applications. We expect that the proposed M-OPCF will be useful for a number of future applications such as broadband dispersion compensation in high-bit-rate transmission networks, PM devices, and sensing systems. References
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