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Compound sentences
A compound sentence has at
Complex sentences
A complex sentence is one which
least two parts (clauses), and each part is itself capable of being an independent sentence. A compound sentence is a sentence having two or more independent (or main) clauses, that is, clauses that do not require the support of another for a complete meaning)
Example:
has only one main (independent) clause and one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses. A subordinate clause is a clause which cannot stand by itself; it is dependent on the main clause for its complete meaning.
Example :
beside incidental s ly
certain indeed ly conse quentl y instead
next
thereaf ter
either or whether or
finally
likewise
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Relative pronouns
becau se in order that so that when before even though though if since
now that
once
rather than
that
though
unless
until
Who,wh om,who se
whenever where
wherev er
while
A.Cleft sentences
Cleft sentences are used to help us focus on a particular part of the sentence and to emphasise what we want to say by introducing it or building up to it with a kind of relative clause. English is very rich in cleft constructions. Below are examples of types of clefts found in English. It-cleft e.g : It is Jaime for whom we are looking. What -cleft: e.g : What he wanted to buy was a Fiat. Reversed what-cleft/Pseudo-cleft: e.g : A Fiat is what he wanted to buy. All-cleft: e.g : All he wanted to buy was a Fiat. Inferential cleft e.g : It is not that he loves her. It's just that he has a way with her that is different. There-cleft: e.g : And then there's a new house he wanted to build. If-because cleft: e.g : If he wants to be an actor it's because he wants to be famous.
inversion
Inversion is used to give emphasis or to be
rhetorical in more formal situations, in political speeches, on the news, and also in literature. Some native speakers may also use them occasionally in day-to-day conversation.
Not only.....but also e.g. "Not only has McDonalds, which employs over 1 million people worldwide, played a huge role in pioneering low standards now equated with the word "McJobs", but it has also decided to restrict our ability to have a public discussion about the impact of the McJobs phenomenon", Naomi Klein, "No Logo: Taking Aim at Brand Bullies" (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2000) Such....that Used with the verb `be` and a noun, it means so much or so great. e.g: Such was the popularity of the soap opera, that the streets were deserted whenever it was on. So......that This is a common inversion, usually used with an adjective & the verb `be`. e.g: So exciting was the soap opera, that I forgot to do my English homework. Scarcely/Barely....when This is used to refer to an event that quickly follows another. It is usually used with the past perfect. e.g: Scarcely had I arrived home when there was a knock on the door.
At no time
e.g. At no time did I say I would accept late homework. Hardly........when This is used to refer to an event that quickly follows another. It is usually used with the past perfect. e.g : Hardly had I got into bed, when there was a knock at the door. Less used is Hardly....before. e.g: Hardly had I left before the trouble started. Little e.g : Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar. No sooner.....than This is used to refer to an event that quickly follows another. It is usually used with the past perfect, but sometimes with the simple past. e.g : No sooner had I reached the door than I realised it was locked Not + object e.g. Not a single word did she say.
1.similarity a. as......as... , like..,the same as....,similar to... USE to say that people or thing are equal in some way e.g : she is as tall as her brother Negative Structure After not,we can use so...as.. instead of as...as... e.g :Hes not as/so friendly as she is As...as.. + adjective/adverb Note the structure as..as... + adjective/verb e.g : please get here as soon as possible Pronouns after as......as... , like..,the same as....,similar to...
In an informal style we can use object pronouns (me,him etc)after as
e.g: she doesnt sing as well as me In a formal style ,we prefer subject + verb after as e.g : she doesnt sing as well as I do
A subject form without a verb (e.g : as well as he ) is unusual in this structure in modern english
2.COMPARATIVE
The comparative form is er and more.. We use er for short words (one syllable) e.g :cheap cheaper fast faster
We also use er for two syllabe words that end in-y (-y ier ) :
e.g : More expensive more comfortable We use more....for adverbs that in ly e.g : more slowly more carefully
Use er or more with some two syllable adjectives,especially :
little
little
less
smaller
Quite clever narrow shallow simple common stupid handsome polite pleasant wicked cruel likely sure tired and the words which ending in ow er le
3.SUPERLATIVE
The superlative forms is est or most....in general,we use est for short words and most..for longer words (the rules are same as those for the comparative )
normally use the before a superlative (the longest/the most etc) and eldest The superlative of old is oldest,we use eldest or eldest when we are talking about people in a family E.g : my eldest son is 13 years old (or my oldest)
Oldest
We
1.Prefer....to...
Unit 22 Preference
Formula :
Subject + Prefer + to infinitive Subject + Prefer + Nouns + to + Nouns Subject + Prefer + Gerund + to + Gerund
Examples : They prefer to go now My mother prefers lemon to orange She prefers watching TV to listening to the radio
Subject + would rather + Kata kerja bentuk I (tanpa to- Infinitives) Subject + would rather + Infinitives + than + Infinitives Subject + would rather + Infinitives + Noun + than + Inf + Noun Subject + would rather + someone + Bentuk II
Examples : I would rather study now She would rather stay home than go shopping Wed rather play card than play ball Id rather you went now
Examples : I would prefer toys rather than dolls They would prefer to sing rather than dance Youd prefer to play ball rather than take a sleep
Examples : I like singing a song She likes singing a song better than playing a guitar They like coffee better than tea
NOUN+PREPOSITION
Equivalent of number of example of quality of reason for sample of exception to possibility of damage to key to answer to contact with
Note : these nouns can be followed by either of or for
Fear
E.g : the quality of this photograph is poor the answer to your question is NO
Excellent at bad at fit for sorry for free from succesful in angry with fed with suspicious incapable of aware of loyal of polite to strange to hopeless at slow at quick at anxious for rude to kind to similar to e.g : I get fed up with doing thye same thing every day She has always been very nice to me
VERBS WITH PREPOSITIONS 1. Many verbs that are used without an object are normally followed by a prepositional phrase. Some verbs take a particular preposition: belong to, consist of, happen to, hint at, hope for, insist on, lead to, listen to, pay for, qualify for, refer to, relate to, sympathize with. 2. With other verbs that are used without an object, the choice of a different preposition may alter the meaning of the clause: agree on/with, apologize for/to, appeal to/for, care about/of, complain to somebody about/of, conform to/with, remind about/of, result from/in, suffer from/with, think about/of. 3. With verbs that are used without an object, different prepositions are used to introduce different types of information: a. about indicates the subject matter: care, complain, do, dream, explain, hear, know, speak, talk, think, write b. at indicates direction: glance, glare, grin, laugh, look, point, shoot, shout, smile, stare c. for indicates purpose or reason: apologize, apply, ask, leave, look, search, wait d. into indicates the object involved in a collision: bump, crash, drive, run e. of indicates facts of information: hear, know, speak, talk, think f. on indicates confidence or certainty: congratulate, count, depend, plan, rely g. to indicates the listener or reader: complain, explain, listen, say, speak, talk, write h. with indicates someone whose opinion is the same or different: agree, argue, disagree, side 4. Some verbs have an object, but are also followed by a preposition
Noun + preposition
A . For
A cheque for a demand for a reason for
Preposition+noun
A. By
By cheque by accident by mistake by chance
B . In
A rise in increase in a fall in
B. For C. On
For breakfast for walk for drink for a swim On fire on holiday on a trip on diet on strike on radio
C . Of
An advantage of A cause of A picture of
D. In
In my opinion In cash In love with
D . with
Participle + prepositions
Here is a list of expressions containing past participles and the prepositions
To be interested in be located in be finished/done with be tired of (or from) be done with be satisfied with be married to
Delighted by Tired of Shocked by Irritated by Surprised by Upset about Excited about Troubled by be excited about be prepared for be divorced from
linking verb is a verb that is used to connect a subject with an adjective or noun that describes or identifies the subject. The most common linking verb is be . Other common linking verbs are
Appear become feel go grow look remain seem smell sound taste turn get fall
An adjective that follows a linking verb is called a predicate adjective.A linking verb expresses a state of being, not an action. Therefore, when we use a linking verb, we must use an adjective after it, not an adverb. The following linking verbs can be followed by an adjective:
Appear get prove sound Be grow remain seem taste Feel look smell turn stay become keep
Predicate Nouns
A noun that follows a linking verb is called a predicate noun. It might encounter the term predicate nominative, which is an older term for predicate noun. The following linking verbs can be followed by a noun:
Be Constitute Look Remain Sound Become Comprise Form Prove Feel Make Represent Seem
make is
used as a linking verb to indicate if someone is doing a good job: He will make a good father. E.g:This new discovery represents a breakthrough S L.V P.N Notice : that predicate nouns can be modified by adjectives.
Some linking verbs can also be action verbs. Grow, for example, can
express an action, in which case we use an adverb after it, or a state, in which case we use an adjective after it. e.g : The plant grew quickly. [action verb + adverb] It grew dark. [linking verb (meaning became) + adjective]
Complement
May also see the term complement (C) used for a predicate adjective (PA)
An
feeling.There are pattern with how and what that can be used in an
what there can be a noun phrase with a/an or without After article.
e.g : What a surprise ! what a good idea
Some exclamations have the form of a negative question. e.g : arent you lucky . dont you look smart !