TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

#938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Electronics Engineering

FM RECEIVER

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Needed for the completion of the subject PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS (COMEC 413L1)

Submitted By: Marfil, John Michael Trugello, John Carlo Dequila, Christian Lipata, Mark Roland Ceballo, Ramon Miguel

Submitted To: Engr. Carlo Romero Instructor March 25, 2012

Fm transmitter

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1| THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................ 4 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Limitations ......................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2| REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................... 6

CHAPTER 3| RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design .................................................................................................................. 7 Materials .............................................................................................................................. 7 Procedure ............................................................................................................................. 8 Circuit Description.9

CHAPTER 4| PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .......................13-15

CHAPTER 5| SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATONS Summary............................................................................................................................ 16 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 17 Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 19

Fm transmitter

Chapter I The Problem: Rationale and Background

INTRODUCTION A FM transmitter can either be built into a device or be a portable appliance that plugs into the headphone jack or proprietary output port of a portable audio or video device, such as a portable media player, CD player, or satellite radio system. The sound is then broadcast through the transmitter, and plays through an FM broadcast band frequency. Purposes for an FM transmitter include playing music from a device through a car stereo, or any radio. The FM transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the audio output into an FM radio signal, which can then be picked up by appliances such as car or portable radios. Most devices on the market typically have a short range of up to 100 feet (30 metres) with any average radio (up to about 300 feet (100 metres) with a very good radio under perfect conditions) this range can also be enhanced if operated in fixed locations of good high elevation, such as a multi-story apartment or tall building and can broadcast on any FM frequency from 87.5 to 108.0 MHz in most of the world, (or 88.1 to 107.9 in the US and Canada). Some lower-cost transmitters are hard-wired to the 87.791.9 MHz band allocated to educational broadcasts in the United States, or a certain other smaller range of frequencies. FM transmitters are usually battery driven, but some use the cigarette lighter socket in cars (and sometimes outside of vehicular use), or draw their power from a mains powered wall socket or the device itself. They are typically used with portable audio devices such as MP3 players, as well as hi-fi systems, message systems, etc.. They are also used to broadcast other outputs (such as that from a computer sound card) throughout a home or other building.

Fm transmitter

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The proponents would like to give emphasis on the following objectives: 1. To design, construct and test a FM Transmitter. 2. To understand the concept of FM Transmitter. 3. To be able to transmit audio signals without wiring connections between 88 MHz to 108 MHz using the designed FM Transmitter. 4. To create a variable transmitter frequency in FM. 5. To study the circuit and determine how the different parts of the designed FM Transmitter circuit function together. 6. To use a low power consumption on the FM Transmitter. 7. To provide adequately short transmission range between the FM Transmitter and the FM Receiver. 8. To put-up a compact, portable and lightweight FM Transmitter.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This design conducted by the proponents aimed to effectively create a FM Transmitter in which we could transmit which is capable of transmitting an audio signal under a frequency of 92.1 Megahertz and above. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons.

Fm transmitter

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The transmitting radius of the transmitter depends on the receiver used. We have limited our test and experiments to the transmitter only to a minimum. The range of the transmitter made by the proponents when a mobile phone (cherry mobile) is used as a receiver is about 2 to 3m in radius. In a FM receiver with a good antenna its about 30 meters or so with block or without blockage of signal.

Fm transmitter

Chapter II Review of Related Literature

Effects of Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmitter Microphone Directivity on Speech Perception in Noise
M. Samantha Lewis 1, Carl C. Crandell 1, and Nicole V. Kreisman 1

American Journal of Audiology Vol.13 16-22 June 2004. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2004/004)

Frequency modulation (FM) technology can significantly improve the speech perception ability of individuals with sensor neural hearing loss (SNHL) in background noise. Previous investigations have demonstrated that the microphone design of the FM transmitter can have a significant impact on this improved speech perception. The purpose of this investigation was to compare 3 types of FM transmitter microphone designs: (a) wide angle (omnidirectional microphone), which amplifies sounds coming from all directions around the microphone equally; (b) zoom (1 directional microphone), which provides less amplification to signals coming from the rear, and (c) superzoom (2 directional microphones), which provides less amplification to signals originating from the rear and the sides. Fifteen adults with bilateral slight to moderately severe SNHL participated. Speech perception was assessed using the Hearing in Noise Test (M. Nilsson, S. Soli, & J. Sullivan, 1994). Speech spectrum shaped noise served as the noise competition. Results revealed that the best speech perception in noise was obtained when the FM transmitter was used in the zoom setting. The poorest performance was obtained when the FM transmitterwas in the wide-angle mode. The clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Fm transmitter

Chapter III Research Methodology RESEARCH DESIGN

Schematic diagram of FM Transmitter

MATERIALS Semiconductor 2 BC547 or PN222 (NPN transistor) Capacitors 1 10p ceramic-disc NPO type 1 39p ceramic-disc NPO type 1 1n ceramic-disc 2 22n ceramic-disc 1 100n monoblock 1 2p to 10p air trimmer Resistors (all are watt, 5 % tolerance, carbon composition type) 1 470 marked as 471 1 10k marked as 103 1 47k marked as 473 1 1M marked as 105 1 68k marked as 683

Fm transmitter

Additional Parts and Material 1 5 turn coil .020in(.5mm) enameled 1 electret microphone insert 1 9v battery snap 1 solid wire no.22 for antenna (any length)

The miniature FM Transmitter utilize high frequency signals to operate and it is very likely that the circuit layout can influence its normal operation.

MIC INPUT WITH PREAMP RF OSCILLATOR (VF0) RF AMPLIFIER

ANTENNA

AUX INPUT (PHONO/ CASSETTE

FM RECEIVER Figure1. Functional Block Diagram of the miniature FM Transmitter

Fm transmitter

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The circuit consists of two stages - an audio amplifier and an RF oscillator. The electret microphone contains a FET transistor and can be counted as a stage, if you wish. The microphone detects audio in the form of air vibrations that enter the hole (at the end of the mic) and move the diaphragm. This diaphragm is a thin piece of metallised plastic such as mylar and is charged with electrical charges during manufacture. Next to this is a metal plate containing a number of holes so that the air readily passes through. The relative distance of the mylar diaphragm to the metal plate makes the charges move on the diaphragm (remember static electricity theory: like-charges repel and unlike-charges attract). Some of the charges pass down a lead that touches the metal plate and into a FET amplifier - it looks like a three legged transistor. The FET amplifies the charges and gives a reading on the output lead. The output must be connected to a supply via a resistor called the load resistor. The FET draws a varying current during its operation and this creates a varying voltage on the output (across the load resistor). The reason why a FET has been used is due to it having a very high input impedance and does not have any loading effect on the charges.The output waveform from the microphone will be typically 3 - 30mV in our case, depending on how close it is to the source of the sound. The circuit is capable of detecting a whisper at 10ft (3M) and only very sensitive microphones. You can also get medium and low sensitivity devices from suppliers so you have to be careful as they are not labelled. A 22n capacitor on the output of the microphone couples the signal to the input of the first audio amplifier stage. This capacitor is designed to separate the DC voltage on the microphone from the base voltage on the transistor. The first transistor stage consists of transistor and two biasing resistors. The stage is said to be "AC coupled" as it has a capacitor on both the input and output so the DC voltages of the other stages do not influence the voltage on the stage. The stage is also said to be "self-biased" with the 1M base resistor turning the transistor on until the collector voltage drops to about half rail voltage. The value of the base resistor is chosen so that this occurs. The value can

Fm transmitter

10

be chosen by experimentation. If the value is too low, the voltage on the collector will be below half rail. If it is too high, the collector voltage will be too high. The AC gain of the stage is about 70 and the signal is amplified and passed to the oscillator stage via a 100n capacitor. The signal is now typically 200mV to 2,000mV in amplitude and this is adequate for injection into the oscillator stage. The oscillator stage is designed to operate at about 100MHz and this frequency is set by the value of inductance of the 5 turn coil and the capacitor(s) across it. The 39p and air trimmer can be considered as a single capacitor. The frequency is also determined to a lesser extent by the transistor, the 10p feedback capacitor and also the 470R emitter biasing resistor and the 47k base bias resistor. The supply voltage also has an effect as the oscillator can be classified as voltage controlled. There are a lot of things that set the frequency and even though the parts have a 5%, 10% or even 20% tolerance, they are STABLE at their present value. The 10p and 39p are NPO types and this means they are stable even when the temperature changes a small amount. The frequency is firstly set by pushing the turns of the coil closer together to lower the frequency or pulling them apart to raise the frequency and then the air trimmer is adjusted to obtain the precise frequency required. The air trimmer has a range of about 2MHz. The circuit will stay at the desired frequency providing the supply voltage remains constant and the temperature of the parts do not rise appreciably (such as when the project is left in the sun etc). The transistor is not designed to be handled and is not suitable to be worn on the body. It is designed to be placed on a shelf and left in position. The most important components in the oscillator stage are the coil and capacitor(s), making up the parallel tuned circuit. They do almost all the work in setting the frequency and generating the waveform. The transistor merely turns on at the correct instant in each cycle to deliver a small amount of energy to the tuned circuit. How this is done: The transistor is firstly turned on via base-bias resistor and it injects a small amount of energy into the parallel tuned circuit. A few low-amplitude cycles now take place and we pick up the operation when the tuned circuit is operating at full

Fm transmitter

11

amplitude and producing a sinewave at about 100MHz. This frequency is called the CARRIER. The parallel tuned circuit is also called a TANK CIRCUIT and the name was coined during the development of the earliest transmitters where it was found a coil and capacitor in parallel would smooth out electrical pulses like filling a water tank in bursts so that it delivers an even flow of water. This name has stayed with us and is an ideal way of describing a coil/capacitor combination. The waveform from the tank circuit is passed to the 10p and this modifies the voltage on the emitter of the transistor. There are two ways of turning on a transistor. One is to raise the voltage on the base while holding the emitter fixed and the other is to hold the base rigid while lowering the voltage on the emitter. The second method is used in this circuit and the 10p moves the emitter up a very small amount at the rate of 100 million times per second to turn the transistor off. The base is held rigid via a 1n capacitor and this value is sufficient to hold the base rigid at 100MHz but allows it to move up and down at audio frequencies so that audio being processed by the first transistor can be passed to the oscillator. The oscillator transistor does not determine the waveshape of the signal, it mainly delivers a pulse of energy to the tank circuit at the correct instant where the coil and capacitor do all the work in creating the carrier signal. There is one more feature of the tank circuit. Even though it is injected with a pulse of energy of only a few millivolts, it is capable of producing a higher amplitude waveform on its output. In other words the tank circuit is capable of amplifying the voltage supplied to it. This is called its Q-factor. The other two components in the stage are the 47k basebias resistor and 470R emitter resistor. The 47k turns the transistor on when the power is first applied and sets the operating point for the stage. The 470R emitter resistor acts as a current limiting resistor and allows the transistor to be injected via the emitter. The voltage produced by the tank circuit is monitored by the 10p and passed to the emitter of the transistor. During a portion of the cycle, the voltage it delivers, turns the transistor off. This effectively removes the transistor from the circuit and allows the waveform from the tank circuit to be passed to the antenna.

Fm transmitter

12

When a waveform at 100MHz is passed into a wire (such as an antenna) the signal is very easily radiated as electromagnetic energy. This is how the signal is radiated to the surroundings. The 22n supply capacitor across the battery is designed to tighten up the power rails. The power rails have also been kept tight by connecting the battery directly to the printed circuit board. Note: The circuit will not operate from a power supply without generating a lot of "mains hum" - the annoying 100 or 120 cycle hum from the mains - you must use a battery to get a crystal clear, humfree, output. Test voltages have been provided on the circuit diagram to help with servicing. They are only approximate and apply to our prototype. They show how each transistor has a voltage on the base of about 0.6v, with respect to the emitter, to turn it on. The voltages around the oscillator stage cannot be measured with an ordinary multimeter when the circuit is operating as the leads of the multimeter will act as an antenna and kill the operation of the circuit. This is certainly the case on the emitter of the second transistor, where the leads of a multimeter will draw off so much energy that the stage will stop working.

Fm transmitter

13

Chapter IV PRESENTATION

Transmitter circuit design after etching

The proponents are soldering the components into the pcb

Fm transmitter

14

The transmitter with all components soldered in the pcb

The FM transmitter being tested by the proponents

Fm transmitter

15

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION An FM transmitter allows a music phone to broadcast music on FM frequencies at low power, so that the music can be heard via nearby FM radios.This is most useful for using your music phone with a car sound system. It can also be used with a home system, or to allow a group of headphone-wearing friends to listen to the same music simultaneously.The sound is transmitted wirelessly, like any FM broadcast. The range is very short, though, as required by law, so it does not interfere with FM radio stations for your neighbors, etc. In many cases the short range can limit the effectiveness of this technology, even in spaces as small as a vehicle interior.Most phones with an FM transmitter allow you to choose the frequency, so you can choose one with the least interference. In frequency modulation (fm) the modulating signal combines with the carrier to cause the frequency of the resultant wave to vary with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

This shows you the block diagram of a frequency-modulated transmitter. The modulating signal applied to a varicap causes the reactance to vary. The varicap is connected across the tank circuit of the oscillator. With no modulation, the oscillator generates a steady center frequency. With modulation applied, the varicap causes the frequency of the oscillator to vary around the center frequency in accordance with the modulating signal. The oscillator output is then fed to a frequency multiplier to increase the frequency and then to a power amplifier to increase the amplitude to the desired level for transmission.

Fm transmitter

16

Chapter V SUMMARY This Receiver can be portable enough to be used at homes and provides such range that could receive across a room. The FM Receiver project is basically a simple design with simple components and that needs to be powered with a 9 volts battery. Our project has taken some time to be finalized due to its much step by step process this are circuit designing, etching, soldering its components in the PCB, and random testing of the prototype. We were able to finish our prototype and test its functionality immediately after the receiver was built. Upon the testing of the prototype we received a signal audio that was transmitted by the Transmitter with a clear voice sound but sometimes a signal audio with a little noise or static it is natural that it can receive a signal like that because we have a large surroundings and many interference for to the signal that it receives. The prototype FM Receiver that weve made it worked and functioned well.

CONCLUSION

Fm transmitter

17

The Group concluded that FM stands for "frequency modulation," which means that the receiver depends on the rate that a radio wave changes for the information that it receives. The FM Receiver that we have designed and made has functioned normally. The FM Receiver Receives the signal which was an audio signal that is being transmitted by the FM Transmitter we also made. FM receiver is still an accessible way to listen to a stream of free portable music, and to introduce you to a new artists and content. An FM receiver is a great device for any person who loves music. The frequency we have set for our transmitter is 88.7 MHz but could be adjusted by setting or adjusting the variable capacitor bypassed with the coil in the transmitter circuit board. We didnt use any IC in building the transmitter only transistor for amplification purposes and with also efficient voltage usage of 9 volts. The low power consumption of the transmitter is a big advantage because it is portable also and is efficient in power. The transmitter we have made have a limited amount of transmission range due to the antenna that we have used. The reasons is that the component we used is only enough to transmit at not so short range but enough to transmit in a direct manner. This FM Receiver was made as an output and application of what we learned in Principles of Communications.

Fm transmitter

18

RECOMMENDATION We recommend To the next ones who will build an FM Receiver, they can improve the FM Receiver through various means. They can improve the circuit design of the FM Receiver to receive more signals with clear information, less noise and statics. To the community, we recommend that in the making of a more efficient FM transmitter is that they should make a more compact, lower power consumption, affordable and appealing FM transmitter. We also recommend to build a power meter which can be defined by a LED light. This is because the operation of the FM transmitter cannot be detected by a multimeter due to the voltages around the oscillator stage cannot be measured with an ordinary multimeter when the circuit is operating as the leads of the multimeter will act as an antenna and kill the operation of the circuit. .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fm transmitter

19

The staff of Electronic Enthusiasts (1988). Projects and Circuits volume 4: Electronics Hobbyists Publishing House. http://www.talkingelectronics.com http://www.vencon.com/index.php?page=support_art2&fb_source=message http://en.wikipedia.org