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• Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an
electrical circuit.
• is efficiency
• Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a
PIN junction rather than the typical junction.
Output
Laser Diode
'laser diode', this generally refers to the combination of the semiconductor chip
that does the actual lasing along with a monitor photodiode chip (for used for
feedback control of power output) housed in a package (usually with 3 leads) that
looks like a metal can transistor with a window in the top. These are then
mounted and may be combined with driver circuitry and optics in a 'diode laser
module' or the common (red) laser pointer.
The energy level differences between the conduction and valence band electrons
in these semiconductors are what provide the mechanism for laser action.
Fortunately, laser diodes are now quite inexpensive (with prices dropping as you
read this) and widely available.
The active element is a solid state device not all that different from an LED.
Differences Between LEDs and Laser Diodes
One can think of an LED as a laser without a feedback cavity. The LED
emits photons from recombining electrons. It has a very broad spectrum.
When we add a high Q cavity to it, the feedback can be high enough to
trigger true laser action. Most laser diodes have the cavity built right into
the device but there are such things as external cavity diode lasers.
The addition of the high Q cavity cuts down drastically the number of
modes operating (in fact, it is almost improper to speak of mode
structure with an LED. The result is that the emission line narrows
drastically (more monochromatic) and the beam narrows somewhat
spatially. One can still not easily get true single mode lasing with normal
diode lasers, however, so the line will not be as sharp as a gas laser, nor
the beam as narrow.
Applications of Laser Diodes
The RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is the
equivalent steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect.
Average Value
Average value one sine wave for half cycles positive is peak-to
peak value segmented with π:
Determine :
i) Current peak value.
ii) RMS current value.
iii) Current average value.
iv) Wave frequency.
v) Current after 0.0015 seconds through 0 in positive hike.
Answer
Sajer tgk2
• http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircui
ts/Exper/EXP_5.html
RECTIFIERS
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
Introduction to ac to dc circuit:
• The electronic circuit used to convert alternating
current AC to direct current DC is called rectifier.
• This conversion process is called rectification.
• Alternating current AC will change the direction
periodically where as direct current Dc is the
unidirectional flow of electrons.
• Direct current is also called as galvanic current.
• Rectifiers are used in many applications such as
electronic circuits, power supplies, radio receiver etc.
• The inverter performs the reverse function of rectifier
that is converting the direct current DC to alternating
current AC.
RECTIFIER
1. Half-wave rectifier
3. Bridge rectifier
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Vin Vout
Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output,
it is very inefficient if used for power transfer.
• A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output.
• However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required
instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This has some disadvantages that
we will see later on. Four rectifiers arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge
rectifier:
OPERATION
• When voltage AC will given in circuit, M and N at transformer secondary will be positive
and negative in rotation. When input voltage positive cycle were given, terminal M will be
positive and N will be negative. Diode D1 be forward biased therefore diode D2 be reverse
biased. Current will through from M, E, A, B, C, F N. 1 positive cycle were be appeare at
load RL.
:
RECTIFIER
• There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to
convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it
produces full-wave varying DC.
• http://www.answers.com/topic/root-mean-
square
• http://www.mainframegroup.yolasite.com/res
ources/Chapter_4.pdf