HEAT EXCHANGER

INTRODUCTION: A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid all! so that they never mi"! or they may be in direct contact.#$% They are idely used in space heatin&! refri&eration! air conditionin&! po er plants! chemical plants! petrochemical plants! petroleum refineries! and natural &as processin&. One common e"ample of a heat e"chan&er is the radiator in a car! in hich the heat source! bein& a hot en&ine'coolin& fluid! ater! transfers heat to air flo in& throu&h the radiator (i.e. the heat transfer medium).

Flow arrangement

Countercurrent (A) and parallel (*) flo s

+i&. $: ,hell and tube heat e"chan&er! sin&le pass ($'$ parallel flo )

+i&. -: ,hell and tube heat +i&. .: ,hell and tube heat e"chan&er! -' e"chan&er! -'pass tube side ($'- pass shell side! -'pass tube side (-'crossflo ) countercurrent)

/eat e"chan&ers may be classified accordin& to their flo arran&ement. In parallel-flow heat e"chan&ers! the t o fluids enter the e"chan&er at the same end! and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat e"chan&ers the fluids enter the e"chan&er from opposite ends. The counter current desi&n is most efficient! in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat (transfer) medium. ,ee countercurrent e"chan&e. In a cross-flow heat e"chan&er! the fluids travel rou&hly perpendicular to one another throu&h the e"chan&er. +or efficiency! heat e"chan&ers are desi&ned to ma"imi0e the surface area of the all bet een the t o fluids! hile minimi0in& resistance to fluid flo throu&h the e"chan&er. The e"chan&er1s performance can also be affected by the addition of fins or corru&ations in one or both directions! hich increase surface area and may channel fluid flo or induce turbulence. The drivin& temperature across the heat transfer surface varies ith position! but an appropriate mean temperature can be defined. In most simple systems this is the lo& mean temperature difference (23TD). ,ometimes direct 4no led&e of the 23TD is not available and the NTU method is used.

Types of heat exchangers

A ,hell and Tube heat e"chan&er 3ain article: ,hell and tube heat e"chan&er ,hell and tube heat e"chan&ers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are bein& heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat re5uired. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain! lon&itudinally finned! etc. ,hell and Tube heat e"chan&ers are typically used for hi&h pressure applications ( ith pressures &reater than .6 bar and temperatures &reater than -768C).#-% This is because the shell and tube heat e"chan&ers are robust due to their shape. There are several thermal desi&n features that are to be ta4en into account hen desi&nin& the tubes in the shell and tube heat e"chan&ers. These include:

Tube diameter: Usin& a small tube diameter ma4es the heat e"chan&er both economical and compact. /o ever! it is more li4ely for the heat e"chan&er to foul up faster and the small si0e ma4es mechanical cleanin& of the foulin& difficult. To prevail over the foulin& and cleanin& problems! lar&er tube diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter! the available space! cost and the foulin& nature of the fluids must be considered. Tube thic4ness: The thic4ness of the all of the tubes is usually determined to ensure:

There is enou&h room for corrosion That flo 'induced vibration has resistance A"ial stren&th Availability of spare parts /oop stren&th (to ithstand internal tube pressure) *uc4lin& stren&th (to ithstand overpressure in the shell) Tube len&th: heat e"chan&ers are usually cheaper hen they have a smaller shell diameter and a lon& tube len&th. Thus! typically there is an aim to ma4e the heat e"chan&er as lon& as physically possible hilst not e"ceedin& production capabilities. /o ever! there are many limitations for this! includin& the space available at the site here it is &oin& to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in len&ths that are t ice the re5uired len&th (so that the tubes can be ithdra n and replaced). Also! it has to be remembered that lon&! thin tubes are difficult to ta4e out and replace. Tube pitch: hen desi&nin& the tubes! it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e.! the centre'centre distance of ad9oinin& tubes) is not less than $.-: times the tubes1 outside diameter. A lar&er tube pitch leads to a lar&er overall shell diameter hich leads to a more e"pensive heat e"chan&er. Tube corru&ation: this type of tubes! mainly used for the inner tubes! increases the turbulence of the fluids and the effect is very important in the heat transfer &ivin& a better performance. Tube 2ayout: refers to ho tubes are positioned ithin the shell. There are four main types of tube layout! hich are! trian&ular (.68)! rotated trian&ular (768)! s5uare (;68) and rotated s5uare (<:8). The trian&ular patterns are employed to &ive &reater heat transfer as they force the fluid to flo in a more turbulent fashion around the pipin&. ,5uare patterns are employed here hi&h foulin& is e"perienced and cleanin& is more re&ular. *affle Desi&n: baffles are used in shell and tube heat e"chan&ers to direct fluid across the tube bundle. They run perpendicularly to the shell and hold the bundle! preventin& the tubes from sa&&in& over a lon& len&th. They can also prevent the tubes from vibratin&. The most common type of baffle is the se&mental baffle. The semicircular se&mental baffles are oriented at $=6 de&rees to the ad9acent baffles forcin& the fluid to flo up ard and do n ards bet een the tube bundle. *affle spacin& is of lar&e thermodynamic concern hen desi&nin& shell and tube heat e"chan&ers. *affles must be spaced ith consideration for the conversion of pressure drop and heat transfer. +or thermo economic optimi0ation it is su&&ested that the baffles be spaced no closer than -6> of the shell?s inner diameter. /avin& baffles spaced too closely causes a &reater pressure drop because of flo redirection. Conse5uently havin& the baffles spaced too far apart means that there may be cooler spots in the corners bet een baffles. It is also important to ensure the baffles are spaced close enou&h that the tubes do not sa&. The other main type of baffle is the disc and donut baffle hich consists of t o concentric baffles! the outer ider baffle loo4s li4e a donut! hilst the inner baffle is shaped as a dis4. This type of baffle forces the fluid to pass around each side of the dis4 then throu&h the donut baffle &eneratin& a different type of fluid flo .
o o o o o o

Conceptual dia&ram of a plate and frame heat e"chan&er. A sin&le plate heat e"chan&er

Plate heat exchanger

3ain article: @late heat e"chan&er Another type of heat e"chan&er is the plate heat e"chan&er. One is composed of multiple! thin! sli&htly' separated plates that have very lar&e surface areas and fluid flo passa&es for heat transfer. This stac4ed'plate arran&ement can be more effective! in a &iven space! than the shell and tube heat e"chan&er. Advances in &as4et and bra0in& technolo&y have made the plate'type heat e"chan&er increasin&ly practical. In /AAC applications! lar&e heat e"chan&ers of this type are called plate-and-frameB hen used in open loops! these heat e"chan&ers are normally of the &as4eted type to allo periodic disassembly! cleanin&! and inspection. There are many types of permanently'bonded plate heat e"chan&ers! such as dip'bra0ed and vacuum'bra0ed plate varieties! and they are often specified for closed'loop applications such as refri&eration. @late heat e"chan&ers also differ in the types of plates that are used! and in the confi&urations of those plates. ,ome plates may be stamped ith CchevronC or other patterns! here others may have machined fins andDor &rooves.

Adia atic wheel heat exchanger

A fourth type of heat e"chan&er uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to hold heat! hich is then moved to the other side of the heat e"chan&er to be released. T o e"amples of this are adiabatic heels! hich consist of a lar&e heel ith fine threads rotatin& throu&h the hot and cold fluids! and fluid heat e"chan&ers.

Plate fin heat exchanger

3ain article: @late fin heat e"chan&er This type of heat e"chan&er uses Csand ichedC passa&es containin& fins to increase the effectivity of the unit. The desi&ns include crossflo and counterflo coupled ith various fin confi&urations such as strai&ht fins! offset fins and avy fins. @late and fin heat e"chan&ers are usually made of aluminium alloys hich provide hi&her heat transfer efficiency. The material enables the system to operate at a lo er temperature and reduce the ei&ht of the e5uipment. @late and fin heat e"chan&ers are mostly used for lo temperature services such as natural &as! helium and o"y&en li5uefaction plants! air separation plants and transport industries such as motor and aircraft en&ines. Advanta&es of plate and fin heat e"chan&ers:

/i&h heat transfer efficiency especially in &as treatment 2ar&er heat transfer area

Appro"imately : times li&hter in ei&ht than that of shell and tube heat e"chan&er Able to ithstand hi&h pressure

Disadvanta&es of plate and fin heat e"chan&ers:

3i&ht cause clo&&in& as the path ays are very narro Difficult to clean the path ays

Fl!id heat exchangers

This is a heat e"chan&er ith a &as passin& up ards throu&h a sho er of fluid (often ater)! and the fluid is then ta4en else here before bein& cooled. This is commonly used for coolin& &ases hilst also removin& certain impurities! thus solvin& t o problems at once. It is idely used in espresso machines as an ener&y' savin& method of coolin& super'heated ater to be used in the e"traction of espresso.

"aste heat reco#ery !nits

A Easte /eat Recovery Unit (E/RU) is a heat e"chan&er that recovers heat from a hot &as stream hile transferrin& it to a or4in& medium! typically ater or oils. The hot &as stream can be the e"haust &as from a &as turbine or a diesel en&ine or a aste &as from industry or refinery.

$ynamic scraped s!rface heat exchanger

Another type of heat e"chan&er is called C(dynamic) scraped surface heat e"chan&erC. This is mainly used for heatin& or coolin& ith hi&h'viscosity products! crystalli0ation processes! evaporation and hi&h'foulin& applications. 2on& runnin& times are achieved due to the continuous scrapin& of the surface! thus avoidin& foulin& and achievin& a sustainable heat transfer rate durin& the process. The formula used for this ill be FGAHUH23TD! hereby FG heat transfer rate.

Phase%change heat exchangers

Typical 4ettle reboiler used for industrial distillation to ers Typical ater'cooled surface condenser In addition to heatin& up or coolin& do n fluids in 9ust a sin&le phase! heat e"chan&ers can be used either to heat a li5uid to evaporate (or boil) it or used as condensers to cool a vapor and condense it to a li5uid. In chemical plants and refineries! reboilers used to heat incomin& feed for distillation to ers are often heat e"chan&ers.#.%#<% Distillation set'ups typically use condensers to condense distillate vapors bac4 into li5uid. @o er plants hich have steam'driven turbines commonly use heat e"chan&ers to boil ater into steam. /eat e"chan&ers or similar units for producin& steam from ater are often called boilers or steam &enerators. In the nuclear po er plants called pressuri0ed ater reactors! special lar&e heat e"chan&ers hich pass heat from the primary (reactor plant) system to the secondary (steam plant) system! producin& steam from ater in the process! are called steam &enerators. All fossil'fueled and nuclear po er plants usin& steam'driven turbines have surface condensers to convert the e"haust steam from the turbines into condensate ( ater) for re'use.#:%#7% To conserve ener&y and coolin& capacity in chemical and other plants! re&enerative heat e"chan&ers can be used to transfer heat from one stream that needs to be cooled to another stream that needs to be heated! such as distillate coolin& and reboiler feed pre'heatin&. This term can also refer to heat e"chan&ers that contain a material ithin their structure that has a chan&e of phase. This is usually a solid to li5uid phase due to the small volume difference bet een these states. This chan&e of phase effectively acts as a buffer because it occurs at a constant temperature but still allo s for the heat e"chan&er to accept additional heat. One e"ample here this has been investi&ated is for use in hi&h po er aircraft electronics.

$irect contact heat exchangers

Direct contact heat e"chan&ers involve heat transfer bet een hot and cold streams of t o phases in the absence of a separatin& all.#I% Thus such heat e"chan&ers can be classified as:

Jas K li5uid Immiscible li5uid K li5uid ,olid'li5uid or solid K &as

3ost direct contact heat e"chan&ers fall under the Jas' 2i5uid cate&ory! here heat is transferred bet een a &as and li5uid in the form of drops! films or sprays. #-% ,uch types of heat e"chan&ers are used predominantly in air conditionin&! humidification! ater coolin& and condensin& plants.#=% Phases&'( Jas K 2i5uid Contin!o!s phase Jas $ri#ing force Jravity +orced 2i5uid flo Jravity +orced Jas flo Change of phase No Les No Les No Les No Les Examples ,pray columns! pac4ed columns Coolin& to ers! fallin& droplet evaporators ,pray coolersD5uenchers ,pray condensersDevaporation! 9et condensers *ubble columns! perforated tray columns *ubble column condensers Jas spar&ers Direct contact evaporators! submer&ed combustion

2i5uid

H)AC air coils

One of the idest uses of heat e"chan&ers is for air conditionin& of buildin&s and vehicles. This class of heat e"chan&ers is commonly called air coils! or 9ust coils due to their often'serpentine internal tubin&. 2i5uid'to' air! or air'to'li5uid /AAC coils are typically of modified crossflo arran&ement. In vehicles! heat coils are often called heater cores. On the li5uid side of these heat e"chan&ers! the common fluids are ater! a ater'&lycol solution! steam! or a refri&erant. +or heating coils! hot ater and steam are the most common! and this heated fluid is supplied by boilers! for e"ample. +or cooling coils! chilled ater and refri&erant are most common. Chilled ater is supplied from a chiller that is potentially located very far a ay! but refri&erant must come from a nearby condensin& unit. Ehen a refri&erant is used! the coolin& coil is the evaporator in the vapor'compression refri&eration cycle. /AAC coils that use this direct'e"pansion of refri&erants are commonly called DX coils. On the air side of /AAC coils a si&nificant difference e"ists bet een those used for heatin&! and those for coolin&. Due to psychrometrics! air that is cooled often has moisture condensin& out of it! e"cept ith

e"tremely dry air flo s. /eatin& some air increases that airflo 1s capacity to hold ater. ,o heatin& coils need not consider moisture condensation on their air'side! but coolin& coils must be ade5uately desi&ned and selected to handle their particular latent (moisture) as ell as the sensible (coolin&) loads. The ater that is removed is called condensate. +or many climates! ater or steam /AAC coils can be e"posed to free0in& conditions. *ecause ater e"pands upon free0in&! these some hat e"pensive and difficult to replace thin' alled heat e"chan&ers can easily be dama&ed or destroyed by 9ust one free0e. As such! free0e protection of coils is a ma9or concern of /AAC desi&ners! installers! and operators. The introduction of indentations placed ithin the heat e"chan&e fins controlled condensation! allo in& ater molecules to remain in the cooled air. This invention allo ed for refri&eration ithout icin& of the coolin& mechanism. #$6% The heat e"chan&ers in direct'combustion furnaces! typical in many residences! are not 1coils1. They are! instead! &as'to'air heat e"chan&ers that are typically made of stamped steel sheet metal. The combustion products pass on one side of these heat e"chan&ers! and air to be conditioned on the other. A cracked heat exchanger is therefore a dan&erous situation re5uirin& immediate attention because combustion products are then li4ely to enter the buildin&.

*piral heat exchangers

,chematic dra in& of a spiral heat e"chan&er. A spiral heat e"chan&er (,/M)! may refer to a helical (coiled) tube confi&uration!#$$% more &enerally! the term refers to a pair of flat surfaces that are coiled to form the t o channels in a counter'flo arran&ement.#$-% Mach of the t o channels has one lon& curved path. A pair of fluid ports are connected tan&entially to the outer arms of the spiral! and a"ial ports are common! but optional.#$.% The main advanta&e of the ,/M is its hi&hly efficient use of space. This attribute is often levera&ed and partially reallocated to &ain other improvements in performance! accordin& to ell 4no n tradeoffs in heat e"chan&er desi&n. (A notable tradeoff is capital cost vs operatin& cost.) A compact ,/M may be used to have a smaller footprint and thus lo er all'around capital costs! or an over'si0ed ,/M may be used to have less pressure drop! less pumpin& ener&y! hi&her thermal efficiency! and lo er ener&y costs.#$-%

Constr!ction
The distance bet een the sheets in the spiral channels are maintained by usin& spacer studs that ere elded prior to rollin&. Once the main spiral pac4 has been rolled! alternate top and bottom ed&es are elded and each end closed by a &as4eted flat or conical cover bolted to the body. This ensures no mi"in& of the t o fluids ill occur. If a lea4a&e happens! it ill be from the periphery cover to the atmosphere! or to a passa&e containin& the same fluid.#$<%

*elf cleaning
,/Ms are often used in the heatin& of fluids hich contain solids and thus have a tendency to foul the inside of the heat e"chan&er. The lo pressure drop &ives the ,/M its ability to handle foulin& easier. The ,/M uses a Nself cleanin&O mechanism! hereby fouled surfaces cause a locali0ed increase in fluid velocity! thus increasin& the dra& (or fluid friction) on the fouled surface! thus helpin& to dislod&e the bloc4a&e and 4eep the heat e"chan&er clean. CThe internal alls that ma4e up the heat transfer surface are often rather thic4! hich ma4es the ,/M very robust! and able to last a lon& time in demandin& environments.C#$:% They are also easily cleaned! openin& out li4e an oven here any build up of foulant can be removed by pressure ashin&.

Flow Arrangements
Co!nterc!rrent Flow: *oth fluids flo in opposite directions! and are used for li5uid'li5uid! condensin& and &as coolin& applications. Units are usually mounted vertically hen condensin& vapour and mounted hori0ontally hen handlin& hi&h concentrations of solids. $. *piral Flow+Cross Flow, One fluid is in spiral flo and the other in a cross flo . ,piral flo passa&es are elded at each side for this type of spiral heat e"chan&er. This type of flo is suitable for handlin& lo density &ases hich passes throu&h the cross flo ! avoidin& pressure loss. It can be used for li5uid'li5uid applications if one li5uid has a considerably &reater flo rate than the other. -. $istri !ted )apo!r+*piral flow, This desi&n is a condenser! and is usually mounted vertically. It is desi&ned to cater for the sub'coolin& of both condensate and non'condensables. The coolant moves in a spiral and leaves via the top. /ot &ases that enter leave as condensate via the bottom outlet.

Applications

The ,/M is &ood for applications such as pasteuri0ation! di&ester heatin&! heat recovery! pre'heatin& (see: recuperator)! and effluent coolin&. +or slud&e treatment! ,/Ms are &enerally smaller than other types of heat e"chan&ers.#citation needed%

*election
Due to the many variables involved! selectin& optimal heat e"chan&ers is challen&in&. /and calculations are possible! but many iterations are typically needed. As such! heat e"chan&ers are most often selected via computer pro&rams! either by system desi&ners! ho are typically en&ineers! or by e5uipment vendors. In order to select an appropriate heat e"chan&er! the system desi&ners (or e5uipment vendors) ould firstly consider the desi&n limitations for each heat e"chan&er type. Althou&h cost is often the first criterion evaluated! there are several other important selection criteria hich include:

/i&hD 2o pressure limits Thermal @erformance Temperature ran&es @roduct 3i" (li5uidDli5uid! particulates or hi&h'solids li5uid) @ressure Drops across the e"chan&er +luid flo capacity Cleanability! maintenance and repair 3aterials re5uired for construction Ability and ease of future e"pansion

Choosin& the ri&ht heat e"chan&er (/P) re5uires some 4no led&e of the different heat e"chan&er types! as ell as the environment in hich the unit must operate. Typically in the manufacturin& industry! several differin& types of heat e"chan&ers are used for 9ust the one process or system to derive the final product. +or e"ample! a 4ettle /P for pre'heatin&! a double pipe /P for the Qcarrier? fluid and a plate and frame /P for final coolin&. Eith sufficient 4no led&e of heat e"chan&er types and operatin& re5uirements! an appropriate selection can be made to optimise the process.#$7%

-onitoring and maintenance

Inte&rity inspection of plate and tubular heat e"chan&er can be tested in situ by the conductivity or helium &as methods. These methods confirm the inte&rity of the plates or tubes to prevent any cross contamination and the condition of the &as4ets. Condition monitorin& of heat e"chan&er tubes may be conducted throu&h Nondestructive methods such as eddy current testin&. The mechanics of ater flo and deposits are often simulated by computational fluid dynamics or C+D. +oulin& is a serious problem in some heat e"chan&ers. River ater is often used as coolin& ater! hich results in biolo&ical debris enterin& the heat e"chan&er and buildin& layers! decreasin& the heat transfer coefficient. Another common problem is scale! hich is made up of deposited layers of chemicals such as calcium carbonate or ma&nesium carbonate.

Fo!ling

A heat e"chan&er in a steam po er station contaminated ith macrofoulin&. +oulin& occurs hen a fluid &oes throu&h the heat e"chan&er! and the impurities in the fluid precipitate onto the surface of the tubes. @recipitation of these impurities can be caused by:

+re5uent use of the heat e"chan&er Not cleanin& the heat e"chan&er re&ularly Reducin& the velocity of the fluids movin& throu&h the heat e"chan&er Over'si0in& of the heat e"chan&er

Mffects of foulin& are more abundant in the cold tubes of the heat e"chan&er than in the hot tubes. This is because impurities are less li4ely to be dissolved in a cold fluid. This is because! for most substances! solubility increases as temperature increases. A notable e"ception is hard ater here the opposite is true. +oulin& reduces the cross sectional area for heat to be transferred and causes an increase in the resistance to heat transfer across the heat e"chan&er. This is because the thermal conductivity of the foulin& layer is lo . This reduces the overall heat transfer coefficient and efficiency of the heat e"chan&er. This in turn! can lead to an increase in pumpin& and maintenance costs. The conventional approach to foulin& control combines the NblindO application of biocides and anti'scale chemicals ith periodic lab testin&. This often results in the e"cessive use of chemicals ith the inherent side effects of acceleratin& system corrosion and increasin& to"ic aste' not to mention the incremental cost of unnecessary treatments. There are ho ever solutions for continuous foulin& monitorin& In li5uid environments! such as the Neosens +, sensor! measurin& both foulin& thic4ness and temperature! allo in& to optimi0e the use of chemicals and control the efficiency of cleanin&s.

-aintenance

@late heat e"chan&ers need to be dissembled and cleaned periodically. Tubular heat e"chan&ers can be cleaned by such methods as acid cleanin&! sandblastin&! hi&h'pressure ater 9et! bullet cleanin&! or drill rods. In lar&e'scale coolin& ater systems for heat e"chan&ers! ater treatment such as purification! addition of chemicals! and testin&! is used to minimi0e foulin& of the heat e"chan&e e5uipment. Other ater treatment is also used in steam systems for po er plants! etc. to minimi0e foulin& and corrosion of the heat e"chan&e and other e5uipment. A variety of companies have started usin& ater borne oscillations technolo&y to prevent biofoulin&. Eithout the use of chemicals! this type of technolo&y has helped in providin& a lo 'pressure drop in heat e"chan&ers.

.n nat!re
H!mans
The human lun&s also serve as an e"tremely efficient heat e"chan&er due to their lar&e surface area to volume ratio.#$I% In species that have e"ternal testes (such as humans)! the artery to the testis is surrounded by a mesh of veins called the pampiniform ple"us. This cools the blood headin& to the testis! hile reheatin& the returnin& blood.

/irds0 fish0 whales

CCountercurrentC heat e"chan&ers occur naturally in the circulation system of fish and hales. Arteries to the s4in carryin& arm blood are intert ined ith veins from the s4in carryin& cold blood! causin& the arm arterial blood to e"chan&e heat ith the cold venous blood. This reduces the overall heat loss in cold aters. /eat e"chan&ers are also present in the ton&ue of baleen hales as lar&e volumes of ater flo throu&h their mouths.#$=%#$;% Eadin& birds use a similar system to limit heat losses from their body throu&h their le&s into the ater.

.n ind!stry
/eat e"chan&ers are idely used in industry both for coolin& and heatin& lar&e scale industrial processes. The type and si0e of heat e"chan&er used can be tailored to suit a process dependin& on the type of fluid! its phase! temperature! density! viscosity! pressures! chemical composition and various other thermodynamic properties. In many industrial processes there is aste of ener&y or a heat stream that is bein& e"hausted! heat e"chan&ers can be used to recover this heat and put it to use by heatin& a different stream in the process. This practice saves a lot of money in industry as the heat supplied to other streams from the heat e"chan&ers ould other ise come from an e"ternal source hich is more e"pensive and more harmful to the environment. /eat e"chan&ers are used in many industries! some of hich include:

Easte ater treatment Refri&eration systems

Eine'bre ery industry @etroleum industry.

In the aste ater treatment industry! heat e"chan&ers play a vital role in maintainin& optimal temperatures ithin anaerobic di&esters so as to promote the &ro th of microbes hich remove pollutants from the aste ater. The common types of heat e"chan&ers used in this application are the double pipe heat e"chan&er as ell as the plate and frame heat e"chan&er.

.n aircraft
In commercial aircraft! heat e"chan&ers are used to ta4e heat from the en&ine1s oil system to heat cold fuel.#-6% This improves fuel efficiency! as ell as reduces the possibility of ater entrapped in the fuel free0in& in components.#-$% In early -66=! a *oein& III flyin& as *ritish Air ays +li&ht .= crashed 9ust short of the run ay. In an early' -66; *oein&'update sent to aircraft operators! the problem as identified as specific to the Rolls'Royce en&ine oil'fuel flo heat e"chan&ers.#-$% Other heat e"chan&ers! or *oein& III aircraft po ered by JM or @ratt and Ehitney en&ines! are not affected by the problem.#-$%

References
$. 1 ,adi4 Ra4aS and /on&tan 2iu (-66-). Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and hermal Design (-nd Mdition ed.). CRC @ress. I,*N 6=<;.6;6-7. -. 1 ,aunders! M. A. ($;==). /eat M"chan&es: ,election! Desi&n and Construction. Ne Lor4: 2on&man ,cientific and Technical. .. 1 Rister! /enry T. ($;;-). Distillation Design ($st Mdition ed.). 3cJra '/ill. I,*N 6'6I'6.<;6;'7. <. 1 @erry! Robert /. and Jreen! Don E. ($;=<). !err"#s $hemical Engineers# Handbook (7th Mdition ed.). 3cJra '/ill. I,*N 6'6I'6<;<I;'I. :. 1 Air @ollution Control Orientation Course from ebsite of the Air @ollution Trainin& Institute 7. 1 Mner&y savin&s in steam systems %igure &a, 'a"out of surface condenser (scroll to pa&e $$ of .< @D+ pa&es) I. 1 Coulson! U. V Richardson! U. ($;=.)! Chemical Mn&ineerin& K Desi&n (,I Units)! Aolume 7! @er&amon @ress! O"ford. =. 1 /e itt J! ,hires J! *ott T ($;;<)! @rocess /eat Transfer! CRC @ress Inc! +lorida.