CHAPTER 8

NETWORKS 1: 0909201-03/04
10 December 2003 – Lecture 8b

ROWAN UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering

Dr Peter Mark Jansson, PP PE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Autumn Semester 2003

admin
hw 7 due today, hw 8 due at final
test review 5.15pm thurs. at end of lab
last lab 6 due by end of next week’s
normal lab day (no later than 5 PM)
final exam: Next Mon 15 Dec 2:45pm
„ Rowan Hall Auditorium
take – home portion
Š Assignment 8 (15%)
Š Tool Kit (10%)
networks I
Today’s learning objectives –
„ master first order circuits
„ build knowledge of the complete response
„ use Thevenin and Norton equivalents to
simplify analysis of first order circuits
„ calculate the natural (transient) response
and forced (steady-state) response
new concepts from ch. 8
response of first-order circuits
„ to a constant input
the complete response
stability of first order circuits
response of first-order circuits
„ to a nonconstant (sinusoidal) source
What does First Order mean?
circuits that contain capacitors and
inductors can be defined by differential
equations
circuits with ONLY ONE capacitor OR
ONLY ONE inductor can be defined by a
first order differential equation
such circuits are called First Order
Circuits
what’s the complete response (CR)?

Complete response = transient response +

steady state response

OR….

Complete response = natural response +

forced response
finding the CR of 1st Ord. Cir
1) Find the forced response before the
disturbance. Evaluate at t = t(0-) to
determine initial conditions [v(0) or i(0)]
2) Find forced response (steady state) after
the disturbance t= t(∞) [Voc or Isc ]
3) Add the natural response (Ke-t/τ) to the new
forced response. Use initial conditions to
calculate K
Figure 8.0-1 (p. 290)
A plan for analyzing first-order
circuits. (a) First, separate the
energy storage element from
the rest of the circuit. (b)
Next, replace the circuit
connected to a capacitor by
its Thévenin equivalent circuit,
or replace the circuit
connected to an inductor by
its Norton equivalent circuit.
RC and RL circuits
RC circuit
complete v (t ) = VOC + (v (0) − VOC )e − t /( Rt C )
response:

RL circuit
complete i (t ) = I SC + (i (0) − I SC )e − ( Rt / L ) t
response:
simplifying for analysis
Using Thevenin and Norton Equivalent
circuits can greatly simplify the analysis
of first order circuits
„ We use a Thevenin with a Capacitor
„ and a Norton with an Inductor
Thevenin Equivalent at t=0+
i(t)
+ -
Rt
+
Voc +– C v(t)
-
Norton equivalent at t=0+

+
Isc Rt v(t) L i(t)
-
1st ORDER CIRCUITS WITH
CONSTANT INPUT
t=0

R1 R2
+
+ R3
vs –
C v(t)
-

( )
v0 −
=
R3
R1 + R2 + R3
vs
Example (before switch closes)
If vs = 4V, R1 = 20kohms,
R2 = 20 kohms
R3 = 40 kohms

What is v(0-) ?

( )
v0 −
=
R3
R1 + R2 + R3
vs
as the switch closes…
THREE PERIODS emerge…..
1. system change (switch closure)
2. (immediately after) capacitor or inductor
in system will store / release energy (adjust
and/or oscillate) as system moves its new
level of steady state (a.k.a. transient or
natural response) …. WHY???
3. new steady state is then achieved (a.k.a.
the forced response)
Thevenin Equivalent at t=0+
i(t)
+ -
Rt
+
Voc +– C v(t)
-

R2 R3 R3
Rt = Voc = vs
R2 + R3 R2 + R3

KVL + Voc − i ( t )Rt − v ( t ) = 0

dv ( t ) dv ( t ) v ( t ) Voc
+ Voc − Rt C − v( t ) = 0 + =
dt dt Rt C Rt C
SOLUTION OF 1st ORDER EQUATION

dv ( t ) v ( t ) Voc
+ =
dt Rt C Rt C
dv ( t ) Voc v ( t ) Voc − v ( t )
= − dv ( t ) = dt
dt Rt C Rt C Rt C

dv ( t ) 1 dv ( t ) 1
= dt =− dt
Voc − v ( t ) Rt C v ( t ) − Voc Rt C

dv ( t ) 1
∫ =− ∫ dt + D
v ( t ) − Voc Rt C
 SOLUTION CONTINUED
dv ( t ) 1
∫ =− ∫ dt + D
v ( t ) − Voc Rt C

⎛ ⎞
ln(v ( t ) − Voc ) = −
t t
+D v ( t ) − Voc = exp⎜⎜ − + D ⎟⎟
Rt C ⎝ Rt C ⎠

⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ t ⎞
v ( t ) − Voc = exp(D ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ v ( t ) = exp(D ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + Voc
⎝ Rt C ⎠ ⎝ Rt C ⎠

⎛ 0 ⎞
v ( 0 ) = exp(D ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + Voc exp(D ) = v ( 0 ) − Voc
⎝ Rt C ⎠
SOLUTION CONTINUED
⎛ t ⎞
v ( t ) = (v ( 0 ) − Voc ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + Voc
⎝ Rt C ⎠

⎛ t ⎞
v ( t ) = Voc + (v ( 0 ) − Voc ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ Rt C ⎠
so complete response is…
complete response = v(t) =
forced response (steady state) = Voc
+
natural response (transient) =
(v(0-) –Voc) * e -t/RtC) NOTE: τ =RtC

⎛ t ⎞
v ( t ) = Voc + (v ( 0 ) − Voc ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ Rt C ⎠
Figure 8.3-4 (p. 301)
(a) A first-order circuit and (b) an equivalent circuit that is valid after the
switch opens. (c) A plot of the complete response, v(t), given in Eq. 8.3-8.
WITH AN INDUCTOR
t=0

R1 R2
+ R3 i(t)
vs –
L

( )
i0 −
=
vs
R1 + R2 Why ?
 Norton equivalent at t=0+

R2 R3
Rt =
+ R2 + R3
Isc Rt v(t) L i(t)
- vs
I sc = Why ?
R2

v( t )
KCL + I sc − − i( t ) = 0
Rt
1 di ( t ) di ( t ) Rt Rt
+ I sc − L − i( t ) = 0 + i( t ) = + I sc
Rt dt dt L L
SOLUTION
di ( t ) Rt Rt dv ( t ) v ( t ) Voc
+ i( t ) = + I sc + =
dt L L dt Rt C Rt C
Rt 1
⇔
L Rt C

⎛ t ⎞
v ( t ) = Voc + (v ( 0 ) − Voc ) exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ Rt C ⎠
⎛ Rt ⎞
i ( t ) = I sc + (i ( 0 ) − I sc ) exp⎜ − t⎟
⎝ L ⎠
so complete response is…
complete response = i(t) =
forced response (steady state) = Isc
+
natural response (transient) =
(i(0-) –isc) * e –t(Rt/L)) NOTE: τ =L/Rt

⎛ Rt ⎞
i ( t ) = I sc + (i ( 0 ) − I sc ) exp⎜ − t⎟
⎝ L ⎠
Figure 8.3-5 (p. 302)
(a) A first-order circuit and (b) an equivalent circuit that is valid
after the switch closes. (c) A plot of the complete response, i(t),
given by Eq. 8.3-9.
Figure E8.3-1 (p. 308)
Figure E8.3-2 (p. 309)
Figure E8.3-3 (p. 309)
Figure E8.3-4 (p. 309)
Figure E8.3-5 (p. 309)
Stability of 1st order circuits
when τ>0 the natural response
vanishes as t Æ∞
„ THIS IS A STABLE CIRCUIT

when τ<0 the natural response grows

without bound as tÆ∞
„ THIS IS AN UNSTABLE CIRCUIT
forced response summary
Forcing function y(t) Forced response xf(t)
(steady-state before) (steady-state after)

Constant y(t) = M Constant: xf(t) = N

Exponential Exponential
y(t) = Me-bt xf(t) = Ne-bt
Sinusoid Sinusoid xf(t) = Asin
y(t) = M sin (ωt + ) (ωt+ ) + Bcos(ωt+ )
Unit step or pulse signal
vo(t) = A + Be-at

for t > 0
Example
8.6-2, p. 321-323
Figure 8.6-12 (p. 322)
The circuit considered in Example 8.6-2
Figure 8.6-13 (p. 322)
Circuits used to calculate the steady-state response (a) before
t = 0 and (b) after t = 0.
HANDY CHART
ELEMENT CURRENT VOLTAGE
V
R I= V = I∗R
R
dvc 1 t
ic = C vc = ∫ ic dt
C dt C −∞
1 t di L
L iL = ∫ v Ldt v L = L
L −∞ dt
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FROM
CHAPTER 8

determining Initial Conditions

determining T or N equivalent to simplify
setting up differential equations
solving for v(t) or i(t)
Don’t forget HW 8 (test review)

Thursday 5.15 pm 11 Dec after lab