FUZZY LOGIC & FUZZY SETS

Siti Zaiton Mohd Hashim, PhD

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Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic
Introduction: Introduction: what is fuzzy thinking? what is fuzzy thinking?
Fuzzy sets Fuzzy sets
Linguistic variables and hedges Linguistic variables and hedges
Operations of fuzzy sets Operations of fuzzy sets
Fuzzy rules Fuzzy rules
Summary Summary
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What is fuzzy thinking? What is fuzzy thinking?
Experts rely on Experts rely on common sense common sense when they solve when they solve
problems. problems.
How can we represent expert knowledge that How can we represent expert knowledge that
uses vague and ambiguous terms in a computer? uses vague and ambiguous terms in a computer?
Fuzzy logic is not logic that is fuzzy, but logic that Fuzzy logic is not logic that is fuzzy, but logic that
is used to describe fuzziness. Fuzzy logic is the is used to describe fuzziness. Fuzzy logic is the
theory of fuzzy sets, sets that calibrate vagueness. theory of fuzzy sets, sets that calibrate vagueness.
Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things
admit of degrees. Temperature, height, speed, admit of degrees. Temperature, height, speed,
distance, beauty distance, beauty all come on a sliding scale. The all come on a sliding scale. The
motor is running motor is running really hot really hot. Tom is a . Tom is a very tall very tall guy. guy.
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Boolean logic uses sharp distinctions. It forces us Boolean logic uses sharp distinctions. It forces us
to draw lines between members of a class and non to draw lines between members of a class and non--
members. For instance, we may say, Tom is tall members. For instance, we may say, Tom is tall
because his height is 181 cm. If we drew a line at because his height is 181 cm. If we drew a line at
180 cm, we would find that David, who is 179 cm, 180 cm, we would find that David, who is 179 cm,
is short. Is David really a short man or we have is short. Is David really a short man or we have
just drawn an arbitrary line in the sand? just drawn an arbitrary line in the sand?
Fuzzy logic reflects how people think. It attempts Fuzzy logic reflects how people think. It attempts
to model our sense of words, our decision making to model our sense of words, our decision making
and our common sense. As a result, it is leading to and our common sense. As a result, it is leading to
new, more human, intelligent systems. new, more human, intelligent systems.
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In 1965 In 1965 Lotfi Lotfi Zadeh Zadeh, published his famous paper , published his famous paper
Fuzzy sets. Fuzzy sets.
Zadeh Zadehextended the work on possibility theory into extended the work on possibility theory into
a formal system of mathematical logic, and a formal system of mathematical logic, and
introduced a new concept for applying natural introduced a new concept for applying natural
language terms. language terms.
This new logic for representing and manipulating This new logic for representing and manipulating
fuzzy terms was called fuzzy terms was called fuzzy logic fuzzy logic, and , and Zadeh Zadeh
became the became the Master/Father Master/Father of of fuzzy logic fuzzy logic..
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Why fuzzy? Why fuzzy?
As As Zadeh Zadehsaid, the term is concrete, immediate and said, the term is concrete, immediate and
descriptive. descriptive. However, many people in the West However, many people in the West
were repelled by the word were repelled by the word fuzzy fuzzy, because it is , because it is
usually used in a negative sense. usually used in a negative sense.
Why logic? Why logic?
Fuzziness rests on fuzzy set theory, and fuzzy logic Fuzziness rests on fuzzy set theory, and fuzzy logic
is just a small part of that theory. is just a small part of that theory. Zadeh Zadehused the used the
term fuzzy logic in a broader sense. term fuzzy logic in a broader sense.
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Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles
for knowledge representation based on degrees for knowledge representation based on degrees
of membership of membership rather than on crisp membership of rather than on crisp membership of
classical binary logic classical binary logic..
Unlike two Unlike two--valued Boolean logic, fuzzy logic is valued Boolean logic, fuzzy logic is
multi multi--valued valued. It deals with . It deals with degrees of degrees of
membership membership and and degrees of truth degrees of truth. .
What is fuzzy logic? What is fuzzy logic?
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Range of logical values in Range of logical values in
Boolean and fuzzy logic Boolean and fuzzy logic
(a) Boolean Logic. (b) Multi-valued Logic.
0 1 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0 1 1 0
Fuzzy logic uses the continuum of logical values between 0 Fuzzy logic uses the continuum of logical values between 0
(completely false) and 1 (completely true). (completely false) and 1 (completely true).
Instead of just black and white, it employs the spectrum of Instead of just black and white, it employs the spectrum of
colours, accepting that things can be partly true and partly colours, accepting that things can be partly true and partly
false at the same time. false at the same time.
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Fuzzy sets Fuzzy sets
The concept of a The concept of a set set is fundamental to mathematics. is fundamental to mathematics.
Crisp set theory is governed by a logic that uses one of Crisp set theory is governed by a logic that uses one of
only two values: true or false. only two values: true or false.
This logic cannot represent vague concepts, and This logic cannot represent vague concepts, and
therefore fails to give the answers on the paradoxes. therefore fails to give the answers on the paradoxes.
In fuzzy set theory: an element is with a certain degree In fuzzy set theory: an element is with a certain degree
of membership. of membership.
Thus, a proposition is not either true or false, but Thus, a proposition is not either true or false, but
may be partly true (or partly false) to any degree. may be partly true (or partly false) to any degree.
This degree is usually taken as a real number in the This degree is usually taken as a real number in the
interval [0,1]. interval [0,1].
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The classical example in fuzzy sets is The classical example in fuzzy sets is tall men tall men. The . The
elements of the fuzzy set tall men are all men, elements of the fuzzy set tall men are all men,
but their degrees of membership depend on their but their degrees of membership depend on their
height. height.
Degree of M embership
F u zzy
M ark
J ohn
Tom
Bob
B ill
1
1
1
0
0
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.82
0.78
Peter
Steven
M ike
David
C hris
C risp
1
0
0
0
0
0.24
0.15
0.06
0.01
0.00
N ame Height, cm
205
198
181
167
155
152
158
172
179
208
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Degree of M embership
F u zzy
M ark
J ohn
Tom
Bob
B ill
1
1
1
0
0
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.82
0.78
Peter
Steven
M ike
David
C hris
C risp
1
0
0
0
0
0.24
0.15
0.06
0.01
0.00
N ame Height, cm
205
198
181
167
155
152
158
172
179
208
Crisp set asks the question: Is the man tall? Crisp set asks the question: Is the man tall?
Tall men are above 180, and not tall men are below 180. Tall men are above 180, and not tall men are below 180.
Fuzzy set asks the question: How tall is the man? Fuzzy set asks the question: How tall is the man?
The tall is partial membership in the fuzzy set, Tom is 0.82 The tall is partial membership in the fuzzy set, Tom is 0.82
tall. tall.
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150 210 170 180 190 200 160
Height, cm
Degree of
Membership
Tall Men
150 210 180 190 200
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
160
Degree of
Membership
170
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Height, cm
Fuzzy Sets
Crisp Sets
Crisp and fuzzy sets of Crisp and fuzzy sets of tall men tall men
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The The xx--axis represents the axis represents the universe of discourse universe of discourse the range of the range of
all possible values applicable to a chosen variable. all possible values applicable to a chosen variable.
The variable is the mans height. According to this The variable is the mans height. According to this
representation, the universe of mens heights consists of all tall representation, the universe of mens heights consists of all tall
men. men.
The The yy--axis represents the axis represents the membership value of the fuzzy set membership value of the fuzzy set..
The fuzzy set of The fuzzy set of tall men tall men maps height values into maps height values into
corresponding membership values. corresponding membership values.
Fuzzy sets of Fuzzy sets of tall men tall men
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Let Let XX be the be the universe of discourse universe of discourse and its elements be denoted and its elements be denoted
as as xx. In the classical set theory, . In the classical set theory, crisp set crisp set AA of of XX is defined as is defined as
function function ff
AA
((xx)) called the characteristic function of called the characteristic function of AA
ff
AA
((xx)):: XX {{00,, 11}, }, where where

e
e
=
A x
A x
x f
A
if 0,
if 1,
) (
This set maps universe This set maps universe XX to a set of two elements. For any to a set of two elements. For any
element element xx of universe of universe XX, characteristic function , characteristic function ff
AA
((xx) is equal to 1 ) is equal to 1
if if xx is an element of set is an element of set AA, and is equal to 0 if , and is equal to 0 if xx is not an element is not an element
of of AA..
Crisp set definition Crisp set definition
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A fuzzy set is a set with fuzzy boundaries. A fuzzy set is a set with fuzzy boundaries.
In the fuzzy theory, fuzzy set In the fuzzy theory, fuzzy set AA of universe of universe XX is defined is defined
by function by function
AA
((xx) called the ) called the membership function membership function of set of set
AA

AA
((xx)):: XX [[00,, 11], ], where where
AA
((xx)) ==11if if xx is istotally totallyin inAA;;

AA
((xx)) ==00if if xx is isnot not in inAA;;
0 < 0 <
AA
((xx) <1 if ) <1 if xx is partly in is partly in AA..
Fuzzy set definition Fuzzy set definition
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AA
((xx)):: XX [[00,, 11], ], where where
AA
((xx)) ==11if if xx is istotally totallyin inAA;;

AA
((xx)) ==00if if xx is isnot not in inAA;;
0 < 0 <
AA
((xx) <1 if ) <1 if xx is partly in is partly in AA..
This set allows a continuum of possible choices. This set allows a continuum of possible choices.
For any element For any element xx of universe of universe XX, membership , membership
function function
AA
((xx) equals the degree to which ) equals the degree to which xx is an is an
element of set element of set AA. .
This degree, a value between 0 and 1, represents the This degree, a value between 0 and 1, represents the
degree of membership degree of membership, also called , also called membership membership
value value, of element , of element xx in set in set AA..
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How to represent a fuzzy set in How to represent a fuzzy set in
a computer? a computer?
First, determine the membership functions. First, determine the membership functions.
In In tall men tall men example, the fuzzy sets of example, the fuzzy sets of tall tall, ,
short short and and average average men, can be obtained. men, can be obtained.
The universe of discourse The universe of discourse the mens heights the mens heights
consists of three sets: consists of three sets: short short, , average average and and tall men tall men. .
As shown in the following figure, a man who is As shown in the following figure, a man who is
184 cm tall is a member of the 184 cm tall is a member of the average men average men set set
with a degree of membership of 0.1, and at the with a degree of membership of 0.1, and at the
same time, he is also a member of the same time, he is also a member of the tall men tall men
set with a degree of 0.4. set with a degree of 0.4.
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Crisp and fuzzy sets of short, average Crisp and fuzzy sets of short, average
and tall men and tall men
150 210 170 180 190 200 160
Height, cm
Degree of
Membership
Tall Men
150 210 180 190 200
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
160
Degree of
Membership
Short Average Short Tall
170
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fuzzy Sets
Crisp Sets
Short Average
Tall
Tall
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Representation of crisp and Representation of crisp and
fuzzy subsets fuzzy subsets
Fuzzy Subset A
Fuzziness
1
0
Crisp Subset A Fuzziness
x
X
(x)
Typical functions that can be used to represent a fuzzy Typical functions that can be used to represent a fuzzy
set are set are sigmoid, gaussian sigmoid, gaussian and andpi pi. However, these . However, these
functions increase the time of computation. Therefore, functions increase the time of computation. Therefore,
in practice, most applications use in practice, most applications use linear fit functions linear fit functions..
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Representation of crisp and Representation of crisp and
fuzzy subsets fuzzy subsets
The above figure can be represented as a The above figure can be represented as a fit fit--vector vector::
tall men tall men =(0/180, 0.5/185, 1/190) =(0/180, 0.5/185, 1/190)
average men average men =(0/165, 1/175, 0/185) =(0/165, 1/175, 0/185)
short men short men =(1/160, 0.5/165, 0/170) =(1/160, 0.5/165, 0/170)
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Linguistic variables Linguistic variables
At the root of fuzzy set theory lies the idea of At the root of fuzzy set theory lies the idea of
linguistic variables. linguistic variables.
A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable. A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable.
For example, the statement J ohn is tall implies For example, the statement J ohn is tall implies
that the linguistic variable that the linguistic variable John John takes the takes the
linguistic value linguistic value tall tall. .
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In fuzzy expert systems, linguistic variables are used In fuzzy expert systems, linguistic variables are used
in fuzzy rules. For example: in fuzzy rules. For example:
IF IF wind is strong wind is strong
THEN THEN sailing sailing is is good good
IF IF project_duration project_duration is is long long
THEN THEN completion_risk completion_risk is is high high
IF IF speed speed is is slow slow
THEN THEN stopping_distance stopping_distance is is short short
Linguistic variables Linguistic variables
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The range of possible values of a linguistic variable The range of possible values of a linguistic variable
represents the universe of discourse of that variable. represents the universe of discourse of that variable.
For example, the universe of discourse of the For example, the universe of discourse of the
linguistic variable linguistic variable speed speed might have the range might have the range
between 0 and 220 km/h and may include such between 0 and 220 km/h and may include such
fuzzy subsets as fuzzy subsets as very slow very slow, , slow slow, , medium medium, , fast fast, and , and
very fast very fast..
Linguistic variables Linguistic variables
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A linguistic variable carries with it the concept of A linguistic variable carries with it the concept of
fuzzy set qualifiers, called fuzzy set qualifiers, called hedges hedges. .
Hedges are terms that modify the shape of fuzzy Hedges are terms that modify the shape of fuzzy
sets. They include adverbs such as sets. They include adverbs such as very very, ,
somewhat somewhat, , quite quite, , more or less more or less and and slightly slightly..
Hedges in Fuzzy Logic Hedges in Fuzzy Logic
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Fuzzy sets with the hedge Fuzzy sets with the hedge very very
Short
Very Tall
Short Tall
Degree of
Membership
150 210 180 190 200
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
160 170
Height, cm
Average
Tall
Very Short Very Tall
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Representation of hedges in Representation of hedges in
fuzzy logic fuzzy logic
Hedge
Mathematical
Expression
A little
Slightly
Very
Extremely
Hedge
Mathematical
Expression
Graphical Representation
[
A
(x )]
1.3
[
A
(x )]
1.7
[
A
(x )]
2
[
A
(x )]
3
27
Representation of hedges in Representation of hedges in
fuzzy logic (continued) fuzzy logic (continued)
Hedge
Mathematical
Expression
Hedge
Mathematical
Expression
Graphical Representation
Very very
More or less
Indeed
Somewhat
2 [
A
(x )]
2

A
(x )

A
(x )
if 0 s
A
s 0.5
if 0.5 <
A
s 1
1 2 [1
A
(x )]
2
[
A
(x )]
4
Operations of fuzzy sets Operations of fuzzy sets
The classical set theory developed in the late 19th The classical set theory developed in the late 19th
century by Georg Cantor describes how crisp sets can century by Georg Cantor describes how crisp sets can
interact. These interactions are called interact. These interactions are called operations operations..
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Cantors sets Cantors sets
Intersection Union
Complement
Not A
A
Containment
AA
B
B A B AA B
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Crisp Crisp Sets Sets:: Who Who does does not not belong belong to to the the set? set?
Fuzzy Fuzzy Sets Sets:: How How much much do do elements elements not not belong belong to to the the set? set?
The complement of a set is an opposite of this set. The complement of a set is an opposite of this set.
For example, if we have the set of For example, if we have the set of tall men tall men, its complement , its complement
is the set of is the set of NOT tall men NOT tall men. When we remove the tall men . When we remove the tall men
set from the universe of discourse, we obtain the set from the universe of discourse, we obtain the
complement. complement.
If If AA is the fuzzy set, its complement is the fuzzy set, its complement AA can be found as can be found as
follows: follows:

AA
((xx)) ==11
AA
((xx))
Question Question:: If If the thefuzzy fuzzy set set of of tall tall men men is is as as follows, follows, what what is is its its
complement? complement?
tall tall men men == ((00//180 180,, 00..25 25//182 182..55,, 00..55//185 185,, 00..75 75//187 187..55,, 11//190 190))
Complement Complement
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Crisp Crisp Sets Sets:: Which Which sets sets belong belong to to which which other other sets? sets?
Fuzzy Fuzzy Sets Sets:: Which Which sets sets belong belong to to other other sets? sets?
A set can contain other sets. The smaller set is called the A set can contain other sets. The smaller set is called the
subset subset. .
For example, the set of For example, the set of tall men tall men contains all tall men; contains all tall men; very very
tall men tall men is a subset of is a subset of tall men tall men. However, the . However, the tall men tall men set is set is
just a subset of the set of just a subset of the set of men men. .
In crisp sets, all elements of a subset entirely belong to a larger In crisp sets, all elements of a subset entirely belong to a larger
set. set.
In fuzzy sets, however, each element can belong less to the In fuzzy sets, however, each element can belong less to the
subset than to the larger set. Elements of the fuzzy subset have subset than to the larger set. Elements of the fuzzy subset have
smaller memberships in it than in the larger set. smaller memberships in it than in the larger set.
Question Question: If the set of : If the set of tall men tall men is as follows, which sets is as follows, which sets
belong to belong to very tall men very tall men ?
tall tall men men == ((00//180 180,, 00..25 25//182 182..55,, 00..55//185 185,, 00..75 75//187 187..55,, 11//190 190
Containment Containment
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Crisp Crisp Sets Sets:: Which Which element element belongs belongs to to both both sets? sets?
Fuzzy Fuzzy Sets Sets:: How How much much of of the the element element is is in in both both sets? sets?
In classical set theory, an intersection between two sets In classical set theory, an intersection between two sets
contains the elements shared by these sets. contains the elements shared by these sets.
For example, the intersection of the set of For example, the intersection of the set of tall men tall men and the and the
set of set of fat men fat men is the area where these sets overlap. is the area where these sets overlap.
In fuzzy sets, an element may partly belong to both sets with In fuzzy sets, an element may partly belong to both sets with
different memberships. A fuzzy intersection is the lower different memberships. A fuzzy intersection is the lower
membership in both sets of each element. membership in both sets of each element.
The fuzzy intersection of two fuzzy sets The fuzzy intersection of two fuzzy sets AA and and BB on on
universe of discourse universe of discourse XX::

AA

BB
((xx) = ) = min min [[
AA
((xx), ),
BB
((xx)] = )] =
AA
((xx) )
BB
((xx)),,
where where xxeeXX
Intersection Intersection
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Question Question: Consider, the set of : Consider, the set of tall tall and and average man average man are as are as
follows, what is the intersection of these two sets follows, what is the intersection of these two sets?
tall men = tall men = (0/165, 0/175, 0/180, 0.25/182.5, 0.5/185, 1/190) (0/165, 0/175, 0/180, 0.25/182.5, 0.5/185, 1/190)
Average men = Average men = ((0/165, 1/175, 0.5/180, 0.25/182.5, 0/185, 0/165, 1/175, 0.5/180, 0.25/182.5, 0/185,
0/190 0/190))
Intersection Intersection
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Crisp Crisp Sets Sets:: Which Which element element belongs belongs to to either either set? set?
Fuzzy Sets Fuzzy Sets:: How much of the element is in either set? How much of the element is in either set?
The union of two crisp sets consists of every element that falls The union of two crisp sets consists of every element that falls
into either set. into either set.
For example, the union of For example, the union of tall men tall men and and fat men fat men contains all contains all
men who are tall men who are tall OR OR fat. fat.
In fuzzy sets, the union is the reverse of the intersection. That is, In fuzzy sets, the union is the reverse of the intersection. That is,
the union is the largest membership value of the element in the union is the largest membership value of the element in
either set. either set.
The fuzzy operation for forming the union of two fuzzy sets The fuzzy operation for forming the union of two fuzzy sets
AA and and BB on universe on universe XX can be given as: can be given as:

AA

BB
((xx) = ) = max max [[
AA
((xx), ),
BB
((xx)] = )] =
AA
((xx) )
BB
((xx)), ,
where where xxeeXX
Union Union
35
Question Question: Consider, the set of : Consider, the set of tall tall and and average man average man are as are as
follows, what is the union of these two sets follows, what is the union of these two sets?
tall men = tall men = (0/165, 0/175, 0/180, 0.25/182.5, 0.5/185, 1/190) (0/165, 0/175, 0/180, 0.25/182.5, 0.5/185, 1/190)
Average men = Average men = ((0/165, 1/175, 0.5/180, 0.25/182.5, 0/185, 0/165, 1/175, 0.5/180, 0.25/182.5, 0/185,
0/190 0/190))
Union Union
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Fuzzy Logical Operations Fuzzy Logical Operations
Fuzzy Fuzzylogical logical reasoning reasoningis isaasuperset superset of of standard standardBoolean Booleanlogic logic..
In Inother other words, words, if if we wekeep keepthe thefuzzy fuzzyvalues valuesat at their their extremes extremesof of
11 (completely (completely true), true), and and 00 (completely (completely false), false), standard standard logical logical
operations operationswill will hold hold..
Thestandardlogical operations:
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Fuzzy Logical Operations Fuzzy Logical Operations
In In Fuzzy Fuzzy logic logic the thetruth truth of of any any statement statement can can be be real real numbers numbers
between between00and and11..
Question Question:: How How will will these these truth truth tables tables be be altered? altered? What What
function function will will preserve preserve the the results results of of the the truth truth tables tables and and also also
extend extendto toall all real real numbers numbersbetween between00and and11??
38
Fuzzy Logical Operations Fuzzy Logical Operations
The Thetruth truthtables tablesis isunchanged unchangedby bythis thissubstitution substitution::
39
Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy sets and
Logical Operations Logical Operations
40
Fuzzy rules Fuzzy rules
In 1973, In 1973, Lotfi Zadeh Lotfi Zadeh published his second most published his second most
influential paper. This paper outlined a new approach influential paper. This paper outlined a new approach
to analysis of complex systems, in which Zadeh to analysis of complex systems, in which Zadeh
suggested capturing human knowledge in fuzzy rules. suggested capturing human knowledge in fuzzy rules.
41
What is a fuzzy rule? What is a fuzzy rule?
A fuzzy rule can be defined as a conditional A fuzzy rule can be defined as a conditional
statement in the form: statement in the form:
IF IF xx is is AA
THEN THEN yy is is BB
where where xx and and yy are linguistic variables; and are linguistic variables; and AA and and BB
are linguistic values determined by fuzzy sets on the are linguistic values determined by fuzzy sets on the
universe of discourses universe of discourses XX and and YY, respectively. , respectively.
42
What is the difference between What is the difference between
classical and fuzzy rules? classical and fuzzy rules?
A classical IF A classical IF--THEN rule uses binary logic, for THEN rule uses binary logic, for
example, example,
Rule: 1 Rule: 1
IF IF speed speedis is>>100 100
THEN THEN stopping_distance stopping_distanceis islong long
Rule: 2 Rule: 2
IF IF speed speedis is<<40 40
THEN THEN stopping_distance stopping_distanceis isshort short
The variable The variable speed speed can have any numerical value can have any numerical value
between 0 and 220 km/h, but the linguistic variable between 0 and 220 km/h, but the linguistic variable
stopping_distance stopping_distance can take either value can take either value long long or or short short. .
In other words, classical rules are expressed in the In other words, classical rules are expressed in the
black black--and and--white language of Boolean logic. white language of Boolean logic.
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We can also represent the stopping distance rules in a We can also represent the stopping distance rules in a
fuzzy form: fuzzy form:
Rule Rule:: 11
IF IF speed speedis isfast fast
THEN stopping_distance is long THEN stopping_distance is long
Rule: 2 Rule: 2
IF IF speed speedis isslow slow
THEN stopping_distance is short THEN stopping_distance is short
In fuzzy rules, the linguistic variable In fuzzy rules, the linguistic variable speed speed also has also has
the range (the universe of discourse) between 0 and the range (the universe of discourse) between 0 and
220 km/h, but this range includes fuzzy sets, such as 220 km/h, but this range includes fuzzy sets, such as
slow slow, , medium medium and and fast fast. The universe of discourse of . The universe of discourse of
the linguistic variable the linguistic variable stopping_distance stopping_distance can be can be
between 0 and 300 m and may include such fuzzy between 0 and 300 m and may include such fuzzy
sets as sets as short short, , medium medium and and long long..
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Fuzzy rules relate fuzzy sets. Fuzzy rules relate fuzzy sets.
In a fuzzy system, all rules fire to some extent, In a fuzzy system, all rules fire to some extent,
or in other words they fire partially. or in other words they fire partially.
If the antecedent is true to some degree of If the antecedent is true to some degree of
membership, then the consequent is also true to membership, then the consequent is also true to
that same degree that same degree.
IF speed is fast THEN stopping_distance is long IF speed is fast THEN stopping_distance is long
IF speed is slow THEN stopping_distance is short IF speed is slow THEN stopping_distance is short
antecedent consequent
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Tall men Heavy men
180
Degree of
Membership
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Height, cm
190 200 70 80 100 160
Weight, kg
120
Degree of
Membership
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fuzzy sets of Fuzzy sets of tall tall and and heavy heavy men men
These fuzzy sets provide the basis for a weight estimation These fuzzy sets provide the basis for a weight estimation
model. Consider the model that is based on a relationship model. Consider the model that is based on a relationship
between a mans height and his weight: between a mans height and his weight:
IF IF height height is is tall tall
THEN THEN weight weight is is heavy heavy
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The value of the output or a truth membership grade The value of the output or a truth membership grade
of the rule consequent can be estimated directly from a of the rule consequent can be estimated directly from a
corresponding truth membership grade in the corresponding truth membership grade in the
antecedent. This form of fuzzy inference uses a antecedent. This form of fuzzy inference uses a
method called method called monotonic selection monotonic selection..
Tall men
Heavy men
180
Degree of
Membership
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Height, cm
190 200 70 80 100 160
Weight, kg
120
Degree of
Membership
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Monotonic Selection of Monotonic Selection of
Fuzzy inference Fuzzy inference
47
A fuzzy rule can have multiple antecedents, for A fuzzy rule can have multiple antecedents, for
example: example:
IF IF project_duration project_durationis islong long
AND AND project_staffing project_staffingis islarge large
AND AND project_funding project_fundingis isinadequate inadequate
THEN THEN risk riskis ishigh high
IF IF service serviceis isexcellent excellent
OR OR food foodis isdelicious delicious
THEN THEN tip tipis isgenerous generous
Multiple antecedents of Multiple antecedents of
Fuzzy rules Fuzzy rules
48
The consequent of a fuzzy rule can also include The consequent of a fuzzy rule can also include
multiple parts, for instance: multiple parts, for instance:
IF IF temperature temperatureis ishot hot
THEN THEN hot_water hot_water is isreduced reduced;;
cold_water cold_water is isincreased increased
Multiple consequents of Multiple consequents of
Fuzzy rules Fuzzy rules